格网计算法在空间格局分析中的应用——以贵州景观空间格局分析为例

格网地图与格网计算都是基于空间坐标系统来描述、分析、虚拟区域地理现象的有效方法之一。在空间格局分析应用中具有广阔的前景。景观类型的格网地图不仅能反映它们的空间分布,还能反映它们各自占据的生态空间情况。同时,格网地图还能将景观的空间异质性定量化、空间化和图形可视化表达。在格网地图和格网分析法的基础上,可以利用空间自相关分析、半方差分析等空间统计分析方法对景观的空间格局作进一步的深入研究。     

关于土地信息系统中空间分析功能的思考

针对已建成的土地信息系统偏重于资料的管理,未发挥GIS的空间分析功能且应用能力较低,不能很好地满足土地管理操作运行的基本需要。根据土地管理操作运行的具体要求,构建了具有空间分析功能土地信息系统的结构框架,结合GIS空间分析的基本功能,提出并设计了土地信息系统最基本的空间分析功能,如土地信息变更、土地征用分析、土地评估分析、土地规划分析和专题地图分析功能等。     

基于概念分析的空间数据挖掘研究进展

空间数据挖掘的过程与空间概念形成和分析的过程密切相关.本文以空间数据中抽取出各层次、各粒度的概念为主线,以概念形成和分析的形式化理论--概念格和云模型为理论基础,总结了基于概念分析的空间数据挖掘方法及应用,包括概念格的空间关联规则挖掘方法及应用、概念格的概念聚类挖掘方法及应用、云模型的空间关联规则挖掘方法及应用、云模型的空间聚类/分类挖掘方法及应用等.概念格提供了一种形式化的概念描述和概念结构分析的理论和方法,云模型提供了一种综合处理模糊性、随机性以及二者之间关联性的不确定性理论和方法,利用概念格、云模型等形式化的理论和方法分析和描述空间数据挖掘过程中空间概念的形成、空间概念的结构关系、空间概念之间以及空间概念层次之间的不确定性是概念分析的空间数据挖掘研究的进一步的研究方向.     

泰安市地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价

结合泰安市地下空间开发利用现状,分析了地质环境特征与地下工程建设和地下空间开发的相互影响机制。采用层次分析法,从工程地质条件、水文地质条件、环境地质问题和不良地质作用等方面建立了地下空间适宜性评价指标体系,构建分析模型;通过综合确定各指标的权重,以GIS软件空间叠加分析功能自动划分评价单元,对泰安市地下空间开发的地质环境适宜性进行了分区评价。同时,通过对各分区地质条件的说明对适宜性分区结果进行了分析和验证,以期为泰安市地下空间开发利用建设提供决策依据。     

空间分析技术及其在地价研究中的应用

一、空间分析技术概述 空间分析(Spatial Analysis)技术是对分析空间数据有关技术的统称.空间分析赖以进行的基础是地理空间数据库,其运用的手段包括各种几何的逻辑运算、数理统计分析,代数运算等数学手段,最终的目的是解决人们所涉及到地理空间的实际问题,提取和传输地理空间信息,特别是隐含信息,以辅助决策(邬伦,2000).     

古诗词文本的空间信息解析与可视化分析

解析文学作品中的空间信息并进行空间可视化分析,为文学研究提供了一个新的视角,对于理解文学作品具有重要的参考价值。本文尝试利用2类方法解析古诗词文本空间信息,即“基于古今地名关系的明确定位法”和“方位推测定位、近似替代定位、时空推测定位等近似地名定位方法”;设计了能表达古诗词作者、诗词文本、诗词地名和相关地理空间信息的数据库,以唐李白诗词为例,收集诗词967首,对其中563首的创作地、所描述的地名或景观进行了空间定位,初步建成了诗词地理数据库。在GIS中,对于李白诗词创作的地点、诗词中描述的地名及作者联想到的地名等位置信息进行地理制图,并归纳分析其空间分布特征,能清晰展现李白的创作空间和诗词文本表征的空间分布格局。研究表明：应用GIS技术对文学作品进行空间分析是可行的,从地理空间视角研究古诗词等文学作品具有重要价值。     

空间综合人文学与社会科学研究综述

地理信息科学与哲学、历史、文学、艺术、社会学、经济学、政治学、管理学等人文学与社会科学进行了全面的深度融合。一方面,地理信息科学领域的学者积极拓展研究领域,为人文学与社会科学领域的学者提供空间化、可视化的技术手段;另一方面,人文学与社会科学领域的学者积极学习和掌握地理信息技术,在研究中积极引入空间思维和空间可视化方法。同时,一些适用于人文学与社会科学研究者的开放平台、代码和工具不断涌现。本文在对空间综合人文学与社会科学的最新进展进行全面总结的基础上,探讨了空间人文学与社会科学研究的思路和框架,并分别对该框架各分支的研究进展进行了梳理和评述,包括：历史GIS,文学GIS,语言学GIS,GIS与哲学、人类动力学、人文地理学等;以及GIS与政治学及国际关系学,GIS与管理学、空间计量经济学、社会地理计算、空间社会网络与空间交互网络、犯罪地理学、健康地理与公共卫生学等。接着,本文对空间综合人文学与社会科学的研究方法进行了分析,包括：空间思维与空间计量、认知心理学与空间认知、空间可视化与虚拟地理分析、平台研发等。最后,对空间综合人文学与社会科学研究的关键问题和未来发展方向进行了展望。     

GIS空间分析技术在地理数据处理中的应用研究

地理空间数据GIS的处理中,空间分析是其分析、模拟、预测和调控过程的基础理论和技术。空间分析大量时空模型的建立与应用是地学分析区域性或全球性地理问题的重要手段,是新的挑战和机遇。作者从空间分析的定义及空间分析的应用研究出发,认为现代地理学的应用离不开空间分析的支撑;另外空间分析日趋成为自然地理学深化研究、应用的重要技术途径。地学数据GIS的分析处理,须与有空间特征的时空模型、数据挖掘、可视化技术整合,以及关注多维信息空间要素关联性的多元应用。     

基于RS与GIS的喀斯特地区农村居民点空间分布研究——以广西隆安县为例

文章应用RS技术提取隆安县遥感影像中居民点信息,借助GIS的空间分析功能对居民点数据与坡度、土壤、水系、交通以及城镇集聚效应等5个影响因子进行空间分析,分析喀斯特地区农村居民点分布与坡度、土壤、水体、道路和城镇集聚等影响因子的关联性。     

全空间下并行矢量空间分析研究综述与展望

新一代并行空间分析将面临空间大数据分析和实时空间分析服务的挑战。矢量空间计算作为GIS系统中的重要组成部分,在并行化算法设计中存在负载不均,并行扩展性差,IO性能低等技术瓶颈。本文首先从应用需求和技术发展的演变历史回顾了矢量空间分析算法发展过程;然后,从研究现状的角度详细阐述了并行矢量空间分析计算的研究成果,总结了并行空间分析算法的算法特征和技术瓶颈,对不同并行编程模型进行了对比,并提出了并行空间分析算法的研发流程;最后,从发展前景的角度预测了全空间信息系统中基于多粒度时空对象的空间数据模型和计算方法的发展趋势,提出了以内存计算等技术实现存算一体化的新型空间数据模型和分析方法的技术趋势。     

Effects of spatial information of soil physical properties on hydrological modeling based on a distributed hydrological model

The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial information (STMB) versus refined spatial information map (RSIM)) of soil physical properties, including field capacity, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are used respectively as input data for Water Flow Model for Lake Catchment (WATLAC) to determine their effectiveness in simulating hydrological processes and to expound the effects on model performance in terms of estimating groundwater recharge, soil evaporation, runoff generation as well as partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow. The results show that: 1) the simulated stream flow hydrographs based on the STMB and RSIM soil data reproduce the observed hydrographs well. There is no significant increase in model accuracy as more precise soil physical properties information being used, but WATLAC model using the RSIM soil data could predict more runoff volume and reduce the relative runoff depth errors; 2) the groundwater recharges have a consistent trend for both cases, while the STMB soil data tend to produce higher groundwater recharges than the RSIM soil data. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual groundwater recharge is significantly affected by the spatial distribution of soil physical properties; 3) the soil evaporation simulated using the STMB and RSIM soil data are similar to each other, and the spatial distribution patterns are also insensitive to the spatial information of soil physical properties; and 4) although the different spatial information of soil physical properties does not cause apparent difference in overall stream flow, the partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow is distinct. The implications of this study are that the refined spatial information of soil physical properties does not necessarily contribute to a more accurate prediction of stream flow, and the selection of appropriate soil physical property data needs to consider the scale of watersheds and the level of accuracy required.     

高时间分辨率遥感在土壤质地空间变化识别中的应用

在土壤信息推测研究中,遥感技术通常被作为辅助手段,用来提供地形和植被数据,并利用它们与土壤之间的关系推导土壤空间信息。然而,在平原等地形平缓的农业区,易于观测的地形和植被等环境因素,通常与土壤的协同程度较低,不能有效用于推测土壤质地等属性的空间变化。对于这类地区,如何寻找新的易于获取的变量,以准确地揭示土壤属性的空间变化,是需要解决的问题。本文提出了利用高时间分辨率遥感捕捉这类地区土壤质地空间变化的方法。采用光谱-时间响应线对多时相的光谱数据进行组织表达,使用光谱信息散度定量刻画不同光谱-时间响应线之间的差异。结果显示,在相同的地形和植被条件下,土壤质地相同的区域,其地表动态反馈模式明显相似;土壤质地不同的区域,其反馈模式也明显不同;土壤质地越相似,反馈模式也呈相似趋势。这表明,高时间分辨率遥感获取的地表动态反馈能够有效地指示土壤质地的空间差异。本文的工作表明了高时间分辨率遥感在土壤空间变化识别方面的应用潜力。     

Spatial variation and soil nitrogen potential hotspots in a mixed land cover catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil nitrogen(N) is critical to ecosystem services and environmental quality. Hotspots of soil N in areas with high soil moisture have been widely studied, however, their spatial distribution and their linkage with soil N variation have seldom been examined at a catchment scale in areas with low soil water content. We investigated the spatial variation of soil N and its hotspots in a mixed land cover catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau and used multiple statistical methods to evaluate the effects of the critical environmental factors on soil N variation and potential hotspots. The results demonstrated that land cover, soil moisture, elevation, plan curvature and flow accumulation were the dominant factors affecting the spatial variation of soil nitrate(NN), while land cover and slope aspect were the most important factors impacting the spatial distribution of soil ammonium(AN) and total nitrogen(TN). In the studied catchment, the forestland, gully land and grassland were found to be the potential hotspots of soil NN, AN and TN accumulation, respectively. We concluded that land cover and slope aspect could be proxies to determine the potential hotspots of soil N at the catchment scale. Overall, land cover was the most important factor that resulted in the spatial variations of soil N. The findings may help us to better understand the environmental factors affecting soil N hotspots and their spatial variation at the catchment scale in terrestrial ecosystems.     

基于空间分析技术的城市土壤污染评价

结合地理信息系统技术,提出了空间分析技术评价城市土壤污染的技术路线并探讨了与之相关的数据处理方法、评价单元的划分、评价指标体系的建立以及各指标的权重设定,借助GIS软件Arcview的空间分析模块,编程实现了用空间分析方法对城市土壤污染的评价。利用该方法对北京市城区及近郊区土壤污染进行了评价,结果表明,空间分析技术是一种在可视化条件下对城市土壤污染进行评价分析的有效方法,评价结果真实可信。     

SOIL SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE OPTIMIZATION BY USING GIS

This paper discusses the methods and process of Geographic Information System(GIS) applied in soil spatial analysis ,involving the collection of soil spatial data that GIS required ,spatial analysis method of soil nutrient,land use,slope and exposure of geography,crop yield and other factors,and also including acquiring soil spatial information and creating thematic map,and so on .Taking Hengjing Town in Wuxian County of Jiangsu Province as a case study and the maximum income as a principle,and applying the GIS methods and their interrelated models,we have calculated the most optimized agricultural land and the possible maximum income of Hengjing Town.According to the method,we can rationally regulate local agricultural production,and put forward some scenarios for optimizing agricultural structure of Hengjing Town .The paper puts forward an evaluation method of land adaptability based on soil spatial analysis,and offers some research clews to optimize agricultural land use constitutions.so the paper will be have important reference value for soil study.     

银川平原土壤盐渍化与土地利用强度的空间关联分析

银川平原盐渍土时空格局及其与土地利用强度变化关联关系的空间区位特征,可从土地利用强度的角度阐释土壤盐渍化的动因,为盐渍化因地制宜的治理提供参考依据。本文重点研究了盐渍土空间分布定量遥感生成方法,通过土地利用遥感制图、半方差函数的地统计学方法和灰色关联度分析法,对2004-2010 年银川平原的土地利用强度变化、土壤盐渍化程度变化及各类盐渍土与土地利用强度的关联度,进行了空间区位分布特征的可视化表达。研究结果表明:银川平原的发展仍具集聚效应,土地利用强度变化与城镇体系格局、交通干线、沟渠分布、土壤盐分含量密切相关;2004-2010 年间,银川平原土壤盐渍化存在整体减轻、局部加重的空间分布特征,与土地利用强度变化间的响应关系,存在较明显的空间差异;银川平原土壤盐渍化程度变化与土地利用强度变化间的关联度为0.7781,与水体、耕地这2 种土地类型间的关联程度最高。银川平原土壤盐渍化的干扰活动中,水体与耕地类型的利用行为是较重要的影响因子。     

Mapping detailed soil property using small scale soil type maps and sparse typical samples

Soil type maps at the scale of I Z 1 000 000 are used extensively to provide soil spatial distribution information for soil erosion assessment and watershed management models in China. However, the soil property maps produced through conventional direct linking method usually suffer low accuracy as well as the lack of spatial details within a soil type polygon. This paper presents an effective method to produce detailed soil property map based on representative samples which were extracted from each polygon on the 1 ： 1 000 000 soil type map. The representative sample of each polygon is defined as the location that can represent the largest area within the polygon. The representativeness of a candidate sample is determined by calculating the soil-forming environment condition similarities between the sample and other locations. Once the representative sample of each polygon has been chosen, the property values of the existing typical samples are assigned to the corresponding representative samples with the same soil type. Finally, based on these representative samples, the detailed soil property map could be produced by using existing digital soil mapping methods. The case study in XuanCheng City, Anhui Province of China, demonstrated the proposed method could produce soil property map at a higher level of spatial details and accuracy： 1） The soil organic matter （SOM） map produced based on the representative samples can not only depict the detailed spatial distribution of SOM within a soil type polygon but also largely reduce the abrupt change of soil property at the boundaries of two adjacent polygons. 2） The Root Mean Squared Error （RMSE） of the SOM map based on the representative samples is 1.61, and it is 1.37 for the SOM map produced by using conventional direct linking method. Therefore, the proposed method is an effective approach to produce spatial detailed soil property map with higher accuracy for environment simulation models.     

基于ANN-CA模型的土壤侵蚀时空演化分析

土壤侵蚀是中国乃至世界的主要环境问题之一。到目前为止,应用于土壤侵蚀研究的模型仅仅能够做一些事后的预报,并不能实现真正意义的土壤侵蚀预报,更不能反映土壤侵蚀的时空演化规律。本研究利用元胞自动机强大的空间动态模拟功能,建立了土壤侵蚀的元胞自动机模型,实现了对研究区2010年土壤侵蚀类型的空间预测,从微观的元胞状态的变化,反映了研究区土壤侵蚀的宏观变化规律。利用2000年计算出的土壤侵蚀强度类型与模拟的2000年土壤侵蚀强度类型对比,评价了土壤侵蚀强度预测的准确率,并对准确率相对较低的类型分析了原因,增加各个土壤侵蚀类型的训练样本,改进土壤侵蚀强度类型的分类标准,将大大提高ANN- CA模型的精度。同时指出,本研究建立的模型可以推广到其他土壤侵蚀区的预测研究。     

Spatial variability of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio and its driving factors in Ili River valley,Xinjiang, Northwest China

Soil carbon to nitrogen(C/N) ratio is one of the most important variables reflecting soil quality and ecological function,and an indicator for assessing carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils.Its variation reflects the carbon and nitrogen cycling of soils.In order to explore the spatial variability of soil C/N ratio and its controlling factors of the Ili River valley in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Northwest China,the traditional statistical methods,including correlation analysis,geostatistic alanalys and multiple regression analysis were used.The statistical results showed that the soil C/N ratio varied from 7.00 to 23.11,with a mean value of 10.92,and the coefficient of variation was 31.3%.Correlation analysis showed that longitude,altitude,precipitation,soil water,organic carbon,and total nitrogen were positively correlated with the soil C/N ratio(P 0.01),whereas negative correlations were found between the soil C/N ratio and latitude,temperature,soil bulk density and soil p H.Ordinary Cokriging interpolation showed that r and ME were 0.73 and 0.57,respectively,indicating that the prediction accuracy was high.The spatial autocorrelation of the soil C/N ratio was 6.4 km,and the nugget effect of the soil C/N ratio was 10% with a patchy distribution,in which the area with high value(12.00–20.41) accounted for 22.6% of the total area.Land uses changed the soil C/N ratio with the order of cultivated land grass land forest land garden.Multiple regression analysis showed that geographical and climatic factors,and soil physical and chemical properties could independently explain 26.8%and 55.4% of the spatial features of soil C/N ratio,while human activities could independently explain 5.4% of the spatial features only.The spatial distribution of soil C/N ratio in the study has important reference value for managing soil carbon and nitrogen,and for improving ecological function to similar regions.     

江浙典型茶园土壤有机质空间异质性分析

茶园土壤有机质分布有明显的空间性,如何凭借有限的采样点数据预测研究区的有机质分布,对了解茶叶种植区土壤状况、指导茶园经营管理、提高茶叶品质和产量有重要意义。本文对江浙4种名茶种植区,利用描述性统计,以及地统计学中的半方差函数模型、空间插值等方法对比分析了茶园土壤有机质的空间异质性。研究结果表明:(1)4个研究区的土壤有机质平均水平均较高,适合茶叶生长,且浙江省2个茶叶种植区的有机质平均水平高于江苏省2个茶叶种植区的有机质水平;(2)半方差函数模型拟合表明,溪龙乡种植区有机质含量表现出中等空间相关性,而其他3个种植区表现出强烈的空间相关性;(3)各种植区土壤有机质的空间分布以结构性因子(土壤理化性质、地形地貌)为基础,受人类活动、经营模式、茶园管理等随机性因子影响,整体趋势上表现出局部变异的特征。