低纬子午环配备科学CCD后的课题目标

本文根据基本天体测量的主要任务和目前发展趋势的要求,以及低纬子午环配备ＣＣＤ后的观测精度、效率和极限星等,提出了该仪器长期观测;的目标,包括建立实用的准惯性天球参考架和动力学参考架,为太阳系动力学研究,为银河系结构和运动学研究,为某些天体物理课题研究的需要,提供有用的观测数据,为本地的地震预报和天文地震研究提供参考数据。在甚长基线射电干涉测量技术和空间测量技术迅速发展的时代,地面光学天体测量仍具有     

研制低纬子午环初衷的沿革

介绍了在低纬子午环研制过程中，如何跟踪国内外测量方法和科学技术的发展，调整该仪器的主要课题目标：开始时仅计划在低纬度地区进行天体位置的绝对测定，改善基本星表系统；在１ｍ望远镜试验ＣＣＤ底片重迭法成功后，打算把该仪器绝对测定的恒星位置与河外天体联系起来，间接地建立准惯性天球参考架；当国外传统子午环配备ＣＣＤ测微器作相对测量后，提出了在该仪器上配备ＣＣＤ测微器作绝对测定的方法，用其观测数据直接建立实用的准惯性天球参考架，并为太阳系和银河系研究提供有用数据的总体目标。     

低纬子午环配备科学CCD后的课题目标

本文根据基本天体测量的主要任务和目前发展趋势的要求 ,以及低纬子午环配备CCD后的观测精度、效率和极限星等 ,提出了该仪器长期观测的课题目标 ,包括建立实用的准惯性天球参考架和动力学参考架 ,为太阳系动力学研究 ,为银河系结构和运动学研究 ,为某些天体物理课题研究的需要 ,提供有用的观测数据 ,为本地的地震预报和天文地震研究提供参考数据。在甚长基线射电干涉测量技术和空间测量技术迅速发展的时代 ,地面光学天体测量仍具有其不可取代的优势 ,只要能高精度地测定仪器的各种误差 ,消除仪器重力变形和热变形的影响 ,并尽可能消除由地球大气因素引起的系统误差影响 ,取得与空间测量平均而言可比的观测精度 ,两者相互配合 ,取长补短 ,就能更好地为上述诸多课题目标开展观测和研究 ,促进天体测量学和有关学科的发展 ,文中对这些要求的实现作了必要的叙述。     

依巴谷后的天体测量卫星项目——空间光干涉卫星

简述了依巴谷后提出的天体测量卫星项目,如FAME、DIVA、JASMINE、SIM Lite、Gaia、OBSS、JMAPS等。描述了空间光干涉从1980年至今的发展过程,特别给出了用天体测量方法研究天体物理课题之SIM Lite工程的近况:科学目标、仪器的结构、技术上的重大突破点和观测方式等。重点介绍了SIM Lite参考架的构建,包括栅格星和类星体的选择,以及SIM Lite光学参考架与射电参考架ICRF-2之间的联系和联系的精度。比较了SIM与Gaia观测方式的不同点,以及它们在天体物理研究和参考架的建立上互补之处。最后,回顾了中国科学院"八五"重点项目"光学天文中高空间分辨率应用和技术研究"和当前开展有关光干涉工作的一些情况,以及今后开展此课题的若干建议。     

太阳二维光谱观测研究的进展和展望

论述了太阳二维光谱观测和研究的重大意义，综述了二维光谱观测技术和仪器的进展，特别介绍了应用ＣＣＤ的成像光谱仪的最近发展。文中还介绍了近年来二维光谱观测研究所取得的一些新结果，展望了未来观测技术和课题研究的发展前景。     

低纬度地区天体位置绝对测定的意义

本文简述了传统的子午环绝对测定天体位置的方法及其不适用于低纬度地区的局限性。根据在低纬度地区用卯酉圈观测绝对测定子午环参数的方法,阐述了在低纬度地区进行天体位置绝对测定的可能性和必要性。指出在南北半球观测的联结方面,在同一架仪器的系统中实现整个黄道带恒星位置和太阳系天体位置的绝对测定方面,对于改善基本参考坐标系和为太阳系动力学研究提供基本资料,将有十分重要的意义。     

低纬子午环配备CCD探测器(Ⅴ)——用地面观测建立高精度天球参考架

本文叙述了建立准惯性天球参考架应满足的条件,列举了几种地面观测能否满足这些条件的情况。介绍了利用配备CCD探测器的低纬子午环直接测定恒星绝对自行和岁差常数改正的方法,分析了用这种仪器的观测资料建立一个高精度天球参考架的可能性,并将它与空间技术作了比较。     

太阳耀斑大气动力学及其光谱诊断

七十年代以来的空间和地面观测表明,太阳耀斑是太阳大气中最剧烈的动力学过程。耀斑动力学的研究已成为当今太阳物理研究中重要的前沿课题之一.本文概要地介绍近年来在耀斑动力学过程的观测和理论方面的重要进展以及耀斑大气动力学的光谱诊断方法,并讨论了今后在观测和理论两方面的努力方向,为我国在即将到来的太阳22周峰年中的耀斑动力学研究提供参考.     

上海天文台丹容等高仪1958.4—1985.1期间观测资料概况

根据IAU19委员会“依巴谷参考架中的地球自转”工作组的要求，我们对上海天台丹容等高仪1958.4－1985.1年期间的观测资料进行重新整理。本将该仪器的观测纲要、计算方法、组内修平、迟滞差等方面的变动情况作了全面的总结，对需要使用该仪器观测资料的科研工作，具有一定的参考价值。     

天球参考架零点的测定（Ⅱ）：小行星可观测弧段长度

全轨道均匀分布的小行星观测对天球参考架零点的测定，以及其它一些相关课题的研究非常有利。本文就低纬子午环的观测能力，计算分析了小行星在全轨道观测的星等范围和弧段分布，给出了可观测弧段长度的计算公式，并进行了模拟计算。     

空间时代地面光学天体测量的意义

从基本天体测量的主要任务出发，介绍了绝对测定和相对测量之间的区别和不同用途，并针对河外射电源参考架和依巴谷参考架的高精度的不足之处，说明了地面光学天体测量的长期性和灵活性等优势正是克服这些不足之处所必须的，但这不应是传统的已有精度下的地面光学天体测量，而应是与空间测量精度可比的要求下的地面测量，两者配合起来，将能促进本学科和相关学科的发展。     

低纬子午环配备科学CCD的必要性和可行性

从基本天体测量学科的发展趋势和低纬子午环的课题目标出发，叙述了该仪器配备科学ＣＣＤ的必要性和对仪器性能的相应要求，并根据仪器的各种误差的测定方法和测定精度的分析，论述了该仪器配备科学ＣＣＤ后对天体位置作高精度绝对测定的可行性，文中还提出了对配备科学ＣＣＤ的总体要求。     

依巴谷星表和第谷星表的特征和意义

主要论述依巴谷星表和第谷星表的观测特征和天体测量特征,依巴谷卫星在短期内同时测定大量高精度的恒星位置,自行和视差等五个天体测量参数以及星等和色指数,依巴谷星表和第谷星表为建立高精度的光学参考系,为研究恒星的起源,演化,分布,质量,大小和光度等,为研究双星和聚星的分布和运动,为研究星系运动和星系动力学提供了大量的高精度资料,具有重要的科学意义。     

HIPPARCOS and the dynamics of the solar system

The HIPPARCOS program may contribute to dynamical astronomy in two different ways: by determining the positions of some bodies of the solar system or by improving the positions of the reference stars with respect to which observations of members of the solar system are made.It is shown that only minor planets may be observed validly by HIPPARCOS but these observations alone cannot contribute significantly to the determination of a reference frame. However, they can be useful for the improvement of orbits and as a complement to a major observational effort in preparation of a new determination of dynamical system of reference.HIPPARCOS will provide a new global reference frame and improved proper motions of stars. This may be used to rediscuss earlier observations and provide corrections to the theory of motion of the Moon and planets. Such corrections may be rather large and their possible effect is indicated for several cases. Furthermore, the celestial reference system of HIPPARCOS will allow to avoid, in future observations, many of the presently existing biases.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

Curvilinear coordinate transformations for relative motion

Relative motion improvements have traditionally focused on inserting additional force models into existing formulations to achieve greater fidelity, or complex expansions to admit eccentric orbits for propagation. A simpler approach may be numerically integrating the two satellite positions and then converting to a modified equidistant cylindrical frame for comparison in a Hill’s-like frame. Recent works have introduced some approaches for this transformation within the Hill’s construct, and examined the accuracy of the transformation. Still others have introduced transformations as they apply to covariance operations. Each of these has some orbital or force model limitations and defines an approximate circular reference dimension. We develop a precise transformation between the Cartesian and curvilinear frame along the actual satellite orbit and test the results for various orbital classes. The transformation has wide applicability.     

Observing programs for the Pulkovo Horizontal meridian circle

Observing programs are discussed for the Pulkovo automatic horizontal meridian circle. The instrument is highly efficient and yields precise and accurate positions. We prepare an observing program of faint FK5 stars with the aim of improving on the system of this catalogue and also prepare a program of observations of IRS reference catalogue stars.     

Calibrating the Pointing and Optical Parameters of the STEREO Heliospheric Imagers

The Heliospheric Imager (HI) instruments on the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) observe solar plasma as it streams out from the Sun and into the heliosphere. The telescopes point off-limb (from about 4° to 90° elongation) and so the Sun is not in the field of view. Hence, the Sun cannot be used to confirm the instrument pointing. Until now, the pointing of the instruments have been calculated using the nominal preflight instrument offsets from the STEREO spacecraft together with the spacecraft attitude data. This paper develops a new method for deriving the instrument pointing solutions, along with other optical parameters, by comparing the locations of stars identified in each HI image with the known star positions predicted from a star catalogue. The pointing and optical parameters are varied in an autonomous manner to minimise the discrepancy between the predicted and observed positions of the stars. This method is applied to all HI observations from the beginning of the mission to the end of April 2008. For the vast majority of images a good attitude solution has been obtained with a mean-squared deviation between the observed and predicted star positions of one image pixel or less. Updated values have been obtained for the instrument offsets relative to the spacecraft, and for the optical parameters of the HI cameras. With this method the HI images can be considered as “self-calibrating,” with the actual instrument offsets calculated as a byproduct. The updated pointing results and their by-products have been implemented in SolarSoft.     

用1.05m望远镜对海尔-波普彗星的照相定位观测

1996年7月和8月间,利用陕西天文台骊山天文观测站1．05m望远镜卡焦照相,对海尔-波普彗星进行了定位观测。该望远镜卡焦焦比为F／10,底片比例尺为20”／mm,无畸变象场约为1平方度天区．用蔡司ASCORECORDE2坐标量度促进行底片测量,归算时采用6常数模型,用PPMsouth星在做参考标准,最终给出在FK5基本系统上（J2000．0历元）各观测时刻海尔-波普彗星的α和δ观测值。     

Understanding the behaviour of X-shooter via the application of a physical model

We show how traditional instrument quality control trending can be augmented by the use of a physical instrument model. The ESO VLT archive contains a detailed record of instrument diagnostics and calibration parameters while ESO quality control monitors changes in critical parameters. The physical model allows changes in positions, orientations and other physical properties of a spectrograph to be determined from standard wavelength calibration exposures via an optimisation process that seeks the physical model parameters that best reproduce the calibration features in the data. We introduce physical model parameters to the quality control monitoring. When applying this technique to archived calibration exposures, we find that the results are sensitive to the combination of parameters open to the optimisation process. Therefore we determine the most favourable set of physical parameters to optimise for each arm. We then show correlations between several physical parameters and instrument temperature sensor readings and epoch. In addition we find clear discontinuities in some physical parameter values that correspond to known maintenance events.