THE REMOVAL OF Zn,Cd,Pb,AND Cu IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

The waters with salinity from 10 to 23 comprise the main removal region of ion and particulateforms of heavy metals in the Changjiang estuary.The positive correlationships between Zn,Cd,Pb,Cuand the reciprocal of transparency,COD and chlorophyll-a showed that the removal of heavy metalsclosely correlate with the distribution of suspensions,the adsorption of organic materials and theassimilation by organisms.The removal of heavy metals in the Changjiang estuary water were consistentwith the sedimentation rate of the sediments in these waters,sediment types and the distributions ofheavy metals contents in the sediments.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF Al-BASIC SACRIFICIAL ANODE AT ESTUARY

The Al-basic sacrificial anode is widely used to protect steel construction from corrosion in seawater,but is not suitable for protecting steel in freshwater. In the estuary area, seawater and freshwater mix anddifferent seawater salinity can be formed in different mixing sites between freshwater and seawater. Basedon the requirements of the Shengli Petroleum Administrative Bureau of China, the effect of seawatersalinity on electrochemical properties of Al-basic anode was studied under laboratory conditions by themethod given in National Standard GB 4948-85 (China Starndard Bureau, 1985). No obvious effectwas found when seawater salinity was 30 to 10, but obvious effect on anodic open circuit potential, closedcircuit potential and current efficiency was found when seawater salinity was 5. These values are lowerthan those given in the Naional Standard.     

湛江港附近海域潮间带海水、沉积物和贝类体内的重金属

于2005年8月对湛江港附近海域潮间带的海水、表层沉积物和贝类体内的重金属进行了分析,结果表明:海水中的砷优于海水水质Ⅰ类标准,而汞、铜、锌、铅、镉均有不同程度的污染,其中铜、铅、镉污染较为严重,均劣于海水水质Ⅳ类标准;表层沉积物中砷的含量低于全国海岸带背景值,而汞、铜、锌、铅、镉均高于全国海岸带背景值,其标准指数分别为1.35、1.66、1.50、2.08、3.10,汞、铜略高于海洋沉积物质量标准第一类标准,有轻微污染,砷、锌、铅均低于海洋沉积物质量标准第一类标准,未受污染,而镉略高于海洋沉积物质量标准第二类标准,环境受镉污染。各元素在各站点的分布没有规律性。牡蛎和蛤仔体内各重金属含量均优于海洋生物污染评价标准和人体消费卫生标准,其卫生质量良好。     

Electrochemical behavior of Al—basic sacrificial anode at estuary

The Al—basic sacrificial anode is widely used to protect steel construction from corrosion in seawater, but is not suitable for protecting steel in freshwater. In the estuary area, seawater and freshwater mix and different seawater salinity can be formed in different mixing sites between freshwater and seawater. Based on the requirements of the Shengli Petroleum Administrative Bureau of China, the effect of seawater salinity on electrochemical properties of Al—basic anode was studied under laboratory conditions by the method given in National Standard GB 4948-85 (China Starndard Bureau, 1985). No obvious effect was found when seawater salinity was 30 to 10, but obvious effect on anodic open circuit potential, closed circuit potential and current efficiency was found when seawater salinity was 5. These values are lower than those given in the National Standard. Contribution No. 2681 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study is a major project (Ky85-11-5) and a key project (A14920416) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and also received support from the Shengli Oil Field.     

低盐度海水对企鹅珍珠贝存活的影响

对企鹅珍珠贝稚贝、中贝和成贝在降低盐度的海水中存活状态进行了观察和研究。在水温20~23℃,以不同盐度梯度(8、12、16、20、242、8、30和33)的海水暂养稚贝并定时检查,在广东的四个海区,对盐度变化时中贝及成贝的养殖成活率进行了观察。结果表明:盐度低于16的3个组,稚贝在60h内全部死亡,盐度20~24海水中,稚贝虽只有部分死亡,但活力较差;稚贝在14的海水中4h后转入正常海水,可全部存活,而超过8h后再移入正常海水的稚贝会陆续死亡;在盐度18海水中,稚贝一直未分泌足丝附着,而移入正常海水,6h就有小苗附着;大万山岛附近海域在雨季盐度可降至20以下,6~9月不适合养殖,而其它实验点可以通过深吊避免海水盐度变化造成企鹅珍珠贝死亡。     

Genesis of underground brine along south coast of Laizhou Bay： hydrochemical characteristics

1 INTRODUCTION Two large-scale concentration mechanisms, evaporation and freezing, have been proposed for marine origin brine production (Bein and Arad, 1992; Bottomley et al., 1999). There are three basic requirements for brine formation by seawater evap…     

Three tropical seagrasses as potential bio-indicators to trace metals in Xincun Bay, Hainan Island, South China

Concentrations of the trace metals Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn were measured in seawater,rhizosphere sediments,interstitial water,and the tissues of three tropical species of seagrasses (Thalassia hemprichii,Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata) from Xincun Bay of Hainan Island,South China.We analyzed different environmental compartments and the highest concentrations of Pb and Zn were found in the interstitial and seawater.The concentrations of Cd and Zn were significantly higher in blades compared with roots or rhizomes in T.hemprichii and E.acoroides,respectively.A metal pollution index (MPI) demonstrated that sediment,interstitial water,and seagrasses in the sites located nearest anthropogenic sources of pollution had the most abundant metal concentrations.There was obvious seasonal variation of these metals in the three seagrasses with higher concentrations of Cu,Pb and Zn in January and Cd in July.Furthermore,the relationships between metal concentrations in seagrasses and environmental compartments were positively correlated significantly.The bioconcentration factors (BCF) demonstrated that Cd from the tissues of the three seagrasses might be absorbed from the sediment by the roots.However,for C.rotundata,Zn is likely to be derived from the seawater through its blades.Therefore,the blades of T.hemprichii,E.acoroides and C.rotundata are potential bio-indicators to Cd content in sediment,and additionally Zn content (C.rotundata only) in seawater.     

The release behavior of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment during disturbance

Sediments and surface water were sampled in a tide flat in the Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China in January 2004 to simulate the exchange of NH4-N/NO3-N/PO4^3- between sediments and surface water. A working system was designed with which samples were shaken at 60, 120 and 150 revolutions per minute （r/min）. Experiment results show that NH4-N concentration in water at shaking rate of 60 r/min decreased gradually, while at 120 r/min increased gradually. In resuspension, fine-grained sediments contributed most NH4-N to the seawater, followed by medium-grained and coarse-grained sediments. The NO3-N concentration in water had a negative relation with the shaking rate; the medium-grained sediments contributed more NO3-N to seawater than the coarse- and fine-grained sediments. The PO4^3- concentration is positively related with the shaking rate, the fine-grained sediments were the main N and P contributor to the seawater, followed by medium- and coarse-grained sediments.     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝盐度适应性的研究

在室内控制条件下,观察不同海水盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricusSay)稚贝存活及生长的影响,并将168 h 50%死亡的盐度作为适宜生存临界盐度,将增长率为最佳增长率30%时所对应的盐度作为适宜生长临界盐度。结果表明:在稚贝壳高4.38 mm±0.31 mm,水温25.4~27.8℃,pH值7.8~8.2下,墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝适宜生存盐度为23.6~35.7,最适生存盐度为26.0~31.3;适宜生长盐度为23.9~35.8,最适生长盐度为28.7~31.3。在盐度变化超出最适范围时,`墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对低盐更为敏感,高盐比低盐对稚贝存活、生长、增重的影响小。当盐度为28.7时,墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝具有最高的相对存活率(100%)、壳高日增长率(0.116 2 mm.d-1)及体重日增长率(1.95 mg.d-1)。当盐度在最适范围之外升高或降低,稚贝的存活率、壳高及体重日增长率也随着降低。     

The release behavior of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment during disturbance

Sediments and surface water were sampled in a tide flat in the Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China in January 2004 to simulate the exchange of NH4-N/NO3-N/ PO 43- between sediments and surface water. A working system was designed with which samples were shaken at 60, 120 and 150 revolutions per minute (r/min). Experiment results show that NH4-N concentration in water at shaking rate of 60r/min decreased gradually, while at 120r/min increased gradually. In resuspension, fine-grained sediments contributed most NH4-N to the seawater, followed by medium-grained and coarse-grained sediments. The NO3-N concentration in water had a negative relation with the shaking rate; the medium-grained sediments contributed more NO3-N to seawater than the coarse-and fine-grained sediments. The PO 43- concentration is positively related with the shaking rate, the fine-grained sediments were the main N and P contributor to the seawater, followed by medium-and coarse-grained sediments.     

Study on suspended matter in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea

Distribution of suspended matter in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea is investigated in five regions: 1) the Northern Jiangsu bank, the highest TSM (total suspended matter) content region; 2) the high TSM content region off the Changjiang River mouth; 3) the high TSM content region off the Chengshan Cape; 4) the low TSM region off Haizhou Bay; 5) the central part of the Southern Yellow Sea, a low TSM content region. The vertical distribution of TSM is mainly characterized by a spring layer of suspended matter, written as “suspended-cline” whose genesis is related to storms in winter. In this paper, non-combustible components and grain sizes in suspended matter, relationship between suspended matter and bottom sediments, and salinity in seawater are described. Investigation result shows that, in this area, suspended matter comes mainly from resuspended bottom sediment and secondarily from present discharge loads from rivers and biogenic materials. Discharged sediments from the Huanghe River move around the Chengshan Cape and affect the northwestern region of this area. Sediments from the Changjiang River affect only the southern part and have little or no direct influence on the central deep region. Wave is the main factor affecting distribution of suspended matter. Water depth controls the critical depth acted on by waves. The cold water mass in the central region limits horizontal and vertical dispersions of terrigenous materials. Suspended matter here has the transitional properties of the epicontinental sea. Its concentration and composition are different from those of a semi-closed sea (such as the Bohai Sea) and those of the East China Sea outer continental shelf or those near oceanic areas.     

波纹龙虾胚胎对五种生态因子的适应性

【目的】研究波纹龙虾(Panulirus homarus)胚胎对生态因子的耐受能力,为龙虾繁殖提供数据。【方法】采用封闭静水实验方法和常规生物急性毒性实验法。在温度(30±0.5)℃,盐度30,pH(8.10±0.1)和溶解氧(DO)为(5.0±0.5)mg/L条件下,分别进行温度、盐度、pH的骤变和渐变对波纹龙虾胚胎存活影响研究;根据急性毒性预实验结果设置等对数间距浓度值,进行氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对波纹龙虾胚胎的急性毒性实验。【结果与结论】波纹龙虾胚胎发育的温度、盐度和pH耐受范围分别为7~36℃、15~45和5.8~9.4;波纹龙虾胚胎适宜温度为15~30℃,适宜盐度为30~35,适宜pH为7.0~8.5;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮毒性效应与浓度和暴露时间呈正相关。氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮暴露24~96 h,波纹龙虾胚胎存活率组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。氨氮对波纹龙虾胚胎24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)分别是180.46、61.11、41.87、26.58 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)为2.66 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮对波纹龙虾胚胎24、48、72和96 h的LC₅₀分别是839.50、423.75、214.48、135.41 mg/L,SC为13.54 mg/L。     

TRANSFER OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS DURING SEW AGE-SEAWATER MIXING

The transfer processes of organic pollutants during sewage - seawater mixing were simulated in three different mixing systems. The release rate of organic matter from sewage particles to seawater was found to be about 0.02-0.04d-1 . The release processes can be simulated by an exchange-equilibrium kinetic model. Degradation of COD was observed in all three mixing systems and can be described by a first order kinetic equation. The degradation rate constant k ranged between 0.04 and 0.07 d . These results have provided important parameters for estimation of environmental capacity.     

不同盐度对龙虎斑生长和摄食的影响

在盐度5、10、15、20、25、30条件下,以全人工配合饵料饲喂龙虎斑[鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)×棕点石斑鱼(E.fuscoguttatus♀)]60 d,研究不同盐度对龙虎斑生长和摄食的影响。结果表明,不同盐度对龙虎斑生长的影响有统计学意义(P0.05),盐度5~20组增长率、特定生长率均高于盐度25、30组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),盐度10组的增长率最高,为55.08%,盐度15组的特定生长率最大,为2.30%/d,盐度和龙虎斑生长速率的回归方程为K=0.000 09 S 4-0.006 S 3+0.131 S 2-1.055 S+4.832(R 2=0.984);不同盐度对龙虎斑的摄食率和饵料系数影响有统计学意义(P0.05),盐度15组的摄食率最高,为1.64%/d,其次为盐度10组,为1.60%/d,饵料系数在盐度15组最低,为0.820,其次为盐度10组,为0.827。因此,龙虎斑在低盐度条件下生长比高盐度快,摄食率高,饵料利用率高,最佳生长盐度为10~15。     

Effects of Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant on the Zooplankton Community in Summer of 2017

To evaluate the effects of the Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant on the zooplankton community in the surrounding seawater during summer, multiple environmental factors and zooplankton distribution along the east coast of Liaodong Bay were investigated in the summer of 2017. In particular, the influences of seawater temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a(Chl a) on the zooplankton community were analyzed. Zooplankton abundances and Chl a concentrations along the east coast of Liaodong Bay showed an initial increase followed by a decrease from July to September. During the three months, the zooplankton abundance was the highest(8116.70 ind m~(-3)) in August. The Shannon-Wiener index showed a downtrend from July to September, with the average value falling from 1.65 in July to 1.50 in September. Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus, copepodid, and bivalve larvae were the dominant species/groups in the three months. The effects of the nuclear power plant's outlet on the environment factors were mainly reflected in the increased seawater temperature. Redundancy analysis showed that the zooplankton community was jointly affected by seawater temperature, salinity and Chl a concentration, and the degree of this impact varied monthly. The impact of seawater temperature on the zooplankton community was stronger than that of salinity. The primary impact of the Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant on the structure and distribution of the zooplankton community in the surrounding seawater during the summer was increased seawater temperature, which caused a reduction in the abundance of dominant species/groups.     

Influences of hydrological regime on heavy metal and saltion concentrations in intertidal sediment from Chongming Dongtan,Changjiang River estuary,China

The tidal flat along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary has long been reclaimed for the agricultural purposes, with the prevailing hydrological conditions during such pedogenic transformations being of great importance to their successful development. In this study, samples of surface sediment from Chongming Dongtan, situated at the mouth of the Changjiang River estuary, were collected and analyzed in order to understand how hydrological management can influence the concentrations of heavy metals and salt ions in pore water, and chemical fractionation of heavy metals during the reclamation process. We performed a series of experiments that simulated three dif ferent hydrological regimes: permanent flooding(R1), alternative five-day periods of wetting and drying(R2), continuous field capacity(R3). Our results exhibited good Pearson correlations coefficients between heavy metals and salt ions in the pore water for both R1 and R2. In particular, the concentrations of salt ions in the pore water decreased in all three regimes, but showed the biggest decline in R2. With this R2 experiment, the periodic concentration patterns in the pore water varied for Fe and Mn, but not for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Neither the fractionation of Ni nor the residual fractions of any metals changed significantly in any regime. In R1, the reducible fractions of heavy metals(Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the sediment decreased, while the acid extractable fractions increased. In R2, the acid extractable and the reducible fractions of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb both decreased, as did the oxidizable fraction of Cu. These data suggest that an alternating hydrological regime can reduce both salinity and the availability of heavy metals in sediments.     

Distribution and generic composition of culturable marine actinomycetes from the sediments of Indian continental slope of Bay of Bengal

Actinomycetes population from continental slope sediment of the Bay of Bengal was studied. Samples were collected during two voyages of FORV Sagar Sampada in 2004 （May-June） and 2005 （July） respectively from 11 transects （each transect had ca. 200 m, 500 m, and 1 000 m depth stations）. The physicochemical parameters of overlying water, and sediment samples were also recorded. The actinomycete population ranged from 5.17 to 51.94 CFU/g dry sediment weight and 9.38 to 45.22 CFU/g dry sediment weight during the two cruises respectively. No actinomycete colony was isolated from stations in 1 000 m depth. Two-way analysis of variance showed significant variation among stations （ANOVA two-way, P〈0.05）, but no significance was found between the two cruises （ANOVA two-way, P〈0.05）. Populations in stations in 500 m depth in both cruises were higher than that of 200 m depth stations with statistically insignificant difference （ANOVA two-way, P〉0.05）. Three actinomycetes genera were identified. Streptomyces was found to be the dominating one in both the cruises, followed by Micromonospora, and Actinomyces. The spore of Streptomyces isolates showed the abundance in spiral spore chain. Spore surface was smooth. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the influencing physico-chemical factors were sediment pH, sediment temperature, TOC, porosity, salinity, and pressure. The media used in the present study was prepared with seawater. Thus, they may represent an autochthonous marine flora and deny the theory of land runoff carriage into the sea for adaptation to the salinity of the seawater and sediments.     

Distribution of diatoms and silicoflagellates in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and offshore from the Changjiang River,China

The spatial distribution of siliceous microfossils (diatoms and silicoflagellates) in the surface sediments was mapped at 113 sites in the Yellow Sea and sea areas adjacent to the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China. In total, 267 diatom taxa and two silicoflagellate species were identified from the sediments. The spatial variations in abundance and diversity were classified into three distinct geographic patterns using Q mode clustering: a south-north geographic pattern, a coastal-offshore pattern and a unique pattern in the Changjiang River mouth. The south-north geographic pattern was related to the spatial variations in sea temperature. Coscinodiscus oculatus, a warm-water species, indicated these variations by a gradual decrease in abundance from the south to the north. The coastal-offshore pattern was in response to the spatial variations in salinity. Cyclotella stylorum, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Dictyocha messanensis, the dominant brackish species in coastal waters, significantly decreased at the isobaths of approximately 30 m, where the salinity was higher than 31. Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger indicated the impact of the Yellow Sea Warm Current in the central Yellow Sea. The unique pattern in the Changjiang River mouth showed the highest species diversity but lower abundance, apparently because: freshwater input can significantly increase the proportion of brackish species; nutrients can supply the growth of phytoplankton; and high sedimentation rates can dilute the microfossil abundance in the sediments. Our results show that an integration of environmental factors (e.g., nutrient levels, sedimentation rate, sea temperature, salinity and water depth) determined the spatial characteristics of the siliceous microfossils in the surface sediments.     

Distribution and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in sediments in southern sea area of Huludao City, China

The southern sea area of the Huludao City, Liaoning Province might be polluted by heavy metals because it is close to the Jinzhou Bay, one of the heaviest sea area polluted by heavy metals in China. The undisturbed modern sediment core can be used to analyze the accumulation and source of the pollutants using 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex . Thirty-five samples of surface sediment and two core sediments were collected from the southern sea area of Huludao City. The concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chrome (Cr), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in the surface sediments as well as Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex in the core sediments were determined to research the spatial distribution and accumulation characteristics, and to analyze the sources and the potential risks of heavy metals. The results show that the pollution levels of Zn and Hg are serious, and 26 stations are at moderate or heavy ecological risks. The concentrations of the heavy metals increase from east to west, as well as from open sea to offshore marine area. The concentrations of heavy metals are not high in the sediments adjacent to the Jinzhou Bay, and the influence caused by the seawater exchange with the Jinzhou Bay is little. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the core sediments show low-high-low characteristic, and it coincides with the pollution history of Huludao City. The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from the Huludao Zinc Plant is likely to be the main source of pollution without direct discharge of wastewater. The high concentrations of heavy metals appear on the upper sediment of 20 cm. The shallow sediment with high heavy metal contents might be exposed to surface when it was disturbed by the ocean engineering and big storm surge, then cause risk to the safety of aquaculture and human healthy.     

盐度和体质量对波纹龙虾耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用室内实验生态学方法研究不同盐度和体质量对波纹龙虾的呼吸和排泄的影响.结果表明:不同盐度和体质量对波纹龙虾耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(p <0.05).盐度为18~34时,波纹龙虾的耗氧率和排氨率先下降再升高,盐度26和30时较小,耗氧率分别为0.1305±0.0105 mg/(g·h)和0.1314±0.0052 mg/(g·h),排氨率分别为0.1733±0.0039 mg/(g·h)和0.1724±0.0044 mg/(g·h).波纹龙虾耗氧量(MO)和排氨量(MN)与体质量(m)呈正相关,而耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)与体质量呈负相关,其关系式可表示为:MO =1.4921 m 0.4190和MN=1.1295 m 0.6988;RO=2.9333 m -0.7343和RN=1.1291 m -0.3011.