Be／X射线双星的理论模型

为解释Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星波段联合观测结果，已发展了许多理论模型。在本文中简述这些Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星理论模型的研究现状，包括枞两个正常的Ｂ型星组成的密近双星演化成为Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星的演化模型，描述Ｂｅ星气壳的物理模型，Ｂｅ星和中子星的性质所决定的中子星吸积方式的吸积量及Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星Ｘ射线源光变曲线的理论解释。     

XPer的新发射相：光谱与红外观测

ＸＰｅｒ的新发射相：光谱与红外观测杭恒荣，夏剑萍中国科学院紫金山天文台，南京２１０００８中国科学院光学天文联合实验室关键词Ｂｅ星／Ｘ射线双星，发射线，ＪＨＫ测光１引言ＸＰｅｒ是一颗Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星（４Ｕ０３５２＋３０）的光学对应体［１－３］，中子星的...     

Be星的星周盘模型与Be／X射线双星系统

介绍了Ｂｅ星的基本特性，评术字近年来对Ｂｅ星星周物质结构研究的成果，重点介绍了最亲的关于Ｂｅ星星周周产生和变化的动力不模型，另外，对Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星系统的研究了做了简评述，重点论述了致密层与Ｂｅ星延伸大气的相互作用。     

Be／X射线双星包层性质的研究

Ｂe单星和Ｂe／Ｘ射线双星作为一类特殊早型天体和特殊的大质量Ｘ射线双星,在各个波段都有与其它相同光谱型的Ｂ型天体显著不同的特征,因此长期以来引起中外天文学者的关注。首先在可见光波段发射线的存在,就是对仅产生吸收线的经典大气的挑战;其次Ｂe星作为一类早型带有包层天体,研究Ｂe星包层的性质,对研究原恒星包层性质和进一步了解早 型星其它光谱型的性质是非常重要的;再者可以研究Ｂe星的存在与星际磁场或湍流的星际     

CygX—3X光子场对γ射线的吸收效应

本文详细讨论了Ｘ射线双星ＣｙｇＸ－３的Ｘ光子场对γ射线的吸收效应，计算结果表明：当ＣｙｇＸ－３的Ｘ光子发射场处于高态时，从致密中子星附近发射的能量为１０＾２－１０＾４ＭｅＶ的γ射线约有６０％被其吸收，吸收过程产生的正负电子的逆Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射会使出射能量１０－７０ＭｅＶ的 γ射线强度平均增加约５０％，计算的γ射线能谱与实验观测结果基本相符。     

多波段类星体巡天观测

在发现类星体的方法中,最有效的４ 种方法是：颜色方法,无缝光谱方法,射电方法和Ｘ射线方法。覆盖的波段为：射电波段,光学波段和Ｘ 射线波段。我们将４ 种方法联合在一起,应用于４ 个ＵＫＳｃｈｍｉｄｔ 天区。其目的是尽量减少选择效应,建立更完备的类星体巡天样本。本工作从１００２ 天区入手。已完成了Ｘ 射线选和部分光学选的分光观测工作。发现了一颗Ｂ＝ １５ ．０ 的亮类星体和一个Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔ 对,其强Ｘ 射线辐射,是迄今首次观测到的。     

Be/X射线双星包层性质的研究

Be单星和Be/X射线双星作为一类特殊早型天体和特殊的大质量X射线双星 ,在各个波段都有与其它相同光谱型的B型天体显著不同的特征 ,因此长期以来引起中外天文学者的关注。首先在可见光波段发射线的存在 ,就是对仅产生吸收线的经典大气的挑战 ;其次Be星作为一类早型带有包层天体 ,研究Be星包层的性质 ,对研究原恒星包层性质和进一步了解早型星其它光谱型的性质是非常重要的 ;再者可以研究Be星的存在与星际磁场或湍流的星际介质是否有关 ;最后研究Be/X射线双星 ,对双星的演化模型也有很重要的作用。随着天文观测手段的不断完善和理论模型的发展 ,我们对Be星的现象有了更深的了解 ,并且产生了一些模型。研究内容包括Be星包层和星风的性质 ,以及包层形成机制 ,Be/X射线双星物质相互作用等。本文共分五章 ,第一章主要概要介绍Be和Be/X射线双星历史和目前已经取得的成就 ;第二章介绍Be单星多波段观测结果 ;第三章介绍Be/X射线双星的观测结果 ;第四章介绍目前主要的Be单星和Be/X射线双星模型 ;第五章给出Be/X射线双星XPer/ 4U0 352 30的分光观测结果 ,并结合单臂振动盘模型给出定性解释。     

从ROSAT数据中寻找河内X射线暂现源

从ＲＯＳＡＴ巡天和定点观测结果的对比出发，发现了几个低银纬的巡天源表中的Ｘ射线源在定点观测中没有出现．本文计算了在这些位置的定点观测中出现点源的流强上限，发现比巡天源表中这些源的流强值低很多，这表明它们的流强变化很大，可能是Ｘ射线双星系统中的一类———Ｘ射线暂现源．     

从ROSAT数据中寻找河内X射线暂现源

从ＲＯＳＡＴ巡和定点观测结果的对比出发，发现了几个低银纬的巡天源表中的Ｘ射线源在定点观测中没有出现。本计算了在这些位置的定点观测中出现点源的流强上限，发现比巡天源表中这些源的流强值低很多，这表明它们的流强变化很大，可能是Ｘ射线双星系统中的一类－Ｘ射线暂现源。     

银河核球X射线源GX9＋1的振荡现象

分析１９８５年ＥＸＯＳＡＴ卫星对银河核球Ｘ射线源ＧＸ９＋１的观测数据，发现该源存在几百秒量级的振荡现象，这一结果有助于了解小质量Ｘ射线双星ＧＸ９＋１的吸积特性和轨道运动。     

On the neutron star–disc interaction in Be/X-ray binaries

We have investigated the long-term X-ray variability, defined as the root-mean-square (rms) of the All Sky Monitor Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (ASM RXTE ) light curves, of a set of galactic Be/X-ray binaries and searched for correlations with system parameters, such as the spin period of the neutron star and the orbital period and eccentricity of the binary. We find that systems with larger rms are those harbouring fast-rotating neutron stars, low eccentric and narrow orbits. These relationships can be explained as the result of the truncation of the circumstellar disc. We also present an updated version of the Hα equivalent width–orbital period diagram, including sources in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). This diagram provides strong observational evidence of the interaction of neutron star with the circumstellar envelope of its massive companion.     

Correlated V/R and infrared photometric variations in the Be/X-ray binary LS I +61° 235/RX J0146.9+6121

We report on the long-term variability of the Be/X-ray binary LS I +61° 235/RX J0146.9+6121. New optical spectroscopic and infrared photometric observations confirm the presence of global one-armed oscillations in the circumstellar disc of the Be star, and allow us to derive a V R band quasi-period of 1240±30 d. Pronounced shell events, reminiscent of the spectacular variations in Be stars, are also seen. We have found that the J , H and K infrared photometric bands vary in correlation with the spectroscopic V R variations, implying that the one-armed disc oscillations are prograde. The effect of the oscillations is not only seen in the H α line but is also seen in the He  i λ 6678 and Paschen lines. As these lines are formed at different radii in the equatorial disc of the Be star, such effects confirm the global nature of the perturbation. The Keplerian disc has been found to be denser than the average for a sample of isolated Be stars, which may be indicative of some kind of interaction with the compact companion. Finally, from a Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observation we derive a spin period of the neutron star of 1404.5±0.5 s.     

Long-term variability of the Be/X-ray binary EXO 2030+375

We present a multi-wavelength study of the Be/X-ray binary system EXO 2030+375. We report that the Be companion is currently in a low-activity phase as indicated by the notable decrease of the infrared and optical emission. If this trend continues the source will lose its circumstellar envelope. Infrared spectroscopy in the IJHK bands is presented for the first time, along with optical and X-ray observations. These infrared spectra agree with the optical companion being an early-type (B0) main-sequence star. When active EXO 2030+375 shows an X-ray outburst at each periastron passage of the neutron star. In addition to the maximum X-ray luminosity displayed at orbital phase ∼0.0, we find a smaller maximum in the light curve at phase ∼0.5. This second intensity peak may be explained if the velocity of the wind is lower than or comparable to the orbital velocity of the neutron star at apastron. We also comment on the relation between the optical/infrared behaviour and the X-ray emission and argue that the X-ray inactive period observed between 1993 August and 1996 April is a result of centrifugal inhibition of accretion of matter rather than a low-activity circumstellar disc.     

The strongest cosmic magnets: soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars

Two classes of X-ray pulsars, the anomalous X-ray pulsars and the soft gamma-ray repeaters, have been recognized in the last decade as the most promising candidates for being magnetars: isolated neutron stars powered by magnetic energy. I review the observational properties of these objects, focussing on the most recent results, and their interpretation in the magnetar model. Alternative explanations, in particular those based on accretion from residual disks, are also considered. The possible relations between these sources and other classes of neutron stars and astrophysical objects are also discussed.     

Possible evidence for the existence of an H II region around the neutron star in LSI+65°010

Our spectroscopic observation of the Be/X-ray binary LSI+65°010 showed a dramatic variation in November 1992 with an increase by a factor of more than 3 in the equivalent width of the H_α emission line. This supports the view that the primary is a Be star rather than a supergiant. A well-defined double-peaked profile in seen in the spectrum of September 1994: while the red peak remained at 6563 Å, the blue one was −7.2Å to the blue. We suggest that such a profile is caused by the superposition of two emission lines, one from the shell of the Be star, one from an H II region around the neutron star. This provides, for the first time, direct observational evidence for the existence of a H II region around compact object and caused by X-ray emission. On 1992-11-04, the red side of the H_α line did not change while the blue side was greatly enhanced. We suggest that this may be caused by the H II region around the neutron star.     

Population Synthesis of Binary Be Stars with Degenerate Companions in the Galaxy

Using the numerical code (`Scenario Machine') we study of number and physical properties of binary Be stars. Evolutionary tracks leading to a formation of the observational binary systems are presented. We conclude that synchronization must be taken into account when calculating binary Be star evolution and calculate the minimal orbital period for Be/evolved companion binary. The obtained distributions over orbital parameters are in good agreement with the observational lack of short-period Be/X-ray binaries. According to our calculations 70% of all Be stars must have a white dwarf. The white dwarfs in these systems should be hot enough with the surface temperature distribution peaking at 10000–20000 K. Their detection is possible during the period of the lack of Be star envelope by the detection of white dwarf extremely UV and soft X-ray emission. This method of registration appears to be particularly promising for `single' early-type Be stars because in these systems the white dwarfs must have a very high surface temperature. However, the loss of the Be disc-like envelope does not often occur and it is a rather rare event for many Be stars. The best possibility of white dwarf detection is given by the study of helium spectral lines found in emission from several Be stars. The ultraviolet continuum energy of these Be stars is found to be not enough to produce the observed helium emission. Besides, we also discuss the orbital properties of binary Be star systems with other evolved companions such as helium stars and neutron stars and give a possible explanation for the lack of Be/black hole binaries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gamma-Ray Emission from Be/X-ray Binaries

Be/X-ray binaries are systems formed by a massive Be star and a magnetized neutron star, usually in an eccentric orbit. The Be star has strong equatorial winds occasionally forming a circumstellar disk. When the neutron star intersects the disk the accretion rate dramatically increases and a transient accretion disk can be formed around the compact object. This disk can last longer than a single orbit in the case of major outbursts. If the disk rotates faster than the neutron star, the Cheng-Ruderman mechanism can produce a current of relativistic protons that would impact onto the disk surface, producing gamma-rays from neutral pion decays and initiating electromagnetic cascades inside the disk. In this paper we present calculations of the evolution of the disk parameters during both major and minor X-ray events, and we discuss the generation of gamma-ray emission at different energies within a variety of models that include both screened and unscreened disks.     

X-ray binaries

Summary The various types and classes of X-ray binary are reviewed high-lighting recent results. The high mass X-ray binaries (HMXRBs) can be used to probe the nature of the mass loss from the OB star in these systems. Absorption measurements through one orbital cycle of the supergiant system X1700-37 are well modelled by a radiation driven wind and also require a gas stream trailing behind the X-ray source. In Cen X-3 the gas stream is accreted by the X-ray source via an accretion disk. Changes in the gas stream can cause the disk to thicken and the disk to obscure the X-ray source. How close the supergiant is to corotation seems to be as much a critical factor in these systems as how close it is to filling its Roche lobe. In the Be star X-ray binaries a strong correlation between the neutron stars rotation period and its orbital period has been explained as due to the neutron star being immersed in a dense, slow moving equatorial wind from the Be star. For the X-ray pulsars in the transient Be X-ray binaries a centrifugal barrier to accretion is important in determining the X-ray lightcurve and the spin evolution. The X-ray orbital modulations from the low mass X-ray binaries, LMXRBs, include eclipses by the companion and/or periodic dipping behaviour from structure at the edge of the disk. The corresponding optical modulations show a smooth sinusoidal like component and in some cases a sharp eclipse by the companion. The orbital period of the LMXRB XB1916-05 is 1% longer in the optical compared to that given by the X-ray dip period. The optical period has been interpreted as the orbital period, but this seems inconsistent with the well established view of the origin of the X-ray modulations in LMXRB. A new model is presented that assumes the X-ray dip period is the true orbital period. The 5.2 h eclipsing LMXRB XB2129+47 recently entered a low state and optical observations unexpectedly reveal an F star which is too big to fit into the binary. This is probably the first direct evidence that an X-ray binary is part of a hierarchical triple. Finally the class of X-ray binaries containing black hole candidates is reviewed focusing on the value of using X-ray signatures to identify new candidates.     

Supernova kicks and misaligned Be star binaries

Be stars are rapidly spinning B stars surrounded by an outflowing disc of gas in Keplerian rotation. Be star/X-ray binary systems contain a Be star and a neutron star. They are found to have non-zero eccentricities and there is evidence that some systems have a misalignment between the spin axis of the star and the spin axis of the binary orbit. The eccentricities in these systems are caused by a kick to the neutron star during the supernova that formed it. Such kicks would also give rise to misalignments. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the same kick distribution can give rise to both the observed eccentricity distribution and the observed misalignments. We find that a Maxwellian distribution of velocity kicks with a low velocity dispersion,  σ_k≈ 15 km s⁻¹  , is consistent with the observed eccentricity distribution but is hard to reconcile with the observed misalignments, typically   i ≥ 25°  . Alternatively, a higher velocity kick distribution,  σ_k= 265 km s⁻¹  , is consistent with the observed misalignments but not with the observed eccentricities, unless post-supernova circularization of the binary orbits has taken place. We discuss briefly how this might be achieved.