中国大陆科学钻探工程的由来及意义

2001年开始在江苏东海实施的中国大陆科学钻探工程（CCSD）是科技部“九五”国家重点科学工程之一，被评为“2002年公众关注的中国十大科技事件”之一。介绍了国际大陆科学钻探的涵义、由来、目的、科学意义以及实施进展，同时简要介绍中国大陆科学钻探工程的由来及意义。     

“地壳一号”钻机完成井架起升

近日,用于松辽盆地资源与环境科学钻探工程（以下简称松科二井）施工的“地壳一号”万米科学钻探钻机顺利完成了井架起升。     

廊坊地区中晚更新世以来沉积地层与环境演化

对廊坊地区LFK 1钻孔沉积岩心进行了系统的岩性、年龄以及沉积相的分析。研究发现: 该钻孔剖面主要揭露了中更新统以来的沉积地层变化,以湖泊相和三角洲相沉积为主,其中,中更新统杨柳青组为三角洲相沉积,晚更新世以来为湖泊相沉积,进入全新世湖泊面积减小直至消失。[JP2]其中,全新统厚14.2 m,上更新统欧庄组厚179.3 m,中更新统杨柳青组厚56.1 m。廊坊地区晚第四纪沉积环境经历了从三角洲-湖泊-湖泊干涸的演化过程。其演化过程与深海氧同位素所反映的气候变化过程呈正相关。      

环境钻探技术的探索与实践

环境钻探是指专门为地球环境研究工作服务的钻探技术手段,它的主要任务是在典型的湖泊相沉积盆地内,采用钻探手段获取完整的、连续的、无污染和无扰动的近似原状岩芯标本.环境钻探工作虽然技术要求很高,施工难度很大,但只要把握关键技术环节,认真处理好各项技术细节,是能够做好这一工作的.本文对环境钻探的技术实践进行了探索,值得借鉴.     

蒙阴盆地的成生与演化

蒙阴盆地是在库拉板块向亚洲大陆下俯冲，中国东部隆升伸展板块裂解阶段发育起来的。在中生代，盆地的成生演化经历了侏罗纪拗陷盆地发育阶段和早白垩世拗陷—裂陷阶段。在相应沉积演化过程中，形成侏罗纪湖相红色碎屑岩建造，早白垩世早期滨浅湖—半深湖相灰绿色细粒陆屑岩沉积，早白垩世中期河湖相凝灰质复陆屑岩类夹火山碎屑岩类沉积，早白垩世晚期中基性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩组合。沉积中心在侏罗纪和早白墨世早期皆偏于西北部，此后，向东南部迁移。晚白垩世，盆地处于风化剥蚀阶段。古近纪，受新生太平洋板块向亚洲大陆下俯冲影响，盆地又处于拗陷—裂陷阶段，相应形成山间河湖相—山麓堆积相类磨拉石建造。古近纪末期，该盆地整体隆起处于长期风化剥蚀状态。     

湖泊沉积物的矿物组成、成因、环境指示及研究进展

湖泊沉积物是不同地质、气候、水文条件下各类碎屑、黏土、自生/生物成因矿物以及有机物质等的综合体。沉积矿物蕴含着丰富区域和全球环境演变信息,如湖水的化学组成、流域构造、气候、水文以及人类活动的相互作用等。相关信息可以赋存在矿物外部微形貌、内部微结构、化学组成、物理和化学性质、同位素组成、谱学特征、成因以及共生组合等方面。因此,湖泊科学的许多关键课题都离不开矿物学,特别是在利用湖泊沉积物进行区域及过去全球变化研究中,深入的机理研究归根到底都要涉及矿物学,如流域化学风化作用、粒度组成、生物壳体化学组成、测年材料的选择等。然而,由于湖泊沉积物中矿物的多源性、复杂性,如何有效提取和解译其中的环境信息,是一项长期困扰研究者的课题,湖泊沉积矿物学的研究往往被许多研究者所忽视,中国的相关研究也较为薄弱。笔者综述了湖泊沉积物中碎屑、黏土、自生/生物矿物的矿物组合、特征、成因在(古)环境反演中的作用及最新研究进展,提出除了继续加强对湖泊沉积物中矿物来源、成因和古环境示踪的深入研究以外,矿物相间的转变及其对湖水和孔隙水组成的响应、一些非晶质或隐晶质及低丰度矿物相在湖泊化学和动力学中的作用也是很有潜力的研究领域,最后提出了研究中存在的一些问题、面对的挑战以及对研究前景的展望。     

毛乌素沙地晚第四纪地层特征与沙漠化研究综述

毛乌素沙地保存着晚第四纪以来的多种沉积序列,记录了过去数十万年以来的古气候变化信息。其在地层发育上过渡性明显,以神木、榆林、横山、靖边及定边一线的沙漠-黄土边界带最为典型,主要有风成沉积和河湖相沉积2种类型,其中古风成砂是这2类沉积剖面的典型地层特征。随着地层记录、精确测年技术等现代沉积学方法的进步以及与历史地理、环境考古、遥感技术相结合的综合研究,晚第四纪以来毛乌素沙地的沙漠演变研究精度不断提高,毛乌素沙地进退在不同的时空尺度下与冷暖期的多旋回变化相适应,经历了沙丘固定与活化的多次转变。毛乌素沙地沙漠化研究在指标运用上多直接沿用黄土区的环境代用指标,有必要建立适合沙漠-黄土过渡地区的环境代用指标,且将气候环境物理替代性指标与元素地球化学以及生物学指标相结合。毛乌素沙地内部沉积速率快、受人类活动干扰较小的湖泊沉积物,对于提高沉积物的分辨率、恢复短时间尺度的环境变化过程也具有显著优势。      

科学钻探--深入地球内部的望远镜

科学家们认为,科学钻探犹如"伸入地壳的望远镜”,是唯一能获得地下深处真实信息和图像的地学研究方法,是人类解决所面临的资源、灾害、环境等重大地学问题不可缺少的重要手段. 8月4日10时,中国地质界几代人梦寐以求的中国大陆科学钻探工程,终于成真.在江苏省东海县毛北村:中国大陆科学钻探第一井开钻了.     

汶川地震科学钻探：地震研究的一种新尝试

2O09年5月12日,在中国地质科学院纪念"5·12"汶川地震一周年学术报告会上,中国科学院院士许志琴代表国土资源部大陆动力学实验室汶川地震小组,首次公开报告了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探实施6个月以来取得的成果.     

“新时期中国土地利用/覆被变化时空特征与生态环境效应”专辑征稿

正土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)是全球气候变化和全球环境变化研究关注的重要内容,是"国际地圈与生物圈计划"(IGBP)和"全球变化人文因素计划"(IHDP)两大国际组织以及全球土地计划(GLP)研究的核心领域。十二五以来,中国政府大力落实农业与农村发展、生态保护与建设、主体功能区等重大规划,继续推进西部大开发、东北振兴、中部崛起等区域均衡发展战略,实施了农村土地流转、空心村土地整治、农田水利设     

Ecological responses to holocene millennial-scale climate change at high altitudes of east and Central Asia: A case study of Picea/Abies pollen changes in lacustrine sediments

Ecosystem response to climate change in high-altitude regions is a focus on global change research. Picea/Abies forests are widely distributed at high altitudes of East and Central Asia, and their distribution changes are sensitive to climate change. Humidity is an important climatic factor that affects high-altitude ecosystems; however, the relationship between distribution changes of Picea/Abies forests and millennial-scale variability of humidity is still not dear. Palynological records can provide insights into millennial-scale paleovegetation changes, which have been successfully used to reconstruct past climate change in East and Central Asia. In this study, we synthesized 24 Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture changes based upon Holocene lake records in East and Central Asia in order to explore the response of high-latitude ecosystem to millennial-scale climate change. The changing pattern of Holocene lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen in arid Central Asia differs from that of monsoonal East Asia, which can be due to different millennial-scale climate change patterns between monsoonal and arid Central Asia. Then, the relationship between changes in Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture conditions was examined based on a comparison of pollen and humidity/moisture records. The results indicate that millennial-scale Picea/Abies distribution changes aremainly controlled by moisture variability at high altitudes, while the temperature effect plays a minor role in Picea/Abies distribution changes. Moreover, this research proves that lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen can be used as an indicator of millennial-scale humidity/moisture evolution at high altitudes in East and Central Asia.     

A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE CLIMATIC RECORDS OF LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS OF QINGTU LAKE IN THE LAST 6000 YEARS

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湖相泥岩型铀矿有利成矿条件分析

近年来,在中国的二连盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地先后发现了湖相暗色泥岩中出现铀元素的异常富集且达到工业品位。为了进一步研究和开发湖相泥岩型铀矿,通过对国外黑色页岩型铀矿和湖相泥岩型铀矿研究成果的总结与分析,并结合目前对中国二连盆地努和廷铀矿、鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组烃源岩铀富集已进行的初步勘查工作,认为湖相泥岩型铀矿成矿的有利条件包括:①充足且持久的铀源;②高含量的吸附剂与还原剂,吸附剂主要包括有机质和磷酸盐,还原剂主要为有机质和以黄铁矿为代表的硫化物;③低沉积速率和持续时间较长的缺氧环境;④氧化还原环境的突变,氧化还原边界的位置会直接影响铀成矿的位置;⑤有利的古地理条件,包括相对稳定的持续隆起的正地形和干旱、半干旱与潮湿周期性交替的气候。      

Extreme Flood Events over the Past 300 Years Inferred from Lake Sedimentary Grain Sizes in the Altay Mountains,Northwestern China

Understanding the temporal variations of extreme floods that occur in response to climate change is essential to anticipate the trends in flood magnitude and frequency in the context of global warming. However, long-term records of paleofloods in arid regions are scarce, thus preventing a thorough understanding of such events. In this study, a reconstruction of paleofloods over the past 300 years was conducted through an analysis of grain sizes from the sediments of Kanas Lake in the Altay Mountains of northwestern China. Results showed that grain parameters and frequency distributions can be used to infer possible abrupt environmental events within the lake sedimentary sequence, and two extreme flood events corresponding to ca. 1736–1765 AD and ca. 1890 AD were further identified based on canonical discriminant analysis(CDA) and coarse percentile versus median grain size(C-M) pattern analysis, both of which occurred during warmer and wetter climate conditions by referring to tree-ring records. These two flood events are also evidenced by lake sedimentary records in the Altay and Tianshan mountains. Furthermore, through a comparison with other records, the flood event from ca. 1736–1765 AD in the study region seems to have occurred in both the arid central Asia and the Alps in Europe, and thus may have been associated with changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) index.     

ESTARFM模型在西藏色林错湖面积时空变化中的应用分析(1976-2014年)

湖泊（特别是内陆湖）作为全球气候变化的敏感区域,是气候变化与环境变异的指示器,其面积变化在一定程度上可反映区域的气候变化。因此,精确监测湖泊面积的时空变化,对分析区域生态环境变化具有重要的意义。本文基于ESTARFM时空数据融合模型,利用MODIS数据模拟了2000年后无法得到的Landsat数据;利用NDWI和MNDWI 2种水体指数并辅以DEM数据分析了1976-2014年西藏色林错湖湖面面积的时空变化;综合湖区周围6个气象站点的气象数据(1970-2014年),探究了湖面面积变化的原因及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：(1)利用ESTARFM时空融合模型得到的Landsat-Like数据与真实的Landsat数据在水体信息提取方面具有较高的相关性,R²可达0.93,时空数据融合的结果可用于湖泊水体的信息提取;(2)近40年来（1976-2014年）,色林错湖处于持续扩张状态,面积呈较显著的增长趋势,增加了近711.652 km²,增幅为42.36%,年平均增长速率约为18.728 km²a^-1,增长最快时可达55.954 km²a^-1;湖面面积变化先后经历了平稳变化-迅速变化-平稳变化3个阶段;北部湖区在40年间变化最为明显,向北扩展了约22.812 km;2003-2005年,南部湖区已与雅根错湖连为一体,随后二者共同扩张;(3)气温的持续升高造成的冰雪融水补给增加可能是导致湖泊面积扩张的主要因素,风速的降低为次要因素,湖面的面积变化与降水量、日照时数的变化相关性不明显。     

关中盆地新生界地层划分对比与第四纪下限

关中盆地巨厚的新生代沉积为研究区域构造、沉积环境演变与古气候变化研究提供了良好的地质记录，但目前对新生界地层划分和第四纪下限问题仍存在争论。基于钻孔和剖面资料，结合古地磁和生物地层，对关中盆地新生界地层进行了梳理和修订，就第四纪下限和新生界地层划分与对比问题进行了探讨。岩性地层、磁性地层、生物地层证据以及气候变化特征等都支持将第四纪下限定在传统三门组的黄三门与绿三门的交界处或风成黄土与红黏土的界线之处，即松山负极性向高斯正极性转换处(M/G)，古地磁年龄为2.6 Ma。基于关中盆地钻孔和剖面的古地磁数据及前人资料，划分了新生界地层，重新厘定了各沉积地层的沉积年代，将新近纪和第四纪沉积分为风成相和河湖相两套同期异相沉积地层序列，风成红黏土的年代延伸到中中新世，建议将中新世的风成堆积命名为段家坡组。这对关中盆地沉积环境形成演化与古气候变化研究、盆地资源开发以及地质工程建设具有重要意义。      

Heavy metal research in lacustrine sediment： a review

Heavy metals are released into environment from a wide range of natural and anthropogenic sources. Aquatic ecosystems are normally at the receiving end and in many cases, with lakes as intermediaries. Lacustrine sediments are important sinks for heavy metals and play a significant role in enrichment and remobilization of heavy metals in aquatic systems. Therefore, characteristics of heavy metal in lacustrine sediments become one of the important issues in environmental sciences. Progress in heavy metal research of lake sediments since late 1980s is reviewed comprehensively in this paper from over 100. The Highlights are placed on the establishment of aquatic sediment quality guidelines, references chemical speciation of heavy metals, heavy metal transport mechanisms in lakes, and high-resolution study of lake borehole cores. Meanwhile, suggestions for heavy metal research in lacustrine sediment in the future are proposed, including such issues as using integrated approaches to assess aquatic ecosystem, modem lake dynamic process, high-resolution evolutionary sequence and spatial differentiation of environments and international lake database, which should be referential to the promotion of research on heavy metal in aquatic system.     

Review of China's scientific research progress in polar meteorology in the last 30 years

The Antarctic and Arctic are sensitive to global climate change; therefore, they are key regions of global climate change research. This paper, the progress in scientific investigations and research regarding the atmosphere in the polar regions over the last 30 years by Chinese scientists is summarized. Primary understanding of the relationship between the polar regions and global change, especially, the variations in time and space in the Antarctic and Arctic regions with respect to climate change is indicated. Operational weather forecasts for investigation of the polar regions have also been established. Moreover, changes in sea ice and their impact on the atmosphere of polar regions have been diagnosed and simulated. Parameterization of the atmospheric boundary layer of different underlying layers and changes in the atmospheric ozone in the polar region has also been experimented. Overall, there has been great progress in studies of the possible impact of changes in the atmospheric environment of polar regions on circulation in East Asia and the climate of China.     

“Tear drop pattern” potash deposits in lacustrine facies

It is well known that there are two patterns of potash deposition in lacustrine facies: “tear drop pattern” (the Dabsan saline lake is a typical example) and “bull's eye pattern”. Potash-forming in tear drop pattern is still continuing. The 2,678 m A. S. L. lake in the middle of the Qarhan playa in the Qaidam Basin covers an area of 210 km², and has an average depth of 0.39 m. Its MgCl₂ type surface brine is 280–340 g/l in salinity and mainly consists of Na, K, Mg and Cl. As a rule, the potash deposits occur as evaporite distributed in tear drop pattern at the northern and northeastern lakeshore zones. They mostly consist of carnallite and halite, occasionally sylvite. The deposition is very unstable and controlled principally by the varying supply of deposit materials from the Golmud River in the south. The potash deposits were formed when concentration of the surface brine reached a certain degree in the main evaporating season. Their forming process followed some crystalization paths in the phase diagram for the Na, K, Mg/Cl H₂O equilibrium system. Such a sedimentary model of potash deposits in the lacustrine facies is relatively common in nature. Under the extremely arid climate, differential concentration of the nonhomogeneous potassium-rich surface brine produced the potash deposits. Qarhan Salt Lake also had the same pattern of potash depositions and so, in a sense, the Dabsan saline lake is the continuation of the Qarhan salt lake in terms of potash formation. Schmalz (1970) put forward two distributive patterns for evaporite: “tear drop pattern” and “bull's eye pattern”. These patterns exist in both marine and continental salt-bearing basins (including recent salt lakes), and are controlled by the conditions of physical geography, hydrogeology, sedimentology and climatology of each basin. In his works (Sun, 1981; 1984; 1986; 1988) on the origins of potash deposits, the author always referred to them as two models of potash formation. The “tear drop pattern” is one of the salt-forming models and also an important potash-forming model. This paper deals with the formative mechanism of the tear drop pattern potash deposition by presenting the Dabsan saline lake as an example and elucidates on the distributive characteristics and formative processes of potash deposits in the lake.