海～气耦合振荡的非绝热慢波

本文从大气能量平衡方程和海温变化方程出发,得到海～气耦合的多频振荡系统,分析此多频系统的特殊频率方程得到: 1)当大气视为非定常,海洋视为定常的情况下,得到的波动本质上是非绝热的Rossby波。 2)当大气定常,海洋非定常的情况下,得到两类性质相异的波动;一类是周期为准半年(4～9月)的非绝热慢波,另一类是周期为准两年(2～3年)的非绝热慢波;两类慢波的传播方向完全相反,准两年波比准半年波传播得更慢(两者几乎相差一个量级)。     

非绝热二维界面流的稳定性

本文对扰动量方程引进了相应的简单的非绝热作用,分析了二维界面流的稳定性。结果发现:非绝热加热作用是影响稳定性的重要因子,尤为下行波急流的左侧,加热作用与切变均能导致不稳定。     

1980年和1981年旱涝异常的热力及环流特征

应用５００ｈＰａ非绝热热流量诊断资料和５００ｈＰａ、１００ｈＰａ高度资料，分析了１９８０、１９８１年北半球大气热力场及大气环流特征。分析结果表明：这两年盛夏，北半球非绝热热流量距平存在明显差异，在欧亚大陆一带表现出相反发布，前期６月也具有类似特征，相应北半球大气环流存在显著不同。     

湾流区和黑潮区两个超强爆发性气旋发展过程中热力强迫作用的比较

【目的】分析湾流区和黑潮区两个超强爆发性气旋在快速发展过程中热力强迫的作用差异。【方法】使用两种再分析数据,结合Zwack-Okossi诊断方程,对比分析热力强迫因子在两超强爆发性气旋发展中的空间结构特征和演变特征。【结果与结论】在两超强爆发性气旋快速发展的过程中,湾流区超强(SU-GS)爆发性气旋的水汽辐合和显热均弱于黑潮区超强(SU-KS)爆发性气旋。Zwack-Okossi方程诊断分析表明,非绝热加热是SU-GS爆发性气旋和SU-KS爆发性气旋爆发性发展的主要强迫因子,且主要分布于中低层,但非绝热加热的演变及贡献存在差异;在初始爆发时刻,SU-KS爆发性气旋的非绝热加热显著强于SU-GS爆发性气旋,且对其快速发展的贡献较大;至最大加深率时刻,SU-GS爆发性气旋的非绝热加热显著增强,是其快速发展的主导强迫因子,而SU-KS爆发性气旋的非绝热加热呈现减弱趋势,对其相对重要性减弱。     

耗散结构理论与断裂成矿作用——以金矿为例

分析了耗散结构理论要点,从耗散结构形成和保持的条件入手对断裂活动特点、状态、成矿过程进行了分析。指出了断裂带是地壳内部各种差异最为集中,最为活跃,最经常起作用的地带,并可处于远离平衡的开放状态。而且又经常处于内、外部涨落的影响之下。因此在断裂体系内部可通过某种非线性相干效应而自发产生某种自组织现象即耗散结构。同时运用耗散结构理论对成矿作用进行了分析,指出了成矿作用实质上是成矿元素的一种自组织现象,矿体实质上是一种耗散结构,这样就使断裂作用与成矿过程有机地联系起来。最后,运用耗散结构理论和断裂成矿理论对我国内生金矿的特征进行分析,进一步指出了耗散结构理论在断裂成矿作用理论上的意义。     

近海地形对热带气旋移动影响的数值试验

利用含地形、摩擦及非绝热加热外源强迫的准地转正压涡度方程模式 ,通过构造理想的坡地地形及椭圆型岛地形 ,首先分析了孤立地形的动力抬升作用及动力抬升、摩擦、非绝热加热 3者共同作用下对热带气旋 (TC)移动的影响。发现 :地形的动力抬升、摩擦作用以及地形附近海域的非绝热加热对TC移动均有影响 ;然后 ,引入了我国东南近海的实际地形 ,通过数值试验分析了TC移经或登陆在近海不同位置时TC移向、移速的可能变化 ,并给出了近海地形对TC移向、移速影响的空间分布。     

修正的Benjamin-Bona-Mahoney方程的精确解

基于齐次平衡法的思想,利用高效的G′G展开法,求解了修正的Benjamin-Bona-Mahoney(BBM)方程。修正的BBM方程是一个同时含有耗散和色散的非线性偏微分方程,求解难度大。利用对方程解的合理假设和G′G展开法可以将其约化为一个复杂的非线性代数方程组,借助数学软件Maple符号运算功能的帮助成功地求解了该非线性代数方程组,从而求得修正的BBM方程的精确解。这些解中包含3组更具有一般性质的精确解,它们分别是双曲函数解、三角函数周期解、有理数解。这些解对于研究方程的物理性质及物理现象有很重要的意义。为了能够更直观地理解这几组行波解,给出了相应的解的数值模拟图。     

修正的Benjamin-Bona-Mahoney方程的精确解

基于齐次平衡法的思想,利用高效的G'/G展开法,求解了修正的Benjamin-Bona-Mahoney(BBM)方程.修正的BBM方程是一个同时含有耗散和色散的非线性偏微分方程,求解难度大.利用对方程解的合理假设和G'/G展开法可以将其约化为一个复杂的非线性代数方程组,借助数学软件Maple符号运算功能的帮助成功地求解了该非线性代数方程组,从而求得修正的BBM方程的精确解.这些解中包含3组更具有一般性质的精确解,它们分别是双曲函数解、三角函数周期解、有理数解.这些解对于研究方程的物理性质及物理现象有很重要的意义.为了能够更直观地理解这几组行波解,给出了相应的解的数值模拟图.     

高应力区砂岩加卸载条件下能量变化规律及损伤分析

根据高应力区砂岩三轴压缩试验和峰前卸围压试验的结果,分析了砂岩在不同应力路径下的能量变化规律。试验结果表明,相同围压下,峰前卸围压试验的各能量指标(总吸收能、弹性应变能、耗散能)均小于三轴压缩试验,能量变化特征与其初始应力路径密切相关,且随围压的增大而增大。峰前储存的弹性应变能比耗散能多,耗散能只在临近峰值点处才迅速增加。能量的耗散会导致岩石产生损伤,并且使岩性劣化、丧失强度,从能量角度定义的损伤变量,可以得出结论:开始卸荷低围压下的损伤变量大于高围压下,临近破坏时高围压下的损伤变量大于低围压下;卸围压使岩样束缚减小,加速了损伤的发展,岩样所受的应力状态愈趋不平衡。因此,基于能量的角度来表征岩石的损伤演化更符合实际。      

热源强迫的非线性惯性重力内波及其应用

利用动力学分析中的相平面方法,由z坐标系下的非绝热大气运动方程组导出了与非线性惯性重力内波有关的KdV方程,然后利用直接积分法得到两类有天气意义的孤立波解.初步建立了孤立波解与高原低涡的联系,进一步从理论上论证了高原低涡具有与热带气旋类低涡类似的涡眼和暖心结构的特征.     

Characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure

A new type of drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure has been proposed based on previous engineering experiences and practical requirements for hazard mitigation in earthquakeaffected areas. Experimental studies were performed to determine the characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel of this type with a slope of 15%. The velocity and depth of the viscous debris flow were measured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the viscous debris flow in the drainage channel. Observations of this experiment showed that the surface of the viscous debris flow in a smooth drainage channel was smoother than that of a similar debris flow passing through the energy dissipation section in a channel of the new type studied here. However, the flow patterns in the two types of channels were similar at other points. These experimental results show that the depth of the viscous debris flow downstream of the energy dissipation structure increased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. In addition, in the smooth channel, the viscous debris-flow velocity downstream of the energy dissipation structure decreased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. Furthermore, the viscous debris-flow depth and velocity were slightly affected by variations in the width of the energy dissipation structure when the channel slope was 15%. Finally, the energy dissipation ratio increased gradually as the length and width of the energy dissipation structure increased; the maximum energy dissipation ratio observed was 62.9% (where B = 0.6 m and L/w = 6.0).     

南海西北部正压潮的数值模拟

利用1/30°分辨率三维POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模式,以M2、S2、K1、O14大分潮作为潮汐边界条件,模拟南海西北部(105.5-115°E,16-23°N)海域正压潮,分析琼州海峡及其附近区域正压潮能通量分布特征。结果表明,研究海域内M2分潮和全日潮都是顺时针传入北部湾,然后自西向东通过琼州海峡,直至琼州海峡东口;计算所得穿过琼州海峡中部(110°E断面)能通量为M2,0.2GW或m1,0.47GW;穿过北部湾湾口(18.5°N断面)能通量为M2,1.0GW或m1,2.5GW;海南岛西部和琼州海峡处潮能耗散最强。     

Study on Hydrography and Small-Scale Process over Zhoushan Sea Area

This paper mainly analyzes the tidal characteristics and small-scale mixing process near Zhoushan Islands. First, the spectral analysis and wavelet analysis are adopted for the measured tide level data and tidal current data from the Zhoushan sea area, which indicate that the main tidal cycle near Hulu Island and Taohua Island is semi-diurnal cycle, the diurnal cycle is subordinate. Both their intensities are changed periodically, meanwhile, the diurnal tide becomes stronger when semi-diurnal tide becomes weak. The intensity of baroclinic tidal current weakens at first and then strengthens from top to bottom. Then, in this paper, the Gregg-Henyey(G-H) parameterization method is adopted to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate based on the measured temperature and tidal current data. The results of which shown that the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate around Hulu Island is higher than that around Taohua Island. In most cases, the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate during spring tide is larger than that during the neap tide; the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the surface layer and the bottom layer are higher than that in the intermediate water; the changes of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and tidal current are basically synchronous. The modeled turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate gets smaller with the increase of the stratification, however, gets larger with the increase of shearing.     

Test and evaluation of a moored microstructure recorder

A new moored microstructure recorder （MMR） is designed, developed, tested, and evaluated. The MMR directly measures the high-frequency shear of velocity fluctuations, with which we can estimate the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. We summarize and discuss methods for estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. Instrument body vibrations contaminate the shear signal in an ocean field experiment, and a compensating correction successfully removes this contamination. In both tank test and ocean field experiment, the dissipation rate measured with the MMR agreed well with that measured using other instruments.     

Energy dissipation through wind-generated breaking waves

Wave breaking is an important process that controls turbulence properties and fluxes of heat and mass in the upper oceanic layer.A model is described for energy dissipation per unit area at the ocean surface attributed to wind-generated breaking waves,in terms of ratio of energy dissipation to energy input,windgenerated wave spectrum,and wave growth rate.Also advanced is a vertical distribution model of turbulent kinetic energy,based on an exponential distribution method.The result shows that energy dissipation rate depends heavily on wind speed and sea state.Our results agree well with predictions of previous works.     

Effects of wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution

The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered： one from the wave modeling （WAM） program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modified Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profile Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profile Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.     

Laboratory Experiments on an Internal Solitary Wave over a Triangular Barrier

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the evolution of interfacial internal solitary waves(ISWs) incident on a triangular barrier. ISWs with different amplitudes were generated by gravitational collapse. The ISW energy dissipation and turbulence processes were calculated as waves passed over the triangular barrier. Experimental results showed that ISWs were reflecting back off the triangular barrier, and shoaling ISWs led to wave breaking and mixing when waves propagated over the obstacle. Wave instability created the dissipation of energy as it was transmitted from waves to turbulence. The rate of ISW energy dissipation, the maximum turbulent dissipation, and the buoyancy diffusivity linearly increased with the increase in the incident wave energy.     

带耗散项Camassa-Holm方程解爆破的条件

研究了带耗散项Camassa-Holm方程解的性质.通过特征曲线给出了带耗散项Camassa-Holm方程解爆破的条件,并且给出了爆破率的估计.     

Natural consolidation characteristics of viscous debris flow deposition

Pore water pressure and water content are important indicators to both deposition and consolidation of debris flows, enabling a direct assessment of consolidation degree. This article gained a more comprehensive understanding about the entire consolidation process and focused on exploring pore water pressure and volumetric water content variations of the deposit body during natural consolidation under different conditions taking the viscous debris flow mass as a study subject and by flume experiments. The results indicate that, as the color of the debris changed from initial dark green to grayish-white color, the initial deposit thickness declined by 3% and 2.8% over a permeable and impermeable sand bed, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between pore water pressure and depth in the deposit for both scenarios, with deeper depths being related to greater pore water pressure. For the permeable environment, the average dissipation rate of pore water pressure measured at depths of 0.10 m and 0.05 m were 0.0172 Pa/d and 0.0144 Pa/d, respectively, showing a positivechanging trend with increasing depth. Under impermeable conditions, the average dissipation rates at different depths were similar, while the volumetric water content in the deposit had a positive correlation with depth. The reduction of water content in the deposit accelerated with depth under impermeable sand bed boundary conditions, but was not considerably correlated with depth under permeable sand bed boundary conditions. However, the amount of discharged water from the deposit was greater and consolidation occurred faster in permeable conditions. This indicates that the permeability of the boundary sand bed has a significant impact on the progress of consolidation. This research demonstrates that pore water and pressure dissipations are present during the entire viscous debris consolidation process. Contrasting with dilute flows, pore pressure dissipation in viscous flows cannot be completed in a matter of minutes or even hours, requiring longer completion time — 3 to 5 days and even more. Additionally, the dissipation of the pore water pressure lagged the reduction of the water content. During the experiment, the dissipation rate fluctuated substantially, indicating a close relationship betweenthe dissipation process and the physical properties of broadly graded soils.     

Numerical investigation of effects of “baffles-deceleration strip” hybrid system on rock avalanches

Arrays of baffles are usually installed in front of protection site to attenuate the flow energy of rock avalanches in mountainous areas. Optimization design is crucial for efficiency promotion in hazard energy dissipation engineering. In this study, a deceleration strip was added in the baffles protection system to optimize the traditional baffles system. The effects of the "baffles-deceleration strip" hybrid protection system was discussed in detail with the nails number and nails angle. This study presents details of numerical experiments using the discreteelement method(DEM). The effect of the optimization of hybrid protection system(nail angle and nail number) were investigated specifically, especially the impact force that avalanches exerted on structures. The results show that the maximum impact forces and kinetic energy of the rock avalanches decreases with the increase of the number and angle of the nail. Moreover, the distance between the toe and the bearing structure(L_m) is also a key factor. The shorter the distance L_m(30 m) is, the higher the maximum impact force are. The longer the distance L_m(70 m) is, the lower the maximum impact force are. Under the same size of the nails, increasing the numbers can enhance the dissipation ability of the hybrid protection system. Meanwhile, increasing itsangle can also enhance the dissipation ability. There are three key ways for nails attenuate rock avalanches:(i) block the fine particles directly;(ii) form the particles bridge between nails and baffles;(iii) dissipate the coarse particles energy directly. The effect of segregation in rock avalanches is crucial for the energy dissipation mechanism, which is a key factor to optimize the traditional baffle system.