钡星重元素丰度的再研究

在包括双星及逃逸物质的系统总角动量守恒模型的基础上,采用了星风质量吸积机制、由伴星通过逐次脉冲从主星吸积物质并与其外包层进行混合的模型出发,自洽地计算了钡星的重元素超丰,并给出理论计算结果与观测值的比较,计算结果表明,当取Ｂｏｎｄｉ－Ｈｏｙｌｅ质量吸积率的五分之一作为实际吸积率时,对于轨道周期较长、相距较远的钡星系统。在误差范围内,理论计算曲线与在多数样品星的重元素观测值相符合;而对于ＨＤ２０４０     

星风吸积引起的钡星重元素超丰

首先指出目前星风吸积模型中理论上的不自洽，考虑到δｒ≠０，重新推导轨道参量变化方程，消去了理论上的不自洽．提出一个新模型：首次将星风吸积同内禀ＡＧＢ星核合成模型结合起来计算钡（Ｂａ）星的重元素超丰，并将计算结果与观测值进行了比较．各参量按标准情况取值时，计算结果不太理想．取Ｂｏｎｄｉｈｏｙｌｅ吸积率的０．５倍或取较大的星风速率时，对于较长轨道周期（Ｐ＞１０００天）的Ｂａ星，计算结果与观测值基本符合；而较短轨道周期（Ｐ＜６００天）的Ｂａ星，其重元素超丰机制可能是盘吸积     

钡星系统轨道根数分布及丰度的Monte-Carlo模拟计算

采用星风质量吸积的角动量守恒模型，用Monte—Carlo方法研究了普通红巨星双星系统和钡星的轨道根数的变化规律，由于钡星系统是由普通红巨星双星系统演化而来，因此钡星系统的轨道偏心率及周期的分布显示了经过质量吸积后双星系统的最终轨道特征。计算结果表明，随着星风吸积过程的进行，在星风质量损失阶段系统轨道半长轴将增大，导致轨道周期增大，而偏心率变化不大，由此可以解释普通红巨星双星系统和钡星系统的轨道根数的分布规律和变化情况以及钡星重元素丰度分布特征。     

贫金属星HD203608和HD211998的重元素丰度分布

根据贫金属星个别重元素丰度的观测值和太阳系重核素的ｒ－过程和ｓ－过程分量的丰度分布,计算了贫金属星ＨＤ２０３６０８和ＨＤ２１１９９８的重元素丰度并与观测进行了比较。结果表明,太阳系纯ｒ－过程和ｓ－过程元素丰度均不能拟合出这二颗样品星的丰度观测值,而应同时考虑ｒ－过程和ｓ－过程的贡献。     

外赋AGB星星风吸积的角动量守恒模型

用整个系统的角动量守恒条件代替切向动量守恒条件,推导出星风质量吸积及轨道参量变化方程．在新的轨道参量变化方程的基础上,计算了外赋AGB星系统的星风质量吸积及轨道参量的变化．将星风吸积模型同内禀AGB星核合成模型结合起来,通过逐次脉冲吸积质量和混合,自洽地计算外赋AGB星的重元素超丰,并给出计算结果与观测值的比较．对初始质量较大的Ba星（M2．0＝2．5M⊙）,当系统轨道周期大于1300天时,属于星风吸积,小于600天成为共同包层双星或灾变双星．对初始质量较小的Ba星（M2．0＝13M⊙）,当系统轨道周期大于1600天时,属于星风吸积,小于600天时成为灾变双星,由此可以解释Ba星的重元素超丰和轨道参量的观测事实,并有利于解释观测到的外赋S星轨道周期的600天下限．随着星风吸积过程的进行,轨道偏心率逐渐增大,这对解释Ba星轨道偏心率平均值大于外赋S星和CH星平均值的观测事实有利．     

星风吸积引起的钡星重元素超丰

首先指出目前星风吸积模型中理论上的不自洽，考虑到δγ≠０，重新推导轨道参量变化方程，消去了理论上的不自洽。提出一个新模型：首镒将星风吸积同内禀ＡＧＢ星核合成模型结合起来计算钡星的重元素超丰度并将计算结果与观测值进行了比较。各参量按标准情况取值时，计算结果不太理想。     

贫金属星HD203608和HD211998的重元素丰度分布

根据贫金属星个别重元素丰度的观测值和太阳系重核素的ｒ过程和ｓ过程分量的丰度分布,计算了贫金属星ＨＤ２０３６０８和ＨＤ２１１９９８的重元素丰度并与观测进行了比较。结果表明,太阳系纯ｒ过程和ｓ过程元素丰度均不能拟合出这二颗样品星的丰度观测值,而应同时考虑ｒ过程和ｓ过程的贡献     

一种研究贫金属星重元素丰度分布的方法

以重元素核合成理论及星系化学演化理论所得结论为基础,提出了一种利用３ 种中子俘获过程的典型元素丰度观测值,研究在不同金属度下不同核合成过程对重元素丰度的贡献的方法．由此可以确定ｒ过程与ｓ过程的贡献比例,并可用此方法来计算其余重元素丰度,得到关于重元素核合成的重要信息．利用这种方法计算了贫金属星ＨＤ６２６４４ 、ＨＤ１２６２３８和ＨＤ１８４７１１ 的重元素丰度,并将计算结果与观测结果进行了比较、分析和讨论了计算结果的物理意义     

钡星的形成机制(Ⅱ)Monte Carlo分析

本文对文章Ⅰ所建立的钡星形成的完备模型进行了ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ分析，并同观测结果作了比较．结果表明，大部分强钡星可能产生于星风吸积过程、星风暴露过程和稳定的洛希瓣物质交流过程，而大部分中等钡星可能产生于星风吸积过程和星风暴露过程．银河系中钡星的数量、轨道周期分布和质量函数分布在本文各种模型计算结果范围之内．模型还预言钡星轨道周期与污染因子相关．模型给出，银河系中钡星的诞生率为００２／年左右，亮于１０个星等的钡星大约有６０００颗，强钡星的平均质量为１８Ｍ⊙左右，而钡星的白矮星伴星平均质量为０６０Ｍ⊙．另外，结果还显示，星族ＩＡＧＢ星热脉动开始较早，星风有潮汐增强效应存在（Ｂ～５００），ｓ过程最大恒星质量为２Ｍ⊙左右．     

3M⊙AGB星表面重元素丰度的演化

本文以１３Ｃ（ａ，ｎ）１６Ｏ及２２Ｎｅ（ａ，ｎ）２５Ｍｇ作为双脉冲中子源，对于质量为３Ｍ■、初始金属度为０．０１５的热脉冲ＡＧＢ星，采用无分叉ｓ－过程反应通道，结合最新恒星演化的计算结果、在各参量合理取值范围内，计算了表面重元素丰度和碳氧比（Ｃ／Ｏ）的演化并与观测值进行比较。结果表明，就轻重ｓ－元素丰度关系图和 Ｃ／Ｏ重元素丰度关系图而言，在各参量的合理取值范围内，理论计算曲线能够同时落入观测值区域之内，ＭＳ、Ｓ星和Ｃ星对应的平均中子辐照量范围是对ＡＧＢ星的ｓ－元素超丰影响较大。在达到渐近分布后才开始挖掘的合理假设下，其它因素（例如核心质量Ｍｃ、每次脉冲挖掘质量大小是否随脉冲数变化）对内禀ＡＧＢ星表面重元素超丰影响不大。何时发生第三次挖掘对ＭＳ、Ｓ星的重元素超丰情况影响较大，但Ｃ星丰度几乎不受影响。     

Model of wind accretion in extrinsic AGB stars under conservation of total angular momentum

The equations of wind accretion and variation of orbital parameters are rederived under conservation of total (rather than tangential) angular momentum, and applied to extrinsic AGB stars. These equations, together with nucleosynthesis in intrinsic AGB stars, are used to calculate heavy element overabundance for the scenario of successive pulses and mixing. The results show that wind accretion pertains when the orbital period is longer than 1300 d or 1600 d according as the initial mass of the Ba star is 2.5 M_⊙ or 1.3 M_⊙, while cataclysmic variables will result if the period is shorter than 600 d in either case. The results are advantageous for interpreting a) the observations on the overabundance and orbital parameters, b) the observed lower limit of 600 d in the period of extrinsic S stars, and c) the observed fact that the mean eccentricity of Ba stars is greater than the mean eccentricities of extrinsic S stars and CH stars.     

The eccentricities of the barium stars

We investigate the eccentricities of barium (Ba  ii ) stars formed via a stellar wind accretion model. We carry out a series of Monte Carlo simulations using a rapid binary evolution algorithm, which incorporates full tidal evolution, mass loss and accretion, and nucleosynthesis and dredge-up on the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch. We follow the enhancement of barium in the envelope of the accreting main-sequence companion and dilution into its convective envelope once the star ascends the giant branch.
The observed eccentricities of Ba  ii stars are significantly smaller than those of an equivalent set of normal red giants but are nevertheless non-zero. We show that such a distribution of eccentricities is consistent with a wind accretion model for Ba  ii star production with weak viscous tidal dissipation in the convective envelopes of giant stars. We successfully model the distribution of orbital periods and the number of observed Ba  ii stars. The actual distribution of eccentricities is quite sensitive to the strength of the tides, so that we are able to confirm that this strength is close to, but less than, what is expected theoretically and found with alternative observational tests. Two systems – one very short-period but eccentric, and one long-period and highly eccentric – still lie outside the envelope of our models, and so require a more exotic formation mechanism. All our models, even those which were a good fit to the observed distributions, overproduced the number of high-period barium stars, a problem that could not be solved by some combination of the three parameters: tidal strength, tidal enhancement and wind accretion efficiency.     

恒星形成过程中的天体物理现象

恒星形成于分子云环境中。近30多年的观测研究使得天文学家对小质量恒星的形成有了相对明确的认识：小质量恒星通过坍缩、吸积和外向流的路标而形成。至于大质量恒星，其形成过程还存在着许多不确定因素，现有的观测证据表明：大质量恒星也可能通过坍缩、吸积和外向流的路标来形成，但也不排除在星团中通过中小质量恒星聚合而成的因素。大质量恒星形成与致密电离氢区(UCHII)成协较好，而与大质量恒星形成区成协的分子云环境中，既有大质量恒星也有小质量恒星形成。综述了恒星形成各个阶段的观测结果和研究现状以及成协的天体物理环境情况。未来的观测和研究重点在于，大质量恒星形成以及星团环境中的恒星形成。     

Massive stars

We describe the present state of massive star research seen from the viewpoint of stellar evolution, with special emphasis on close binaries. Statistics of massive close binaries are reasonably complete for the Solar neighbourhood. We defend the thesis that within our knowledge, many scientific results where the effects of binaries are not included, have an academic value, but may be far from reality. In chapter I, we summarize general observations of massive stars where we focus on the HR diagram, stellar wind mass loss rates, the stellar surface chemistry, rotation, circumstellar environments, supernovae. Close binaries can not be studied separately from single stars and vice versa. First, the evolution of single stars is discussed (chapter I). We refer to new calculations with updated stellar wind mass loss rate formalisms and conclusions are proposed resulting from a comparison with representative observations. Massive binaries are considered in chapter II. Basic processes are briefly described, i.e. the Roche lobe overflow and mass transfer, the common envelope process, the spiral-in process in binaries with extreme mass ratio, the effects of mass accretion and the merging process, the implications of the (asymmetric) supernova explosion of one of the components on the orbital parameters of the binary. Evolutionary computations of interacting close binaries are discussed and general conclusions are drawn. The enormous amount of observational data of massive binaries is summarized. We separately consider the non-evolved and evolved systems. The latter class includes the semi-detached and contact binaries, the WR binaries, the X-ray binaries, the runaways, the single and binary pulsars. A general comparison between theoretical evolution and observations is combined with a discussion of specially interesting binaries: the evolved binaries HD 163181, HD 12323, HD 14633, HD 193516, HD 25638, HD 209481, Per and Sgr; the WR+OB binary V444 Cyg; the high mass X-ray binaries Vela X-1, Wray 977, Cyg X-1; the low mass X-ray binaries Her X-1 and those with a black hole candidate; the runaway Pup, the WR+compact companion candidates Cyg X-3, HD 50896 and HD 197406. We finally propose an overall evolutionary model of massive close binaries as a function of primary mass, mass ratio and orbital period. Chapter III deals with massive star population synthesis with a realistic population of binaries. We discuss the massive close binary frequency, mass ratio and period distribution, the observations that allow to constrain possible asymmetries during the supernova explosion of a massive star. We focuss on the comparison between observed star numbers (as a function of metallicity) and theoretically predicted numbers of stellar populations in regions of continuous star formation and in starburst regions. Special attention is given to the O-type star/WR star/red supergiant star population, the pulsar and binary pulsar population, the supernova rates. Received 17 July 1998     

Substellar companions and isolated planetary-mass objects from protostellar disc fragmentation

Self-gravitating protostellar discs are unstable to fragmentation if the gas can cool on a time-scale that is short compared with the orbital period. We use a combination of hydrodynamic simulations and N -body orbit integrations to study the long-term evolution of a fragmenting disc with an initial mass ratio to the star of   M _disc/ M _*= 0.1  . For a disc that is initially unstable across a range of radii, a combination of collapse and subsequent accretion yields substellar objects with a spectrum of masses extending (for a Solar-mass star) up to  ≈0.01 M_⊙  . Subsequent gravitational evolution ejects most of the lower mass objects within a few million years, leaving a small number of very massive planets or brown dwarfs in eccentric orbits at moderately small radii. Based on these results, systems such as HD 168443 – in which the companions are close to or beyond the deuterium burning limit – appear to be the best candidates to have formed via gravitational instability. If massive substellar companions originate from disc fragmentation, while lower-mass planetary companions originate from core accretion, the metallicity distribution of stars which host massive substellar companions at radii of ∼1 au should differ from that of stars with lower mass planetary companions.     

The evolution of a rapidly accreting helium white dwarf to become a low-luminosity helium star

We have examined the evolution of merged low-mass double white dwarfs which become low-luminosity (or high-gravity) extreme helium stars. We have approximated the merging process by the rapid accretion of matter, consisting mostly of helium, on to a helium white dwarf. After a certain mass is accumulated, a helium shell flash occurs, the radius and luminosity increase and the star becomes a yellow giant. Mass accretion is stopped artificially when the total mass reaches a pre-determined value. As the helium-burning shell moves inwards with repeating shell flashes, the effective temperature gradually increases as the star evolves towards the helium main sequence. When the mass interior to the helium‐burning shell is approximately 0.25 M_⊙, the star enters a regime where it is pulsationally unstable. We have obtained radial pulsation periods for these models.
These models have properties very similar to those of the pulsating helium star V652 Her. We have compared the rate of period change of the theoretical models with that observed in V652 Her, as well as with its position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. We conclude that the merger between two helium white dwarfs can produce a star with properties remarkably similar to those observed in at least one extreme helium star, and is a viable model for their evolutionary origin. Such helium stars will evolve to become hot subdwarfs close to the helium main sequence. We also discuss the number of low-luminosity helium stars in the Galaxy expected for our evolution scenario.     

RS CVn型双星的自转测量和研究(Ⅱ)

我们用美国McDonald天文台2.1米反光镜Coude Reticon观测,对31个RS CVn型双星系统的37颗子星的自转进行了测量。并结合以前测得的38颗子星的数据,对RS CVn型星是否同步作了统计分析,结果表明,绝大多数都显示出同步自转性质;但无论是短周期、正常周期还是长周期组的,都有少数与同步自转不一致的例子。这与过去认为短周期和正常周期的呈同步自转,而长周期的呈非同步自转的结论不一致。     

Effects of the angular momentum of accreting matter on the flow structure in the subsonic settling and Bondi-Hoyle accretion regimes

Previously unexplored accretion regimes associated with the rotation of accreting matter, namely the perturbations of a quasi-spherical subsonic settling flow and Bondi-Hoyle accretion in the presence of axial rotation, are considered within the framework of ideal hydrodynamics. For subsonic settling accretion, the perturbations are shown to grow rapidly as the gravitating center is approached, so that the flow in the inner regions can no longer be considered quasi-spherical. For Bondi-Hoyle accretion, a vacuum cylindrical cavity is shown to be formed at large distances from the gravitating center near the flow axis, with the flow velocity outside this cavity being virtually independent of the distance to the rotation axis.     

Magnetic field of CP stars in the Ori OB1 association. I. HD35456, HD35881, HD36313 A,HD36526

We present the results of magnetic field measurements of four chemically peculiar (CP) stars, the members of the Orion stellar association OB1. Observations were carried out with the circular polarization analyzer at the Main Stellar Spectrograph of the 6-m telescope. All the studied stars refer to the subtype of Bp stars with weak helium lines. Canadian astronomer E. F. Borra detected a magnetic field in three of them (HD35456, HD36313, and HD36526) from the Balmer line magnetometer observations. HD35881 was observed for the first time for the purpose to search for a magnetic field. We obtained the following results: HD35456 is a magnetic star with longitudinal field variation range from +300 to +650 G and a period of 4.9506 days; HD35881 is possible a new magnetic star, the longitudinal component of which varies from?1 to +1 kGwith a period of 0.6998 days, however, a small number of lines broadened by rotation does not allow us to conduct measurements more accurately; HD36313 is a binary star with the components similar in brightness, the primary component is a magnetic star with broad lines, the magnetic field of the secondary component (the star with narrow lines) was not detected. Measurements in the Hβ hydrogen line showed the variations of the longitudinal component from ?1.5 to +2 kG with a period of 1.17862 days; a strong longitudinal field was detected in HD36526 (from 0 to +3000 G) varying with a rotation period of the star of 3.081 days. In all the cases, we observe considerable discrepancies with the data on magnetic fields of these objects obtained earlier.