基于计算机仿真的被动型氢钟磁屏蔽系统磁场分析

磁屏蔽系统是被动型氢原子钟的重要组成部分,它的好坏直接影响到物理系统输出信号的具体数值,表现为氢钟抵御外界磁场干扰的能力。通过仿真较为直观地展示并分析了特定磁屏蔽系统在特定外界磁场环境中的工作情况,并且通过原理分析,仿真了在使用特定退磁工艺时磁场在磁屏蔽上的分布情况。根据仿真结果建立了模型,探索了适应于被动型氢原子钟的退磁方法,及相应的结构设计。该方法贴合被动型氢钟磁屏蔽材料的特性,使得退磁工艺的设计有针对性。     

新型氢脉泽磁屏蔽的设计

为使磁场在氢脉泽储存泡处的影响降到最小,对一种新型氢脉泽进行了磁屏蔽设计。给出了该新型氢脉泽磁屏蔽的相关理论计算、设计,包括对屏蔽体缝孔的设计考虑,通过仿真和实验验证了该磁屏蔽设计的可行性。     

氢脉泽磁屏蔽的改进与性能测定

氢脉泽量子振荡器中（F＝1，mF=0）→（F＝0，mF＝0）跃迁是与磁场方有关的，所以希望将外磁场在储存泡处的影响降低到最小。最可行的办法是采用磁屏蔽。实验证明紧凑、同轴柱形的磁屏蔽最有效。本文将给出氢脉泽磁屏蔽的设计考虑与性能测定要求。     

星载氢原子钟用多段线圈式C场的仿真及应用

星载氢原子钟具有频率稳定度高、频率漂移率低的优点,在卫星导航定位和频率计量中得到了广泛应用。星载氢原子钟的腔泡系统用于实现氢原子的量子跃迁及其信号采集,原子跃迁信号幅度直接决定了系统的信噪比,进而影响整机性能指标,所以腔泡系统是星载氢原子钟的核心组件。目前,星载氢原子钟腔泡系统主要采用直螺线管来产生原子跃迁所需的C场。由于星载氢原子钟物理部分的结构限制,直螺线管的磁场均匀度有进一步提高的空间。探讨使用多段线圈代替直螺线管用于产生C场的可行性。首先对多段线圈产生的磁场进行理论分析计算,同时使用ANSYS电磁场仿真软件对多段线圈的各项参数进行仿真和优化,包括各段长度、段数、间距以及匝数、内径和总长度等。然后优选磁场均匀度较好的线圈配置参数,可将C场的非均匀度由直螺线管约10%降低到多段线圈约1%。根据仿真优化结果建立了试验九段线圈,对比测试了原子跃迁信号增益,同时结合电路部分进行闭环测试,对频率稳定度指标进行了对比。实验结果表明,原子跃迁信号可有效提升,阿伦方差在中短稳(1～1 000 s)表现更好。此项工作为星载氢原子钟整机性能指标的进一步提升打下了基础。     

锶原子光钟磁光阱磁场及其控制电路设计

由于锶原子光钟两级冷却对磁光阱磁场有不同的要求,为减少磁场转换时原子的逃逸,需在短时间内以一定的时序控制变换磁场。对反赫姆霍兹线圈设计的一般理论进行了讨论,为锶原子光钟的两级冷却设计了相应的磁场,并制作了转换磁场的发生控制装置。该装置主要包括控制电路、保护电路2部分。测量得到通过线圈的电流受控于输入信号,符合实验要求。     

铯原子喷泉钟均匀C场的实现

C场均匀度是影响铯原子喷泉钟性能的重要因素。为了消除漏磁等对磁场均匀度的影响,加入补偿线圈,通过用最小二乘法计算,逐次得出补偿线圈的个数、位置与电流。实验表明：计算数据与实验结果吻合,得到c场不均匀性小于2nT、长度达48cm的均匀区。     

~(87)Sr原子束的塞曼减速器磁场的研究

应用塞曼效应和多普勒冷却的理论,结合实验条件计算了87Sr原子束塞曼减速器的磁场.数值模拟给出了磁场线圈的层数、圈数、供电电流和其他参数,并据此制作了纺锤状线圈.测量结果表明,研制的纺锤状线圈的轴向磁场满足87Sr光晶格钟实验的要求.     

数字调频和数字伺服在被动型氢原子钟上的应用

简单介绍了被动型氢原子钟的组成及原理,阐述了基于数字调频和数字伺服的电子电路在被动型氢原子钟上的应用(目的是改善钟性能),并给出了设计的最终测试结果及其分析,数据表明该系统的稳定度比原有系统有很大提高。为了进一步改善钟性能,又对伺服系统提出了以数字信号处理器(DSP)和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为主体的新的方案。     

主动型氢原子钟的研究进展

基于氢原子微波激射器(氢脉泽)的主动型氢原子钟(氢钟)拥有极好的中短期频率稳定度,而原子储存泡是氢脉泽的关键技术。位于微波谐振腔内的原子储存泡中的氢原子系综与电磁场相互作用。简述了氢原子系综与电磁场相互作用的动力学过程、氢脉泽和主动型氢原子钟的相位噪声,还介绍了原子储存、原子与原子的自旋交换碰撞、原子与泡壁的碰撞和磁场不均匀弛豫等主要弛豫过程。并概述了在腔频的自动调谐方法、双选态系统方面的发展和电离源、真空系统等技术方面的改进。最后,讨论了氢钟的发展前景。     

氢钟守时应用

通过对氢钟时差测量数据的二次差分,获得频率漂移的准确量值后对氢钟时差测量数据进行修正,经过频率漂移修正后的氢钟数据在保持其良好短稳特性的基础上长稳性能得到了较大提升,达到或超过性能中上的高性能管的商品铯钟5071A的常稳指标,这种处理方法能提高守时氢钟对时间实验室所保持的时间尺度的贡献。     

Coronal Magnetic Flux Rope Equilibria and Magnetic Helicity

1 INTRODUCTIONObservations show that the magnetic helicity of solar magnetic structures has a predominantsign in each hemisphere of the Sun, positive in the southern hemisphere and negative in thenorthern, regardless of the solar cycle (Rust, 1994). The magnetic helicity is strictly conservedin the frame of ideal MHD (WOltjer, 1958), and approximately conserved in the presence ofresistive dissipation and magnetic reconnection in a highly conductive plajsma (Taylor, 1974;Berger, 1984; H…     

Magnetic Flux Imbalance of the Solar and Heliospheric Magnetic Fields

A comparative analysis of solar and heliospheric magnetic fields in terms of their cumulative sums reveals cyclic and long-term changes that appear as a magnetic flux imbalance and alternations of dominant magnetic polarities. The global magnetic flux imbalance of the Sun manifests itself in the solar mean magnetic field (SMMF) signal. The north – south asymmetry of solar activity and the quadrupole mode of the solar magnetic field contribute the most to the observed magnetic flux imbalance. The polarity asymmetry exhibits the Hale magnetic cycle in both the radial and azimuthal components of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Analysis of the cumulative sums of the IMF components clearly reveals cyclic changes in the IMF geometry. The accumulated deviations in the IMF spiral angle from its nominal value also demonstrate long-term changes resulting from a slow increase of the solar wind speed over 1965 – 2006. A predominance of the positive IMF B _z with a significant linear trend in its cumulative signal is interpreted as a manifestation of the relic magnetic field of the Sun. Long-term changes in the IMF B _z are revealed. They demonstrate decadal changes owing to the 11/22-year solar cycle. Long-duration time intervals with a dominant negative B _z component were found in temporal patterns of the cumulative sum of the IMF B _z .     

太阳磁场的观测

分析了太阳的观测磁图所涉及的磁场位形 ,以及磁场观测研究中的一些问题。     

Milestones in the Observations of Cosmic Magnetic Fields

Magnetic fields are observed everywhere in the universe. In this review, we concentrate on the observational aspects of the magnetic fields of Galactic and extragalactic objects. Readers can follow the milestones in the observations of cosmic magnetic fields obtained from the most important tracers of magnetic fields, namely, the star-light polarization, the Zeeman effect, the rotation measures (RMs, hereafter) of extragalactic radio sources, the pulsar RMs, radio polarization observations, as well as the newly implemented sub-mm and mm polarization capabilities. The magnetic field of the Galaxy was first discovered in 1949 by optical polarization observations. The local magnetic fields within one or two kpc have been well delineated by starlight polarization data. The polarization observations of diffuse Galactic radio background emission in 1962 confirmed unequivocally the existence of a Galactic magnetic field. The bulk of the present information about the magnetic fields in the Galaxy comes from anal     

Magnetic field evolution in neutron stars

Neutron stars contain persistent, ordered magnetic fields that are the strongest known in the Universe. However, their magnetic fluxes are similar to those in magnetic A and B stars and white dwarfs, suggesting that flux conservation during gravitational collapse may play an important role in establishing the field, although it might also be modified substantially by early convection, differential rotation, and magnetic instabilities. The equilibrium field configuration, established within hours (at most) of the formation of the star, is likely to be roughly axisymmetric, involving both poloidal and toroidal components. The stable stratification of the neutron star matter (due to its radial composition gradient) probably plays a crucial role in holding this magnetic structure inside the star. The field can evolve on long time scales by processes that overcome the stable stratification, such as weak interactions changing the relative abundances and ambipolar diffusion of charged particles with respect to neutrons. These processes become more effective for stronger magnetic fields, thus naturally explaining the magnetic energy dissipation expected in magnetars, at the same time as the longer-lived, weaker fields in classical and millisecond pulsars. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Magnetic Field Effect on Planetary Nebulae

In our previous work on the 3-dimensional dynamical structure of planetary nebulae the effect of magnetic field was not considered. Recently Jordan et al. have directly detected magnetic fields in the central stars of some planetary nebulae. This discovery supports the hypothesis that the non-spherical shape of most planetary nebulae is caused by magnetic fields in AGB stars. In this study we focus on the role of initially weak toroidal magnetic fields embedded in a stellar wind in altering the shape of the PN. We found that magnetic pressure is probably influential on the observed shape of most PNe.     

磁塌缩不稳定与自生间歇磁流

太阳和天体物理吸积盘中的场是一种空间间歇的磁流。在整个太阳上都可发现这种间歇磁流片，其中光球上90%以上的磁流呈现为强场形态，其强度为0.1-0.2T，大小为50-300km；在吸积盘中，已知脉动磁场比宏观磁场强几个数量级。磁场的重联湮灭，导致在薄电流片区形成小尺度的磁环胞以及同涨的横等离激元。磁流和等离激元之间的非线性相互作用引起自类似塌缩，形成更为空间间歇的塌缩的磁环元胞。而横等离激元诱发的自生磁场具有调制不稳定性，导致磁场塌缩，形成高度间歇的磁流。分别在磁流力学和等离子体动力论两种情况下，分析了这种磁塌缩不稳定性，并用于解释太阳上的间歇磁流以及寻求天体物理吸积盘中的反常粘滞。     

宇宙磁场中的中微子

本文讨论了有质量的Dirac粒子在宇宙磁场中的演化。宇宙磁场使空间度规出现各向异性。通过求解Dirac方程,得到了中微子在宇宙磁场中的表观磁矩。     

Magnetic braking in magnetic binary stars

The role of an external magnetic field in the magnetic braking of a star with a dipolar field is investigated. In a magnetic cataclysmic variable system (i.e. the primary compact star has a strong magnetic field), the field external to the braking star (a late-type main-sequence star with a dynamo-generated field) originates from the compact star. A closed field region — the system dead zone — is formed within the binary system, and it does not take part in magnetic braking. The overall braking rate depends on the extent of this region and of the open flux, and is dependent on centrifugal effects. In the case of two interacting dipoles, the dipole orientations relative to the spin axes and to each other are found to be important, leading to different amounts of open flux and therefore of magnetic braking, owing to different centrifugal effects on closed field regions. However, in circumstances consistent with observations and dynamo theory, the white dwarf's field reduces the magnetic braking of the secondary significantly, a finding qualitatively similar to the results previously obtained for two anti-aligned dipoles perpendicular to the orbital plane. In the cases where the two dipole axes are not perpendicular to the orbital plane, but are inclined in the plane that links them, the 'cut-off' in magnetic braking is less abrupt, and this effect is more obvious as the inclinations increase. Only in the extreme cases when the two dipole axes are aligned in the orbital plane does the braking increase with white dwarf field strength. We conclude that detailed evolutionary modelling of AM Herculis systems needs to take account of the inclination effect.     

Magnetic fields in the early Universe

We give a pedagogical introduction to two aspects of magnetic fields in the early Universe. We first focus on how to formulate electrodynamics in curved space time, defining appropriate magnetic and electric fields and writing Maxwell equations in terms of these fields. We then specialize to the case of magnetohydrodynamics in the expanding Universe. We emphasize the usefulness of tetrads in this context. We then review the generation of magnetic fields during the inflationary era, deriving in detail the predicted magnetic and electric spectra for some models. We discuss potential problems arising from back reaction effects and from the large variation of the coupling constants required for such field generation (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)