基于Beaming模型的γ暴统计分析

本假定γ暴来自对论性Ｂｅａｍｉｎｇ其方向满足随机分布，γ暴在自己的静止参考系中满足标准烛光和幂律谱假设，假设暴的发生率密度在Ω＝１，Ａ＝０的Ｆｒｉｅｄｍａｎｎ宇宙模型下，共动坐标系中是常数，模型对于Ｂｅａｍｉｎｇ的速度非常敏感，当洛仑兹因子Г值小于１０幂律谱指数小于１时，计算的统计分布与弱暴的ＢＡＴＳＥ数据及强暴的ＰＶＯ数据分布一致。     

宇宙γ暴距离及分布

γ暴是宇宙空间中短时标γ射线突然增亮的现象.在考虑γ暴的宇宙膨胀效应、喷流效应、以及γ暴与超新星成协现象后研究了γ暴的空间分布,假设γ暴张角是高斯分布,爆发率与恒星形成率成正比,找到最佳拟合参数值为θ0=0.1,σ=1,可说明γ暴的张角集中在0.1附近,这与目前对已知红移的γ暴的分析是一致的.由计算得到γ暴的最远红移为4.2,γ暴的能量为1.5×1051ergs.     

γ射线暴的研究进展（Ⅰ）：γ暴的观测特征及能源机制

文中评述了过去２０年中对γ暴的观测结果，包括它的时间特性，能谱特征和空间分布。γ暴的时间结构非常复杂，持续时间相关很大，从小于１ｓ到１０００ｓ，平均大约为１５ｓ。     

γ射线暴的研究进展（Ⅲ）：GRO的最新观测结果及理论模型

介绍了ＣｏｍｐｔｏｎＧＲＯ卫星对Ⅱ暴的最新观测结果。观测表明，γ暴源的空间分布是各向同性但不均匀的。这种分布基本上排除了γ暴起源于银盘内中子星的模型，表明γ暴要么位于展延的银晕里，要么位于宇宙学距离上。     

γ射线暴的logN（〉P）～logP分布

本用简单的宇宙学模型，在标准烛光和均匀分布的的假设下计算了γ射线暴的ｌｏｇＮ（〉Ｐ）￣ｌｏｇＰ分布（大小谱），在考虑了探测效率修正和死时间修正后，由宇宙学模型计算的理论结果和ＢＡＴＳＥ实测的大小谱没有显偏离。     

γ射线暴的logN(>P)～logP分布

本文用简单的宇宙学模型 ,在标准烛光和均匀分布的假设下计算了γ射线暴的logN(>P)～logP分布 (大小谱 ) .在考虑了探测效率修正和死时间修正后 ,由宇宙学模型计算的理论结果和BATSE实测的大小谱没有显著的偏离     

伽玛射线暴源的新分布“BATSE的观测结果

介绍了康普顿γ射线天文台上ＢＡＴＳＥ有关暴源分布观测的新发展。这一发现对８０年代以前所普遍接受的γ射线暴起源于银盘内中子星的模型提出了严重挑战，并阐明了几种以ＢＡＳＥ结果基础的暴源分布模型。     

BATSEγ射线暴和太阳硬X射线暴的强度和时间特征

本文研究了CGRO卫星上BATSE探测器对硬X天空监测过程中触发和记录到的1 0 0 0多个γ暴和 40 0 0多个太阳硬X射线暴的强度和时间性质 ,发现它们的强度分布相似 ,这也许意味着硬X射线天空中两种主要的爆发现象机制相似 ,同时对将γ暴的强度分布作为其宇宙学起源的证据提出了疑问 .对太阳暴的持续时间分析表明 ,其强度和持续时间呈正相关 ,而γ暴是弱负相关 .太阳暴的强度和持续时间在BATSE运行过程中有长时标变化 ,最近对γ暴的研究也发现了这种现象     

具平缓电子能谱的伽玛射线暴的解析光变曲线

在标准的伽玛暴余辉模型中,电子通过费米一级加速后形成单幂律能谱分布dn/dγe∝γe-p(p≈2.3),但在某些伽玛暴事件中观测到了平缓的电子能谱分布(即p＜2).在单幂律谱和分段幂律谱两种情况下,分别给出了具有平缓电子能谱的伽玛暴余辉的解析光变曲线,并以GRB 060908为例进行了讨论.同时提出了伽玛暴低能谱危机的...     

两类γ暴的谱形和光变曲线的统计差异的K-S检验

最近的研究表明：短γ射线暴（γ暴）的辐射特性和长γ暴的前两秒的辐射特征相似，这引发了对以前争论的问题，即：这两类暴是否是本质上相同的暴？本文主要对和γ暴谱形和光变曲线有关的两个量的分布进行了K—S检验。分析表明：这两类暴的分布是不同的，这和广为接受的两类γ暴事件产生于不同机制的观点是一致的。     

A statistical analysis of gamma-ray bursts based on the beaming model

We assume that gamma-ray bursts come from relativistic beaming in random directions, with the bursts being standard candles in their own rest frames and following a power-law distribution, and that the rate of occurrence is a constant in the comoving frame of the Ω = 1, Λ = 0 Friedmann universe. This model is very sensitive to the beaming velocity. For a Lorentz factor Γ < 10 and a power-law index n < 1.0 our calculated statistics agree with the BATSE data of weak bursts and the PVO data of strong bursts.     

Hard Burst Emission from the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1900+14

We present evidence for burst emission from SGR 1900+14 with a power-law high-energy spectrum extending beyond 500 keV. Unlike previous detections of high-energy photons during bursts from soft gamma repeaters (SGRs), these emissions are not associated with extraordinarily bright flares. Not only is the emission hard, but the spectra are better fitted by D. Band's gamma-ray burst (GRB) function rather than by the traditional optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung model. We find that the spectral evolution within these hard events obeys a hardness/intensity anticorrelation. Temporally, these events are distinct from typical SGR burst emissions in that they are longer ( approximately 1 s) and have relatively smooth profiles. Despite a difference in peak luminosity of greater, similar1011 between these bursts from SGR 1900+14 and cosmological GRBs, there are striking temporal and spectral similarities between the two kinds of bursts, aside from spectral evolution. We outline an interpretation of these events in the context of the magnetar model.     

General aspects of hard X-ray flares observed by Hinotori: Gradual burst and impulsive burst

We survey here the observational results on five gradual and four impulsive type events from the hard X-ray imaging (SXT) and spectrometer (HXM) instruments on the Hinotori satellite. A set of differences are clearly recognized between the gradual and impulsive type bursts. These are: (1) Hard X-ray images show the existence of a large coronal source for each gradual burst and a wide variety of source structures for impulsive bursts. (2) The source heights of the impulsive bursts appear to be low. (3) All gradual bursts show power-law spectra while impulsive bursts show exponential thermal spectra at least before the maximum phase. (4) Energy-dependent peak delays are observed only in gradual bursts. From these differences we suggest that two different acceleration and emission mechanisms are involved with these two kinds of hard X-ray bursts.     

Frequency dependence of solar flare occurrence rates—inferred from power-law distribution

Based on the frequency dependence of the power-law distribution of the peak fluxes in 486 radio bursts in 1–35 GHz observed by Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters (see Song et al. in Astrophys. J. 750:160, 2012), we have first suggested in this paper that the events with power-law behaviors may be emitted from the optically-thin regions, which can be considered as a good measure for the flare energy release. This result is supported by that both the power-law and optical-thin events gradually increase with radio frequencies, which are well fitted by a power-law function with similar indices of 0.48 and 0.80, respectively. Moreover, a flare occurrence rate is newly defined by the power-law event number in per unit frequency. Its values in lower frequencies are evidently larger than those in higher frequencies, which just imply that most flares are trigged in higher corona. Hence, the frequency variation of power-law event number may indicate different energy dissipation rates on different coronal heights.     

Systematics in the interpretation of aggregated neutrino flux limits and flavor ratios from gamma-ray bursts

Gamma-ray burst analyses at neutrino telescopes are typically based on diffuse or stacked (i.e., aggregated) neutrino fluxes, because the number of events expected from a single burst is small. The interpretation of aggregated flux limits implies new systematics not present for a single burst, such as by the integration over parameter distributions (diffuse fluxes), or by the low statistics in small burst samples (stacked fluxes). We simulate parameter distributions with a Monte Carlo method computing the spectra burst by burst, as compared to a conventional Monte Carlo integration. With this approach, we can predict the behavior of the flux in the diffuse limit as well as in low statistics stacking samples, such as used in recent IceCube data analyses. We also include the flavor composition at the detector (ratio between muon tracks and cascades) into our considerations. We demonstrate that the spectral features, such as a characteristic multi-peak structure coming from photohadronic interactions, flavor mixing, and magnetic field effects, are typically present even in diffuse neutrino fluxes if only the redshift distribution of the sources is considered, with z ? 1 dominating the neutrino flux. On the other hand, we show that variations of the Lorentz boost can only be interpreted in a model-dependent way, and can be used as a model discriminator. For example, we illustrate that the observation of spectral features in aggregated fluxes will disfavor the commonly used assumption that bursts with small Lorentz factors dominate the neutrino flux, whereas it will be consistent with the hypothesis that the bursts have similar properties in the comoving frame.     

The amplitude of mass density fluctuations at z 3.25 from the Ly forest of Q1422+231

The real-space optical-depth distribution along the line of sight to the QSO Q1422+231 is recovered from two HIRES spectra using a modified version of the inversion method proposed by Nusser & Haehnelt. The first two moments of the truncated optical-depth distribution are used to constrain the density-fluctuation amplitude of the intergalactic medium (IGM) assuming that the IGM is photoionized by a metagalactic UV background and obeys a temperaturedensity relation. The fluctuation amplitude and the power-law index of the relation between gas and neutral hydrogen (H  i ) density are degenerate. The rms of the IGM density at z 3.25 estimated from the first spectrum is with 1.56< <2 for plausible reionization histories. This corresponds to 0.9 2.1 with ( =1.7)=1.44±0.3. The values obtained from the second spectrum are higher by 20 per cent. If the IGM density traces the dark matter (DM) as suggested by numerical simulations we have measured the fluctuation amplitude of the DM density at an effective Jeans scale of a few 100 kpc. For cold dark matter (CDM)-like power spectra the amplitude of dark matter fluctuations on these small scales depends on the cosmological density parameter . For power spectra normalized to reproduce the space density of present-day clusters and with a slope parameter of =0.21 consistent with the observed galaxy power spectrum, the inferred can be expressed as: =0.61( /1.7)^1.3( x _J/0.62)^0.6 for a flat universe, and =0.91( /1.7)^1.3( x _J/0.62)^0.7 for a =0 universe. x _J is the effective Jeans scale in (comoving) h ¹ Mpc. Based on a suite of detailed mock spectra the 1 error is 25 per cent. The estimates increase with increasing . For the second spectrum we obtain 15 per cent lower values.     

The X-ray bursts within the 2010 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9-2021

With the observations from Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, we search and study the X-ray bursts of accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9-2021 during its 2010 outburst. We find 13 X-ray bursts, including 12 standard type-I X-ray bursts and an irregular X-ray burst which lacks cooling tail. During the outburst, the persistent emission occurred at \(\sim (1\mbox{--}5)\%{\dot{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{Edd}}}\). We use a combination model of a blackbody (BB), a powerlaw, and a line component to fit the persistent emission spectra. Another BB is added into the combination model to account for the emission of the X-ray bursts due to the thermonuclear burning on the surface of the neutron star. Finally, we modify the combination model with a multiplicative factor \(f_{\mathrm{a}}\), plus a BB to fit the spectra during the X-ray bursts. It is found that the \(f_{\mathrm{a}}\) is inversely correlated with the burst flux in some cases. Our analysis suggests that the ignition depth of the irregular X-ray burst is obviously smaller than those of the type-I X-ray bursts. We argue that the detected type-I X-ray bursts originate from helium-rich or pure-helium environment, while the irregular X-ray burst originates from the thermonuclear flash in a shallow ocean.     

Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows from Cylindrical Jets in a Dense Environment

It is widely accepted that many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by relativistic jets. Previous studies on the beaming effects in GRBs are mainly based on the conical geometry. However, some observations of the relativistic jets in radio galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and “micro-quasars” have shown that many of these outflows are cylindrical, but not conical. In this study, we assume that the jets that produce GRBs are cylindrical, and that the circum-burst environment is dense and optically thick. In the prompt burst phase, the strong X-ray emission can sublimate the circum-burst medium to form an optically thin channel, from which the optical photons are allowed to escape. As a result, the optical afterglows can be observed only for the observers who are positioned on the axes of jets. It is shown that the observed optical afterglows usually decay very rapidly (in the form of S_v oc t^^v^^l₁ where p is the index of electron power-law distribution), due to the joint effect of the lateral expansion of the cylindrical jet and the absorption of optical photons by the dust outside the channel. Our model provides a possible explanation for the dark gamma-ray bursts.     

Observations of soft gamma-ray or hard X-ray bursts in the GRIF experiment on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mir</Emphasis> orbiting station

During the GRIF experiment onboard the Mir orbiting station, the sky was monitored with a PX-2 wide-field (～1 sr) scintillation X-ray spectrometer to detect bursts in the photon energy range 10–300 keV. Because of the comprehensive instrumentation, which, apart from the X-ray and gamma-ray instruments, also included charged-particle detectors, the imitations of astrophysical bursts by magnetospheric electron precipitations and strongly ionizing nuclei were effectively filtered out. It was also possible to separate solar and atmospheric events. Several tens of bursts interpreted as being astrophysical were detected in the experiment at sensitivity levels S～10^?7 erg cm^?2 (for bursts whose spectra were characterized by effective temperatures kT～100 keV) and S～3×10^?8 erg cm^?2 (for bursts with kT～25 keV). Some of the soft gamma-ray or hard X-ray bursts with kT～10–50 keV were identified with the bursting pulsar GRO J1744-28. Our estimate of the detection rate for cosmological soft gamma-ray or hard X-ray bursts from the entire sky suggests that the distributions of long-duration (>1 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in characteristic energy kT and duration are inconsistent with the steady-state cosmological model in which the evolution of burst sources is disregarded. Based on GRIF and BATSE/CGRO data, we conclude that most of the GRB sources originate at redshifts 1<z<5.     

Directivity of low frequency solar type III radio bursts

The occurrence rate of type III solar bursts in the frequency range 4.9 MHz to 30 kHz is analyzed as a function of burst intensity and burst arrival direction. We find that (a) the occurrence rate of bursts falls off with increasing flux, S, according to the power law S ^–1.5, and (b) the distribution of burst arrival directions at each frequency shows a significantly larger number of bursts observed west of the Earth-Sun line than east of it. This western excess in occurrence rate appears to be correlated with the direction of the average interplanetary magnetic field, and is interpreted as beaming of the observed burst radiation along the magnetic field direction.Presently at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.