星载单频GPS接收机低轨卫星几何法定轨研究

讨论星载ＧＰＳ接收机为单频情形的低轨卫星几何法定轨,包括绝对定轨法,相对定轨法和动态网定轨法,并利用ＴＯＰＥＸ／ＰＯＳＥＩＤＯＮ卫星星载ＧＰＳ实现Ｌ１观测值进行验证。结果表明,绝对定轨法三维轨道位置精度可达２０ｍ左右,适用于低轨卫星实时导航;相对定轨和动态网定轨精度均比绝对定轨精度高,伪距相对定轨三维轨道位置精度可达米级,载波相位相对定轨精度可达分米级;动态网定轨相当于在各基准站相对定轨之间加权均     

论初轨计算的最佳精度及二重解

从最优估计的角度,研究短弧测角资料初轨计算的最佳精度及准最佳精度算法．按照统计理论,对一般的参数估计问题,其估计误差的方差存在Cram’e4-Rao下界,这就是初轨理论的最佳精度;通过大量的模拟计算表明,文［1］中提出参考矢量法,其精度已充分接近C·R下界,且模拟计算轨道统计精度与观测误差成正比,可以认为是一种初轨计算的准最佳精度算法;对于小偏心率情况,发现一个重要的事实：初轨计算有二重解,更准确地说,在M0的左右两个半平面内有真假两个解,偏心率愈小,平近点角M0愈接近±π／2,给出的假解的概率愈大．针对这一情况,提出一种算法,可以给出2个解,其中必定有一个是真解,它有较高的精度.     

运动学统计定轨法应用于CE-1落月轨迹确定

运动学统计定轨方法不同于常规动力学统计定轨方法和几何法,既不需要建立飞行器的动力学模型,又可以利用整个弧段的测量信息进行统计计算,所以采用运动学统计定轨的方法描述飞行轨迹特别适用于嫦娥二期的动力落月过程。对嫦娥一号(CE-1)落月过程,采用运动学统计定轨方法,联合USB和VLBI数据进行轨道计算并确定CE-1的落月轨迹以及撞月点的位置,将所得结果与动力学统计定轨结果进行比较。计算表明,运动学统计定轨方法精度可以满足工程要求,可以为探月工程二期软着陆阶段的导航提供一种较为可行的定轨方法。     

星载GPS自主定轨的长期稳定性

通过模拟长达100天的星载GPS伪距观测资料,进行卡尔曼滤波定轨仿真计算．重点研究：1)采用简化的动力学模型与简化状态转移矩阵,是否保证滤波的长期稳定性；2)模型误差矩阵Q的选取对滤波定轨精度的影响；3)与事后最小二乘批处理相比较,在简化模型下自主定轨的精度．同时给出了相应的结论．     

初轨计算的参考矢量法

本文从最优估计角度研究短弧资料定初轨问题，提出一种最小二乘估计算法，同时提出一种符合实用的参考矢量法．仿真结果显示，参考矢量法克服了现有初轨算法所承受病态影响，把定轨精度提高到接近最佳水平．     

状态转移矩阵的差分算法及其应用

指出用数值积分方法计算状态转移矩阵在程序实现时存在的困难。根据精密定轨和参数解算的实际需要,提出用差分算法,即通过两条接近的轨道的差来计算状态转移矩阵差分算法的优点是程序具有良好的结构且编程简单,其不足之处是差分时可能损失精度。将差分算法与数值积分方法的结果进行比较,提出克服其不足处的方法。     

轨道改进中计算状态转移矩阵的分析方法

对当今人卫轨道改进问题,由于力学模型的复杂,精密星历和状态转移矩阵的计算均采用数值方法,这就需要积分两组常微分方程．本文针对状态转移矩阵在定轨中的作用,对定轨弧段不太长的情况,给出了状态转移矩阵的一种分析算法,从而避免数值求解两组常微分方程的问题,并以实际算例证实了这种算法的有效性     

光压摄动计算中地影间断的处理

人卫精密定轨中受摄星历（或称精密星历,即状态转移）,可由分析解或数值解提供,相应的定轨方法亦有分析法定轨与数值法定轨之称。对于后者,在一般情况下,现有的常微分方程数值解法（或称积分器）已能满足精度要求,除长弧定轨外,有一定问题是值得注意的,即地影“间断”问题的处理,这关系到如何在保证星历精度的前提下提高计算效率的问题。本文针对这一问题,给出了相应的改进算法,并通过数值验证表明算法的有效性。     

初轨计算中的病态分析

本文对现有初轨计算方法进行病态性分析与误差分析；研究结果表明：病态对现有初轨算法的影响，主要来源于法方程系数中包含观测误差．系数行列式愈大，定轨精度的损失愈多，当■被随机误差项△μ淹盖时，现有初轨算法将失效．此外，仿真结果还显示：■与△μ的大小还极大地依赖观测弧段的空间位置，当观测弧段包含近站点作为中点时，■最大，而■小，此时定轨精度较高；当观测弧段位于近站点的某一侧时，■小，而■大，此时定轨精度较低，观测弧段愈偏离近站点，病态影响愈大；因而在观测时，应尽量使观测弧段与近站点对称（此时μ值较大），这是提高短弧定轨的一种有效途径．     

利用低轨卫星激光资料检验地球引力场模型的精度

地球引力场模型是人造卫星轨道计算中最重要的动力学模型之一.近年来国际上空间重力卫星计划取得了极大成功,相继推出了一系列新的引力场模型.从近地卫星轨道计算的角度检验了2种传统引力场模型(JGM3,EGM96)和4种新引力场模型(EIGENCHAMP05S,GGM03S,GOCE02S,EGM2008)的精度,利用4颗近地卫星的激光测距资料进行精密定轨预报,统计比较了不同模型的定轨残差和预报误差.结果表明:(1)4种新引力场模型精度基本在同一水平,对于近地卫星定轨精度普遍优于9 cm,最高达到5cm,相对于JGM3和EGM96模型有明显改善;(2)以JGM3模型为基准,EGM96模型的精度有所提高,2000年以后的4种新模型的精度则普遍提高了12%～47%(定轨)和63%(预报).70阶之前定轨精度随着模型阶次增大而提高,70阶以后定轨精度基本保持稳定,这表明对于近地卫星轨道计算而言,70阶的引力场已经能够满足厘米级的精度需求.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

Natural superrotation of a rarefied planetary atmosphere

We consider the kinetics of a rarefied rotating planetary atmosphere. The spatial distributions of the atmospheric-gas density and mean angular velocity were determined by analyzing the exact solution of the two-dimensional kinetic equation. We show that the angular velocity of the gas at some distance from the planet could be higher than that in the initial layer starting from which the atmosphere is rarefied. Our model calculations elucidate the superrotation mechanism under consideration.