《明实录》天象记录的统计分析

《明实录》是明朝历代官修的编年体史书,篇幅巨大,其中包含天象记录达6000余条,是二十四史以外中国古代天象记录的最大来源,其中包括日月食336条、月行星掩犯2622条、流陨2248条.明后期除日月食和彗星记录外,其他类型天象记录大幅减少.天象记录的密度,正德以前平均每年38条,嘉靖以后则只有每年7条.由可以回算验证的月行星掩犯记录得到错误率4.1%,属历代最佳.错误主要是资料编纂整理过程和书籍传抄过程造成的.月亮记录显示,凌晨的观测,通常记前一日日期;掩犯恒星记录显示,官内星名与传统略有差异.若干例证说明,原始记录采用日序式纪日.只是在编纂史书时,才改用干支纪日.     

由南北朝以前171个月掩星记录所得到的地球自转长期变化

应用“实际可见时间段”方法研究中国古代只有日期而无观测时刻的月掩星记录,文中讨论了这些记录的真实性及其含义,由南北朝以前的58个月掩行星和113个月掩恒星记录分别得到公元1,4,5,6世纪的地球自转参数△t和ω平均值为ω=-66.8秒/世纪~2。     

地球自转长期变化的最新结果

地球自转长期变化的研究依赖于古代天象记录.近年来这方面研究取得明显进展.本文着重介绍作者由中国古代公元十世纪以前732个月掩犯记录得到的最新结果,并与其他结果进行了对比和综合分析,中国月掩犯记录填补了公元三至八世纪的资料缺环,并证实了公元五世纪前后地球自转非潮项的明显变化.     

天王星环的光学检测

1977年,天王星掩恒星,美国、中国等五国天文学家分别进行了掩星光电观测,发现天王星有光环。观测记录表明,除了天王星本身掩恒星外,当光环移动到恒星前面时,它也遮住恒星射来的光。 后来,红外天文学家设法从天王星光环中检测     

掩星驿站

月掩星是一个很有趣味的观测项目,在掩星之前或之后,被掩星都是在月球附近的。当你看到恒星逐渐接近月球的唁边缘且突然“消失”或恒星突然“出现”的一刹那,你会明显感觉到月球的运动。观测小行星掩星需要观测者比较熟悉星空,可以通过星图准确无误地找到被掩的恒星。观测时,只需要看到被掩的恒星即可。每次新的掩星观测都可能带来潜在的新发现,只要你进行了一次观测,无论是否观测到掩星现象的发生,你的观测结果部是非常有意义的。     

掩星驿站

月掩星是一个很有趣味的观测项目,在掩星之前或之后,被掩星都是在月球附近的。当你看到恒星逐渐接近月球的暗边缘且突然“消失”或恒星突然“出现”的一刹那,你会明显感觉到月球的运动。观测小行星掩星需要观测者比较熟悉星空,可以通过星图准确无误地找到被掩的恒星。观测时,只需要看到被掩的恒星即可。每次新的掩星观测都可能带来潜在的新发现,只要你进行了一次观测,无论是否观测到掩星现象的发生,你的观测结果都是非常有意义的。     

掩星驿站

月掩星是一个很有趣味的观测项目,在掩星之前或之后,被掩星都是在月球附近的。当你看到恒星逐渐接近月球的暗边缘且突然“消失”或恒星突然“出现”的一刹那,你会明显感觉到月球的运动。观测小行星掩星需要观测者比较熟悉星空,可以通过星图准确无误地找到被掩的恒星。     

掩星驿站

月掩星是一个很有趣味的观测项目,在掩星之前或之后,被掩星都是在月球附近的。当你看到恒星逐渐接近月球的暗边缘且突然“消失”或恒星突然“出现”的一刹那,你会明显感觉到月球的运动。观测小行星掩星需要观测者比较熟悉星空,可以通过星图准确无误地找到被掩的恒星。     

月掩星的观测

一、测定恒星角直径的“天赐良机”月亮在天空中每月移动一周 ,每小时东移约半度 ,月亮移动时常将背后的恒星或行星掩蔽起来 ,这种月球掩星的现象称为月掩星。月掩星的观测不仅可以使人们欣赏这一重要天象 ,更重要的是人们可以利用月掩星的时机测定恒星的角直径 ,并且可以利用观测的掩星时刻与历算的时刻对比 ,可以测定月球的精确位置及地球自转的不均匀性等。查看天文年历或天文普及年历 ,你会看到有许多机会可观测到月掩星的真实情景 ,天文爱好者朋友们对参与此项天文活动一定会饶有兴趣。大家要学会使用天文年历 ,它是观测的最好“助手”…     

掩星驿站

在月掩星的观测中,你只需要观测月球即可,这是因为在掩星之前或之后,被掩星都是在月球附近的。小行星掩星的观测需要观测者比较熟悉星空,这样,才能准确无误地找到被掩的恒星。观测小行星掩星,只需要看到被掩的恒星即可,每次新的掩星观测都可能带来潜在的新发现,只要你进行了一次观测,无论是否观测到掩星现象的发生,你的观测结果都是非常有意义的。     

Changes in the frequency distribution of f0Es and fbEs over two solar cycles

The dependence of the occurrence probabilities of ionosonde sporadic-E parameters f₀E_s and f_bE_s on probing frequency is analyzed for wintertime for day and night for two Southern Hemisphere stations. The ionosonde data indicate that significant changes have taken place over the period 1958–1983 suggesting that E_s has become increasingly dense and also less patchy.     

Anomalous mixing of the w2Po3/2 and x6Po3/2 levels in Fe ii

The neighbouring lines a ⁶D_5/2– x ⁶P^o_3/2 (1272.617 Å) and a ⁶D_5/2– w ²P^o_3/2 (1272.657 Å) have been observed in the UV spectrum of χ Lupi to be of comparable intensity. The latter, Δ S  = 2, transition would be expected to be very weak. The two upper states should display negligible mixing. We give a detailed, quantitative discussion of how the two upper states are in fact strongly mixed through their mixing with 3d⁶(³D)4p ⁴P^o_3/2, and hence we explain the relative strengths of the two UV lines.     

A global study of O2(1Δg) airglow: Day and twilight

Aircraft measurements of $\text{O}{}_2\text{(}{}^1\text{Δ}{}_{\mathrm{g}}\text{)}$ emission made over a 10-yr period provide information on the variation of ozone with latitude and season in the altitude region 50–90 km. Between 50 and 70 km there appears to be little variation (< ± 25%) whereas the abundance between 80 and 90 km exhibits a large seasonal change north of 30°N and much less at lower latitude. At mid and high latitude the column abundance above ～ 80 km changes from ? 1 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2 in summer to about 3 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2 in winter. There are occasional enhancements in both the day and twilight airglow which almost always occur in association with auroral activity or, at least, where such activity is statistically most likely. These enhancements appear to reflect a corresponding increase in the ozone mixing ratio in the upper stratosphere. While the gradient in ozone mixing ratio with latitude is generally small at altitudes between 50 and 90km there are occasions when a temporary latitude structure can be seen, particularly above 80 km.     

Is Te equal to Tnm at the heights of 100 to 120 km?

Low and mid-latitude lower E-region electron temperature profiles which were obtained by means of an insitu probe were collected. Profiles which are discussed here cover the heights of 90–120 km and measurement reliability at these heights is discussed mainly in terms of electrode contamination and aerodynamical heating.Although measurement errors might exist in some of the electron temperature profiles, it is conclusively described that daytime electron temperature is very often much higher than the possible neutral temperature and T_e ≈ T_n is rarely seen.     

A discussion of the energy transfer from N2(A3Σu+) to O(1S) in pulsating aurora

In a recent paper, Brekke and Pettersen (1972) have introduced a method for estimating any indirect process in the production of the $\text{O}\text{(}{}^1\text{S}$) atoms in pulsating aurora; for 38 per cent of their data they found that the decay time for the indirect mechanism was shorter than the effective lifetime of the ${}^1\text{S}$ state. These data are related to the energy transfer from the N₂(A³Σ) molecules to the $\text{O}\text{(}{}^1\text{S)}$ state, and evidence is found for this process to contribute in the altitude range below 125 km.     

Ground-based observations of O2 (b1Σ+g−X3Σ−g) atmospheric bands in high latitude auroras

Analysis of observed spectrograms is based on comparison with synthetic spectra. The O₂(b¹Σ⁺_g?X³Σ^?_g Atm. (1,1) band in high latitude auroras observed from the ground is found to be the strongest in the Δv = 0 sequence. It is enhanced with altitude relative to the N₂ 1P(2, 0)and N⁺₂ M(2,0) bands, but the O₂ Atm. (2, 2) band has an unexpected low intensity. The range of rotational temperatures of the O₂ Atm. bands varies from approx. 200 to above 500 K which indicates that the altitude of the centroid of the emission region varies from about 100 km to the F-region. The highest temperature is found in the midday aurora associated with the magnetospheric cusp. Conspicuous relative variations between the intensities of N₂ and O₂ spectra are documented, but a satisfactory explanation of the variety is not given. Deviations of the observed O₂ Atm. band intensities from the vibrational intensity distribution predicted by Franck-Condor factors indicate that the excitation of the O₂ Atm. bands in aurora is not mainly due to particle impact on O₂, and the contribution due to energy transfer from hot O(¹D) atoms has to be found in future research.     

Rotation curve of our Galaxy forR>Ro

It is shown that the rise of rotation velocities in the outer regions of our Galaxy may be illusive, and is caused by an excessive simplification of the methods of processing the observational data. Taking into consideration the possibility of the radial motions of the gas, we demonstrate that the existing observational data do not conflict with the hypothesis of the flat rotation curve of our Galaxy. The bending of the outer regions of the galactic disk has no significant effect on the observed radial velocities of the gaseous complexes. It is also shown that the wavy form of the rotation curve may be evoked by the spiral density waves in the Galaxy.     

CH4/N2/H2 spark hydrophilic tholins: A systematic approach to the characterization of tholins

Tholins are complex organic materials produced by irradiation of several carbon and nitrogen rich atmospheres. They could have played a key role in the origin of life on Earth because their ability to release important bioorganics, which are nowadays present in proteins, nucleic-acid bases and other important biostructures. Usually, the yield of these compounds is higher after acid hydrolysis, however little is known about the structure and chemical composition of the tholins. In this work, we propose the use of different spectroscopic and separation techniques, which are not usually applied in this field, in order to obtain complete information about the tholin structure and behavior. Two different simulation experiments of prebiotic synthesis were carried out in CH₄/N₂/H₂ atmosphere out from spark discharge activation of aqueous aerosols and liquid water, respectively. In both cases, a hydrophilic tholin and a hydrophobic tholin were obtained. Herein, we report the application of this methodology to our hydrophilic tholins and we review, briefly, some astrobiological aspects related to these complex substances.