天再旦日食的根据与计算——对Keenan质疑的注释

作者由“天再旦”日食说证实西周懿王元年为公元前 899年。夏商周断代工程以此为支点之一 ,得到西周年代表。针对读者的质疑 ,在历史文献的可靠性、天光视亮度的表达和计算方法、地球自转长期参数等方面做了进一步的阐述。     

塔城日食观测与近三千年的公案

塔城日食观测与近三千年的公案周晓陆，徐精华１９９７年３月９日日食，一经预报，数以万计的人们便瞩目黑龙江省漠河县……而我们则在３月初，集结于新疆维吾尔自治区塔城市，“东辕西辙”地等待着那个时刻，因为，我们参与了有关西周懿王元年天再旦课题的探索中国有确切...     

一种基于主分量分析的减天光方法

天光是天体观测中的一种重要噪声源.减天光问题是制约多目标光纤光谱观测深度的重要因素.主分量分析(PCA)是统计学的一种分析方法,它可以用来寻找各个天光谱之间的关系,以进一步获得目标光谱中含有的天光成分.为了研究LAMOST的减天光方法,用SDSS的一组原始观测数据进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明,采用PCA方法比SDSS处理程序能够更有效地减天光.最后对PCA方法在LAMOST中的应用前景进行了展望.     

夏商周断代工程及其天文学问题

《夏商周断代工程》由文献,考古,古文字,碳14测年和天文学待方面的专家联合攻关,致车于推进我国早期年代学研究的发展,天文学在五星聚合,三代大火,国外天象,仲康日食,夏小正,禹伐三苗,甲骨文天象,武王伐纣,天再旦,金文历谱,周代历法,计算中心等专题中起了主要或重要作用,天文方法确定的宾组月食,武王伐纣和天再旦年代被作为断代工程结论而采用,成为夏商周年的重要支撑点,铜器铭文中的朋相记录也是西周列王年代的重要依据。     

利用中国古代中心食记录得到的地球自转速率变化参数

本文简要叙述了一种利用古代中心日食记录研究古代地球自转速率变化的基本原理和方法(简称为“中心食法”),并对中国古代部分中心食记录进行了分析计算,得到初步结果。所用资料为中国史书中春秋至唐代初年一千四百余年间的中心食记录,选用了其中的88例用于计算地球自转速率变化的参数ΔT,其结果表明了地球自转的长期减慢,求得相对加速度的均值为-(1.88±0.10)×10~(-10)/年.     

中国古历经朔数据的恢复及应用

中国元代的《授时历议》保存了44部古历的推朔参数及比验资料．借助古代朔望计算方法：1）恢复了诸历行用初年的天正经朔数值；2）修正了史载的错误数据．3）根据Meeus方法计算出经朔的理论值，并由此确定古历经朔的推步精度；4）尝试应用这些数据考察地球自转长期变化，得出日长变化为1．8ms／cy．     

变星的分类

所谓变星,系指因其物理特性、组成、形状的急剧变化,光度也变化的恒星及密近双星公转之时掩食而使光度发生变化的恒星。 认识事物的过程是“由表及里”,由简单到复杂,由现象到本质的一个过程。毫无疑义,变星分类的发展过程也就遵循着这一规律,它反映出了人类对变星研究的进展。     

新近发现几个系外行星

从观测者的角度,当一颗行星穿越太阳表面时,这一现象就叫做“凌日”。对于探测系外行星来说,“凌日”现象称作”凌星”,这是发现系外行星的方法之一。行星出现“凌日”现象可稍微改变恒星的亮度,大约只有一万分之一的亮度变化,“凌星”现象大约可持续2～16个小时。如果“凌星”现象完全是由行星自然运行而导致的,那么这种运行变化将完全具有周期性。此外,相同行星产生的所有凌日现象都应当具有相同的亮度变化,持续相同的时间。因此,行星“凌星”探测方法具有较强的可重复性信号且十分有效。     

2009年南极冰穹A的双色天光背景统计和分析

天光背景是天文台址的一个重要指标。利用2009年位于南极冰穹A的CSTAR望远镜两个波段的观测数据,对南极冰穹A的天光背景进行了统计和分析。结果表明约74％的g波段天光背景的ADU值小于每像素100/s;90．5％的r波段的天光背景的ADU值小于每像素100／s。在不考虑大气消光的情况下,定标后的结果为2009年冰穹A的观测数据中天光背景亮度的中值：g波段为19．9mag／arcsec^2,r波段为20．1mag／aresec^2。     

宇宙画廊

红光遥映氐宿一 圆月一轮带食沉 2004年5月5日,澳大利亚的悉尼,此时天欲破晓,月将隐没。Stephen Thorley在月亮完全被都市建筑物挡住之前,拍下了这张明月带食而落的美丽图像。在悉尼著名的中央高塔及灯光的衬托之下,接近全食的月亮显得朦胧和神秘。图片右上方的星星是天秤座的最亮星氐宿一。(Credit:Stephen Thorley)     

The sky brightness when the rising sun is in eclipse

Part of the “Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project” is the study of a historical record of “double dawn” and its astronomical interpretation. We used the light meter on ordinary cameras to determine the sky variation during normal sunrises and sunsets, set up a way of calculating the variation when the rising sun is in eclipse, and identified the range and intensity of the double dawn phenomenon. For this, we organized a mass participation of the observation of the 1997-03-09 eclipse in Xinjiang Province. The observations are in good agreement with our model calculation and prove that an eclipsed sunrise could indeed give rise to the phenomenon of “double dawn”     

Optical Response of the Atmosphere During the Caribbean Total Solar Eclipses of 26 February 1998 and of 3 February 1916 at Falcón state,Venezuela

An investigation of the optical response of the atmosphere before, during, and afterthe total solar eclipse of 26 February 1998 at the Caribbean Peninsula of Paraguaná (Falcón State) in Venezuela, was made by measuring photometrically the intensity of the sky brightness in three strategic directions: zenith, horizon anti-parallel or opposite the umbra path, and horizon perpendicular to this path. From these measurements, and by applying in an inverse way an empirical photometric model, very rough estimations of theextinction coefficient, and also of the average optical depth, were obtained in one of these particular directions. However based on meteorological measurements such as those of relative humidity and temperature, and applying a different model, a better estimation in the visual of the total global extinction coefficient of the sky (except the horizon), were made considering the contribution of each component: atmospheric aerosol, water vapour, ozone and Rayleigh scattering. It is shown that this global coefficient is mostly dependent upon aerosol extinction. In spite of the strong reduction of sky brightness photometrically observed during the totality, the results show that the sky was not dark. This is confirmed by the results obtained for the total global extinction coefficient. Additionally it is estimated that the total solar eclipse that took place also in Falcón State, Venezuela, at the beginning of the last century on 3 February 1916, was 30% darker that the 1998 eclipse, and that atmospheric aerosol played a relevant and similar role in the scattering of sunlight during the totality as it was for 1998's. Visual observations made during each event, which show that at length only one or two bright stars could be seen in the sky, support the results obtained for both eclipses.     

Using a New Sky Brightness Monitor to Observe the Annular Solar Eclipse on 15 January 2010

For the future development of Chinese Giant Solar Telescope (CGST) in Western China, a new sky brightness monitor (SBM) has been produced for the site survey for CGST. To critically examine the performance and sensitivity of SBM, we used it in the observation of the annular solar eclipse in Dali City, Yunnan, on 15 January 2010. The observation met good weather conditions with an almost clear sky during the eclipse. The SBM measurement translates into the solar illuminance changes at a level of 2.4×10^?4 I?s^?1 during the eclipse. The time of the minimal sky brightness in the field of view (FOV) is found consistent with the time of maximum eclipse. Two local sky regions in the FOV are chosen to make a time series of the calibrated skylight profiles. The evolution of the sky brightness thus calibrated also shows good consistency with the eclipse, particularly between the second and the third contacts. The minimal sky brightness in each local sky region took place within half a minute from the corresponding predicted contact time. Such small time delays were mainly caused by occasional cirri. The minimal sky brightness measured during the eclipse is a few millionths of I _?? with standard deviation of 0.11 millionths of I _??. The observation supports that the single-scattering process (optically thin conditions) is the main contributor to the atmospheric scattering. We have demonstrated that many important aerosol optical parameters can be deduced from our data. We conclude that the new SBM is a sensitive sky photometer that can be used for our CGST and coronagraph site surveys.     

中国早期日食记录研究进展

中国古代系统的日食记录始自春秋。自汉以至清代,整齐而完备。此前的夏、商、西周三代,日食记录零散而模糊。历来研究者众而难得定论。近年来由于天文计算方法和历史年代学的进展,早期日食记录的研究也获得新的成就。     

An Ancient Solar Eclipse Record “Tian-da-yi“ in the 10th Century BC

The ancient record“Tian-da-yi“(the sky darkened greatly )is identified with the solar eclipse on May 31,976BC.This identification is demonstrated in this paper through a palaeographic ,astronomical and chronological analysis,It is probably the earliest solar eclipse in Chinese histroy that can be so identified.     

日食的射电观测(英)

日食为射电天文提供了一维高空间分辨率太阳射电观测机会．日食射电观测在太阳射电物理的发展上起过重要的作用．文中对日食射电观测的若干重要因素作了介绍和分析．日食射电观测在我国太阳射电天文发展上也起了重要作用．文中简要介绍了在我国组织观测的1958年、1968年、1980年及1987年的太阳射电日食观测及其主要结果．     

Variation of Spectral Radiance of the Zenith Sky During the Annular Eclipse on May 21, 2012

The absolute brightness of the zenith sky was measured using a simple calibrated spectrometer during the annular solar eclipse event on May 21, 2012 in Fujioka City, Japan (36.2924°N, 139.0823°E). The sensitivity of the spectrometer was calibrated as a function of wavelength between 400 and 700 nm with an integral sphere. The brightness of the sky decreased to 6 % of its usual condition at the maximum magnitude of the annular eclipse of 0.95 for all wavelengths. The curve describing the variation of sky brightness accords well with the total luminosity of the solar disk estimated by a simple model that accounts for the limb darkening effect. This study provides zenith sky radiance as a function of wavelength and solar elevation angle, which is useful for the investigation of new optical instruments for atmospheric studies.     

White-Light Observations and Polarimetric Analysis of the Solar Corona During the Eclipse of 1 August 2008

In order to study the solar corona during eclipses, a new telescope was constructed. Three coronal images were obtained simultaneously through a single objective of the telescope as the coronal radiation passed through three polarizers (whose transmission directions were turned 0°, 60°, and 120° in the chosen direction); one image was obtained without a polarizer. The telescope was used to observe the solar corona during the eclipse of 1 August 2008. We obtained the distributions of polarization brightness, K-corona brightness, the degree of K-corona polarization and the total polarization degree; the polarization direction, depending on the latitude and radius in the plane of the sky, was also obtained. We calculated the radial distributions of electron density depending on the latitude. The properties of all these distributions were compared for different coronal structures. We determined the temperature of the coronal plasma in different coronal structures assuming hydrostatic equilibrium.     

Photoelectric study of the sky brightness along Sun’s meridian during the March 29, 2006 solar eclipse

Photoelectric observations of the sky brightness along Sun’s meridian have been carried out at Salloum during the March 29, 2006 total solar eclipse. The measurements have been taken at different zenith distances along the Sun’s meridian using yellow and red wide band glass filters centered at 5500 Å and 7900 Å, respectively. The present results of the sky brightness during the total solar eclipse have been compared with that of twilight, and night sky obtained by the same instrument at Abu-Simbel and Kottamia observatory sites respectively. The variation of V–R color index with zenith distance have been also studied. The visibility of planets and stars during the March 29, 2006 total solar eclipse is given.