黑洞吸积率与喷流能量相关性讨论

喷流的形成与黑洞吸积向来密不可分。分析黑洞吸积率与其喷流能量的相关性对研究黑洞内部结构以及喷流形成的具体原因具有重要的意义。从文献资料中收集了24个数据源,这些源包含了13个射电选BLLac天体(RBL)和11个平谱射电类星体(FSRQs)。通过样本数据研究黑洞吸积率与喷流能量以及γ射线流量密度的相关性。研究结果表明:(1)24个活动类星体的吸积率与喷流能量存在明显的相关性,这与Allen等得出的结论相同;(2)射电选BLLac天体与平谱射电类星体的喷流能量分布存在一定差异;(3)射电选BLLac天体的吸积率与γ射线流量密度相关性并不明显,但平谱射电类星体的吸积率与γ射线流量密度之间具有一定的相关性;(4)研究结果进一步证明了喷流能量不仅与黑洞质量有关,同时也很可能与黑洞的吸积存在关系。黑洞喷流的形成很可能是黑洞质量与吸积共同作用的结果。这些研究结果与其他方法获得的结果是一致的。     

低红移SDSS类星体辐射效率的估计

研究了低红移SDSS类星体(0.025z0.5)的辐射效率。首先利用类星体中心黑洞的质量估计,通过薄盘吸积模型估计了每一个类星体的吸积率。其次根据光学波段的观测光度,利用经验的类星体全波段模板谱估计了每个类星体的热光度。最后由估计的吸积率和热光度得到了每个类星体的辐射效率。发现低红移SDSS类星体的辐射效率与黑洞质量强相关,并满足ε∝M0.63。这一结果与Davis和Laor(2011)对PG类星体样本得到的结果一致。进一步讨论由于辐射效率估计中各种假设可能引入的偏差及其对ε与M关系的可能影响。     

耀变体亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的相关性讨论

耀变体(Blazars)的亮温度与黑洞喷流能量和吸积率有重要关系。搜集了53个耀变体源样本,包括22个蝎虎天体(BL Lacs)和31个平谱射电类星体(Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars,FSRQs),研究了耀变体亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的分布,并对子类中亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的相关性进行了讨论。研究结果表明:(1)蝎虎天体与平谱射电类星体的亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的分布存在明显差异,这可能与蝎虎天体与平谱射电类星体的内禀性质有关,也可能与其有无发射线及发射线的强弱有关;(2)蝎虎天体的亮温度与黑洞喷流能量之间的相关性较强,亮温度可以在一定程度上描述蝎虎天体的黑洞喷流能量,亮温度大的蝎虎天体喷流携带的能量也较大;(3)平谱射电类星体的亮温度与黑洞喷流能量之间有弱相关性,平谱射电类星体的亮温度不能清楚地描述黑洞喷流能量,黑洞喷流能量受亮温度影响较小,平谱射电类星体的黑洞喷流能量可能受到其他因素的影响;(4)耀变体的亮温度与黑洞吸积率之间有弱的相关性。     

黑洞自转和类星体喷流射电辐射的相关性

利用Ｂｌａｎｄｆｏｒｄ－Ｚｎａｊｅｋ过程,得出了黑洞自转与活动星系核射电噪度的关系,在假设ＡＧＮ喷流的射电功率来自于所提取的黑洞旋转能量后,根据Ｆａｌｃｋｅ和Ｂｉｅｒｍａｎｎ提出的喷流－吸积耦合机制,估算了ＡＧＮ喷流的最大射电辐射功率,通过与ＰＧ类星体样本强射电源观测结果的比较,进一步证实强射电类星体除了其喷流方向与视向的夹角很小外,其中心的超大质量黑洞很可能是自转很快的旋转黑洞。     

黑洞自转和类星体喷流射电辐射的相关性

利用Ｂｌａｎｄｆｏｒｄ－Ｚｎａｊｅｋ过程,得出了黑洞自转与活动星系核射电噪度的关系.在假设ＡＧＮ喷流的射电功率主要来自于所提取的黑洞旋转能量后,根据Ｆａｌｃｋｅ和Ｂｉｅｒ－ｍａｎｎ提出的喷流－吸积盘耦合机制,估算了ＡＧＮ喷流的最大射电辐射功率．通过与ＰＧ类星体样本中强射电源观测结果的比较,进一步证实强射电类星体除了其喷流方向与视向的夹角很小外,其中心的超大质量黑洞很可能是自转很快的旋转黑洞．     

活动星系核中的喷流形成

对活动星系核中的喷流加速机制、观测特征有目前研究近况进行了评述。磁场在喷流加速过程中起重要作用，对磁场加速喷流模型中喷流加速区域的大小进行了估计。比较了不同的磁场加速喷流模型，并讨论了有序吸积盘磁场的形成与维持过程。简要地评述了活动星系核中吸积盘与喷流存在内在联系的观测证据，及中央黑洞与活动星系核的射电辐射特征的关系。     

双黑洞并合与黑洞逆向吸积

黑洞是广义相对论理论预言的天体,也是很多天文现象,如类星体、活动星系核、喷流、吸积盘的中心引擎。根据广义相对论,宇宙中的黑洞可以由质量和自旋两个参数来描述。对比黑洞质量的测定,自旋的测量较为困难。但自旋的方向与很多天文现象密切相关。如果黑洞自旋方向与吸积盘的转动方向一致,将形成正向吸积的天文现象;反之,如果黑洞自旋的与吸积盘的转动方向相反,将形成逆向吸积的天文现象。利用宽线区尺度与光学光度之间的关系,最近的研究发现了逆向吸积盘的可能候选体。利用双黑洞并合的物理图像提出了一种逆向吸积盘的物理形成机制,并定量计算了相关的逆向吸积盘形成率。发现了超大质量双黑洞系统的质量比分布与类星体逆向吸积盘的形成率之间存在定量关系,该定量关系可以通过未来的空间引力波探测以及逆向吸积盘的探测进行检验。     

耀变体喷流性质研究

利用锥形喷流模型(conical jet model)拟合了55个费米耀变体的准同时性多波段观测数据,并研究了耀变体喷流的物理性质.通过卡方估计来找到模型的最优参数,与收集的其他参数进行统计分析.源的参数统计分析结果如下:(1)模型拟合得到的喷流功率要比利用延展射电光度得到的喷流功率大;(2)多普勒因子δ与磁感应强度B之间没有相关性;(3)喷流功率与吸积盘光度间存在相关性,Blandford-Znajek(BZ)机制能够很好地解释BL Lacs的喷流能量来源却不能解释平谱射电类星体(Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars,FSRQs);(4)喷流功率与黑洞质量之间有显著相关.     

射电噪类星体黑洞的质量和自旋与喷流能量的相关性

喷流的形成与黑洞质量及黑洞自旋之间存在着很大关系.讨论黑洞质量及黑洞自旋与喷流能量的关系对喷流形成及结构的研究有着重要的意义.从文献资料中收集了65个射电类星体源.这些源包含了35个陡谱射电类星体(SSRQs),30个平谱射电类星体(FSRQs).通过样本数据研究黑洞质量及黑洞自旋与喷流能量的相关性.研究结果表明:(1)65个射电类星体的黑洞质量与喷流能量存在明显的相关性,这与Zensus所得出的结论相同;(2)65个射电类星体的黑洞自旋与喷流能量存在相关性.尤其在爱丁顿磁场条件下(B=BEDD),黑洞自旋与喷流能量的相关性最为明显,其相关系数要比黑洞质量与喷流能量的相关系数高;(3)陡谱射电类星体与平谱射电类星体的自旋数据分布存在一定差异;(4)研究结果进一步证明了喷流能量不仅与黑洞质量有关,同时也很可能与黑洞的自旋能量存在关系.黑洞喷流的形成很可能是黑洞质量与黑洞自旋共同作用的结果.这些研究结果与其他方法获得的结果是一致的.     

活动星系的非相对论性外流

活动星系核有两类常见外流，相对论性的射电喷流和非相对论性的物质外流，前者主要在射电强的适动星系核中，以非热辐射为特征，非相对论性外流主要通过紫外吸收线观测到，总结了类星体非对论性外流的一些性质及其X射线观测给出了的问题，指出现有的观测表明非相对论性外流引起的质量损失很重要。     

The Dynamics of Gas around Active Galactic Nuclei

This paper examines the relationship between the accretion flows into the accretion disk around the black holes of active galactic nuclei (AGN), and the jets which they produce. A large-scale accretion flow around the nucleus is proposed as the thick dusty toroid structure of the unified model. Physically, this is similar to the Kahn ‘cocoon star’ model. High (super-Eddington) accretion rates into the accretion disk are needed. It is assumed that all black holes produce relativistic jets. However, entrainment of thermal (wind) material into the jet determines the AGN class, radio-loud or radio quiet. The jet interacts with the ambient medium as it expands, generating a cocoon of fast radiative or partially-radiative shocks around it. Such a model can explain both the radio properties and the emission line properties over a wide variety of AGN classes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High energy gamma-ray emission from binaries

The current Cherenkov telescopes together with GLAST are opening up a new window into the physics at work close to black holes and rapidly rotating neutron stars with great breakthrough potential. Very high energy gamma-ray emission up to 10 TeV is now established in several binaries. The radiative output of gamma-ray binaries is in fact dominated by emission above 1–10 MeV. Most are likely powered by the rotational spindown of a young neutron star that generates a highly relativistic wind. The interaction of this pulsar wind with the companion’s stellar wind is responsible for the high energy gamma-ray emission. There are hints that microquasars, accretion-powered binaries emitting relativistic jets, also emit gamma-ray flares that may be linked to the accretion–ejection process. Studying high energy gamma-ray emission from binaries offers good prospects for the study of pulsar winds physics and may bring new insights into the link between accretion and ejection close to black holes.     

A supercritical accretion disk model for SS 433

We describe a model for SS 433 based on an accretion disk around a black hole. Due to the very high mass transfer rate in the system, the disk must be geometrically thick. Two narrow funnels are formed around the rotation axis and radiation pressure in the funnels accelerates matter to relativistic velocities in the form of two opposite jets. TheX and optical luminosities are evaluated and they agree well with the experimental data.     

On the Nature of the Variable Gamma-Ray Sources at Low Galactic Latitudes

Population studies of EGRET gamma-ray sources indicate that there is a distinctive population of bright sources at low galactic latitudes. The sources have a distribution consistent with that of young galactic objects, with a concentration toward the inner spiral arms. There is a subgroup that displays strong variability with timescales from days to months. Following an earlier suggestion by Kaufman Bernadó et al. (2002), we explore the possibility that these sources could be high-mass microquasars. Detailed models for the gamma-ray emission that include inverse Compton interactions of electrons in the relativistic jets and photons from all local fields (stellar UV photons, synchrotron photons, soft X-ray photons from the accretion disk, and hard X-ray photons from a corona) are presented. We conclude that microquasars are excellent candidates for the parent population of the subgroup of variable low-latitude EGRET sources.     

Large Scale Jets in Microquasars

Relativistic jets are now believed to be a fairly ubiquitous property of accreting compact objects, and are intimately coupled with the accretion history. Associated with rapid changes in the accretion states of the binary systems, ejections of relativistic plasma can be observed at radio frequencies on timescale of weeks before becoming undetectable. However, recent observations point to long-term effects of these ejecta on the interstellar medium with the formation of large-scale relativistic jets around binary systems. In this paper, we review the observations of these large-scale structures in microquasars, highlighting their contributions at high energies.     

Relativistic Jets from Accretion Disks

The jets observed to emanate from many compact accreting objects may arise from the twisting of a magnetic field threading a differentially rotating accretion disk which acts to magnetically extract angular momentum and energy from the disk. Two main regimes have been discussed, hydromagnetic jets, which have a significant mass flux and have energy and angular momentum carried by both matter and electromagnetic field and, Poynting jets, where the mass flux is small and energy and angular momentum are carried predominantly by the electromagnetic field. Here, we describe recent theoretical work on the formation of relativistic Poynting jets from magnetized accretion disks. Further, we describe new relativistic, fully electromagnetic, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the formation of jets from accretion disks. Analog Z-pinch experiments may help to understand the origin of astrophysical jets.     

A short review of relativistic iron lines from stellar‐mass black holes

In this contribution, I briefly review recent progress in detecting and measuring the properties of relativistic iron lines observed in stellar‐mass black hole systems, and the aspects of these lines that are most relevant to studies of similar lines in Seyfert‐1 AGN. In particular, the lines observed in stellar‐mass black holes are not complicated by complex low‐energy absorption or partial‐covering of the central engine, and strong lines are largely independent of the model used to fit the underlying broad‐band continuum flux. Indeed, relativistic iron lines are the most robust diagnostic of black hole spin that is presently available to observers, with specific advantages over the systematics–plagued disk continuum. If accretion onto stellar‐mass black holes simply scales with mass, then the widespread nature of lines in stellar‐mass black holes may indicate that lines should be common in Seyfert‐1 AGN, though perhaps harder to detect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Tidal disruption of stars by super‐massive black holes—XMM‐Newton highlights and the next decade

This article provides a summary of XMM ‐Newton highlights on stellar tidal disruption events. First found with ROSAT , ongoing and upcoming sky surveys will detect these events in the thousands. In X‐rays, tidal disruption events (TDEs ) provide us with powerful new probes of accretion physics under extreme conditions and on short timescales and of relativistic effects near the super‐massive black holes (SMBHs) , of the formation and evolution of disk winds near or above the Eddington limit, and of the processes of high‐energy emission from newly launched radio jets. TDEs serve as signposts of the presence of dormant single black holes at the cores of galaxies, and of binary black holes as well, since TDE lightcurves are characteristically different in the latter case. XMM ‐Newton has started to contribute to all of these topics, and a rich discovery space is opening up in the next decade.     

Magnetic fields of accretion disks and outflows in prograde and retrograde black holes

We show that for the accretion disk with equipartition between magnetic and radiative pressures, prograde black holes generate outflowing energy in jets more efficiently than retrograde black holes do. Both viscous radiative and irradiative disks provide more efficient outflow jets in the case of a prograde black hole than in the case of a retrograde black hole. Our results confirm the conclusion of Tchekhovskoy & McKinney (2012) that, for the same absolute value of the spin, prograde black holes with geometrically thick accretion disks generate outflows several times more efficiently than retrograde black holes do. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Investigation of the radio emission from active galactic nuclei: Determining the spin of a supermassive black hole

The results of radio observations for ten kinetically dominated quasars are presented. The observations have been performed at 3.5 cm with the RTF-32 radio telescopes at the Zelenchukskaya and Badary observatories of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The kinetic power of the relativistic jets and the spins of the supermassive black holes in these objects have been determined from radio luminosity measurements. The rotation of the black hole in these objects is shown to be retrograde with respect to the Keplerian rotation in the accretion disk in the case of an approximate equality between the magnetic and gas pressures near the black hole event horizon.