烟台市城区浅层地热能评价

浅层地热能是一种可再生的新型环保能源,近年来浅层地热能开发利用受到烟台当地政府的高度重视。该文在系统搜集烟台市城区基础地质、水文地质、地热地质等资料的基础上,通过采用抽水试验、回灌试验、现场热响应试验等工作手段,基本查明了浅层地热能开发利用涉及的地下水富水性特征、地下水回灌系数、岩土体热物性参数及岩土体结构等系列基础条件。采用层次分析法与模糊数学法对烟台市城区地下水源热泵与地埋管地源热泵两种浅层地热能开发利用方适宜性进行了评价,其中地下水地源热泵适宜区分布于牟平城北部,面积约53.66km~2;较适宜区分布于黄垒河、柳林河、夹河、辛安河等河流下游地区,面积约91.99km~2;地埋管地源热泵适宜区分布于调查区大部分地区,面积约739.09km~2;较适宜区分布于区内冲洪积平原和丘陵地区,面积约261.58km~2;不适宜区分布于福山邢家山、王家庄一带,面积合计2.29km~2。经概算烟台市城区100 m以浅,浅层地热容量为165.41×10~(12)kJ/℃,其中适宜区浅层地热容量为120.76×10~(12)kJ/℃,较适宜区浅层地热容量为44.26×10~(12) kJ/℃。城区地下水地源热泵系统适宜区与较适宜区冬季换热功率为24.40×10~5 kW,夏季换热功率为48.80×10~5 kW;地埋管地源热泵系统适宜区与较适宜区夏季换热功率为1.04×10~8 kW,冬季换热功率为0.79×10~8 kW。该成果为促进烟台市节能减排,新旧动能转换提供了翔实可靠地基础数据。     

临沂城区浅层地热能利用方式适宜性分区研究

临沂城区浅层地热容量丰富,利用潜力大,具有较好的开发利用前景。通过对该区进行地埋管勘查和地下水换热方式勘查研究,结合水文地质条件、工程地质条件等控制因素对该区进行了适宜性分区,区内只有部分区域适宜采用地下水换热方式,绝大部分区域较适宜采用地埋管换热方式。     

基于层次分析法的浅层地温能适宜性研究——以南宁市为例

浅层地温能是一种可再生的新型绿色能源,也是一种特殊的矿产资源,利用前景广阔。文章根据南宁市地形地貌、气候特征、水文地质特征、地温场分布,对南宁市浅层地温能资源赋存状况进行了分析,并运用层次分析法确定了浅层地温能适宜性分区评价体系中的各评价指标的权重。在此基础上,基于GIS平台的空间分析模块进行地下水水源热泵和地埋管土壤源热泵适宜性分区研究。结果显示,地下水式地源热泵适宜区面积为109.8 km2,集中在地下水丰富、回灌能力强的地区;地埋管地源热泵适宜区面积为108.8 km2,分布在施工条件较好,并且岩土综合热传导系数和比热容较大的地区,这些地区地层的换热能力和蓄热能力较强,钻进条件良好,开发利用的经济效益较好。     

鲁西地区浅层地温能地热地质条件与开发利用适宜性评价

在查明区域地热地质条件的基础上,采用层次分析法,对鲁西地区地埋管地源热泵和地下水地源热泵两种方式的开发利用进行了适宜性评价,并按不同类别,将鲁西地区浅层地温能开发划分为适宜区、较适宜区和不适宜区等3个区。该项目对制定长远能源区划,指导浅层地热资源开发利用工作,促进鲁西地区新兴接替能源开发利用具有非常重要的意义。     

利用层次分析法评价东营市浅层地热能适宜性

利用定性、半定量相结合的层次分析法(AHP),建立地埋管换热系统适宜性递阶层次结构模型,在野外试验、室内测试等基础数据的基础上,选取地下水埋藏深度、砂层厚度、成孔难易程度、地面沉降、热扩散率、比热容、综合热导率等7个评价指标,将东营市浅层地热能开发利用划分为适宜区、较适宜区。这是东营地区第一次利用实测数据开展浅层地热能适宜性评价,为今后的合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

德州市浅层地温能资源潜力评价

随着我国社会经济的快速发展,对能源的需求大幅增加,供需矛盾越来越突出,煤炭、石油、天然气等常规能源的大量消耗对环境造成的压力也越来越大。浅层地温能是一种可再生的新型环保能源,逐步受到各级政府及社会各界的重视。通过对德州城区浅层地温能赋存条件的分析,利用试验测试数据对浅层地温能热容量进行了计算,并在适宜性分区在基础上,进行了浅层地温能资源潜力评价。结果表明,德州城区120 m深度内浅层地热容量为8.525×10~(13)k J/℃,相当于291万t标准煤。整个德州城区为地下水换热系统不适宜区,而适宜地埋管换热系统。在地埋管换热系统适宜区内,120 m深度范围内考虑土地利用系数,计算得出夏季换热功率为339.18万k W,冬季换热功率为343.22万k W。夏季可制冷面积4.845×10~7m~2,冬季可供暖面积6.240×10~7m~2。     

章丘区浅层地温能资源研究与评价——以地埋管换热方式为例

通过对章丘区浅层地温能赋存条件的研究,结合现场热响应试验、岩土样品测试等数据,采用层次分析法和指标法对研究区进行了地埋管地源热泵系统开发利用适宜性分区,并概算了浅层地温能资源量、评价了开发利用资源潜力、进行了经济和社会效益分析。结果表明:适宜性区面积76.38km²,占研究区面积的95.48%;适宜区内120m以浅浅层地温能热容量21.3228×10¹²kJ/℃。研究区全部利用地埋管地源热泵系统,夏季可制冷面积5353.1278×10⁴m²,冬季可供暖面积6504.6662×10⁴m²。浅层地温能开发利用潜力巨大,经济和社会效益明显。     

龙口市浅层地温能赋存条件及开发适宜性分区

浅层地温能作为绿色可再生能源,若能得到广泛应用可大大降低城市建筑能耗、缓解环保压力。本文通过现场热响应试验、水文地质钻探与调查研究,查明了龙口市研究区范围内地层的热物性参数、水文地质条件、地温场特征及浅层地热赋存条件,结合层次分析法与指标法展开适宜性分区,并得到以下研究成果：研究区浅层地温能主要分布于深层黏土、砂层及基岩中;钻孔平均导热系数为2.11W/m·K,平均换热量为42.53W/m;研究区地下水型换热系统适宜区面积为0.995km2,适宜性中等区面积为29.21km2,适宜性差区面积为34.795km2;地埋管型换热系统适宜性中等区面积为59.886km2,适宜性差区面积为4.94km2。     

淄博市周村区浅层地温能开发利用资源潜力评价

通过对周村区浅层地温能赋存条件的研究,结合岩土样测试等数据的分析,运用层次分析法对研究区进行了开发利用适宜性分区,同时进行了浅层地温能开发利用资源潜力评价及经济效益分析。结果表明:适宜性中等区面积共53.89km~2,占研究区面积的89.76%;研究区内全部应用地埋管地源热泵系统,夏季可制冷面积873.57×10~4 m~2,冬季可供暖1 265.80×10~4 m~2。因此,研究区浅层地温能开发利用潜力大,可带来巨大的经济效益。     

指标法与层次分析法在浅层地温能适宜性评价中的应用讨论

浅层地温能是蕴藏在地表以下一定深度范围内岩土体、地下水和地表水中具有开发利用价值的热能,浅层地温能具有可再生、环保、经济、寿命长等特点。本文以指标法和层次分析法为分区方法,通过对莱阳市城区浅层地温能赋存条件的研究,并结合相关的测试分析数据,开展浅层地温能开发利用适宜性分区(开发利用方式以地埋管换热系统为例),最终将2种方法得出的结果进行对比分析。通过指标法进行适宜性分区,得出的分区结果为:评价区全区均为地埋管换热适宜性中等区,面积55.0km~2;通过层次分析法进行适宜性分区,得出的分区结果为:地埋管换热适宜性分区划分为适宜性中等区和适宜性差区,其中适宜性差区仅在评价区内东北方向小面积出露,面积约为1.1km~2,约占全区面积的2.0%,其他区域均为地埋管换热适宜性中等区,面积约为53.9km~2,约占全区面积的98.0%。通过对比2种方法得出的分区结果并结合评价过程中选取的评价指标、使用的评价方式等,得出如下结论:2种方法评价的结果相近,但层次分析法考虑到的因素更加全面,方法更加科学,使用更加灵活,取得的评价分区结果更加准确。     

Structure and Dynamics of Fisheries in Nigeria

The changes that have taken place in Nigerian fisheries are reviewed. Artisanal fishery has continued to dominate the fisheries,contributing over 85% of total fish production. The inland water and coastal seas are fully exploited and the increase in fishery production is not likely. Aquaculture potentials remain untapped as much as deep-sea fisheries. The combined potential of the fisheries resources-freshwater,marine and aquaculture can meet over 90% of the nation's demand for fish. Opportunities for invest-ments,therefore,exist in the various subsectors,especially in the areas of storage,processing and preservation for the capture fishery and fish seed multiplication for aquaculture.     

浅论土地信息资源的合理利用

土地信息资源是与特定地块相关的各种信息 ,是土地管理工作处理的对象和结果。我国目前对土地信息资源的重要性认识还不够 ,缺乏技术人才 ,对土地信息资源的收集和利用存在缺乏市场机制和效率不高等问题。在土地管理过程中 ,可采取一定措施来合理利用土地信息资源。     

THE PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES IN NORTH CHINA AND THE STRATEGY

North China, whose total area is 420,000 km2, covers 2 provinces and 2 cities (Shanxi and Hebei provinces, Beijing and Tianjin) and the territories of Henan and Shandong provinces to the north of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province. Most of this region, which is situated in the semi-humid, semi-arid continental climate temperate zone, gets an annual precipitation of 500-600 mm, whereas, the perennial average amount of total water resource is 50.99 billion m3, including 33.82 billion m3 of surface water, 32.94 billion m3 of ground water and 15.77 billion m3 of their duplication. Due to the intensive exploitation of water resource caused by the deficiency of water resource in North China, key elements of water balance was changed, runoff volume reduced, evaporation increased, vertical movement of moisture strengthened, water circulation pattern transformed from open system into regionally closed system; meanwhile, due to the incompetent water     

海洋渔业资源过度利用的原因分析

海洋渔业对我国海洋经济的发展起着举足轻重的作用,但在海洋渔业迅速为我们创造巨大财富的同时,却遭到了掠夺性地捕捞,使海洋渔业资源陷入了日益枯竭的境地。通过分析后认为由于海洋渔业资源产权不明晰, 具有公共资源的性质,所以人们在对海洋渔业资源利用时会产生负的外部性和使用者之间的博弈行为,这成为海洋渔业资源过度利用的主要原因。     

Safety analysis of water resources and eco-environment in Shiyang River Basin

The research on the present situation of soil and water development and utilization in Shiyang River Basin shows that water resources and eco-environment situation in this area are near the edge of collapse. Since the water crises occurred in the 1970s, problems caused by continuous decrease of water resources have been becoming serious year by year and eco-environment crisis occurred as a consequence. Up to now, 10 380ha of irrigated lands have been abandoned due to sand coverage and water shortage in the basin. Ground water was over exploded in Wuwei and Minqin because of water shortage. Ground water table in many places dropped under 5m (which is the ecology water table level), thus about 3000ha of Elaeagnus angustifolia forest come to dead and another 5800ha become feeble, and wind-drift sand near the oasis become alive. According to the current situation, if water utilization scope was not enlarged, a water transfer volume of 600×10⁶m³/a from other areas will be suitable to keep water resources and eco-environment safety in the basin, and also 70×10⁶m³/a will be left as spare water. Under this condition the water resources and eco-environment of the basin can reach the critical safety line of 2.032×10⁹m³/a; or if 180×10⁶m³ of water can be transferred from other areas, the water resources can reach the safety warning line of 1.732×10⁹m³/a. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40235053) and Lanzhou Jiaotong University "Qinglan" Foundation Biography: ZHANG Ji-shi (1963-), male, a native of Tongwei of Gansu Province, senior engineer, specialized in water resources and climate change in Northwest China. E-mail: zjs1963@yahoo.com.cn; hangjs@mail.lzjtu.cn     

四川省水土资源开发利用现状特征、问题及可持续利用对策

系统分析评价研究了2004年四川水土资源开发利用现状特征及其存在的主要问题，针对四川人地矛盾日趋尖锐、水土流失严重、水资源利用率低、水资源污染仍较严重尤其饮用水源地水质堪忧等制约全省经济社会可持续发展的重要因素，提出了实现四川水土资源可持续利用的对策和措施。     

STAGES AND POTENTIALITY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT INARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA

The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water resources (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progress. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 10⁸ m³, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not been fully developed. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91%. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Regional distribution and sustainable development strategy of mineral resources in China

This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China’s mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China’s mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China’s mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.     

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE TO THE INVESTIGATION ON REED RESOURCES OF BOSTEN LAKE

It is efficient and reliable to investigate the reed resources of Bosten Lake in Xinjiang, characterized by complicated types of reed land and very different reed growth using colour infrared aerial photos, Landsat images and multi band imagery. At first, on the basis of Landsat images and relevant data, we analyzed the ecological environment of the studied area, the characteristics of reed land types and imaging mechanism to determine the program for abstracting remote sensing information and aerial photographic conditions:On the processed Landsat images and aerial photos, we considered typically geographic features and reed land types, preselected ground sampling sections and sites, then determined indexes classifying reed land types according to sampling data and image characteristics, established various interpretation keys, drew distribution maps of reed land types and measured the area of various types of reed land following geometric correction. On the other hand, based on sampling values and hab     

矿产资源补偿费是矿产资源国家所有权的具体体现

阐述了建立矿产有偿开采制度的重要意义和矿产资源补偿费的性质，以及经济手段对有效保护和合理开发利用矿产资源的制约作用。指出征收矿产资源补偿费是维护矿产资源的国家所有权益，建立矿产资源勘查、开发良性循环机制和社会主义市场经济体制的必然要求，是一项完全符合国际惯例的法律制度。