NEMERTEANS OF ZHOUSHAN ISLANDS, EAST CHINA SEA COAST, CHINA Ⅱ.ENOPLA:DISTROMATORHYNCHOCOELA: MONOSTILIFERA: TETRASTEMMIDAE

A new monostiliferous hoplonemertean, Psummamphiporus microocelli sp. nov., is described. It differs from the single species of genus Psammamphiporus, P. elongatus, in being without a frontal organ and cephalic furrows, the stylet basis being conical rather than cylindrical.     

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Paragorgia rubra sp.nov.(Cnidaria:Octocorallia),a new bubblegum coral species from a seamount in the tropical Western Pacific

A new species of bubblegum coral,Paragorgia rubra sp.nov.,discovered from a seamount at a water depth of 373 m near the Yap Trench is studied using morphological and molecular approaches.Paragorgia rubra sp.nov.is the fourth species of the genus found in the tropical Western Pacific.The new gorgonian is red-colored,uniplanar,and measures approximately 530 mm high and 440 mm wide,with autozooids distributed only on one side of the colony.Paragorgia rubra sp.nov.is most similar to P.kaupeka Sánchez,2005,but differs distinctly in the polyp ovals with large and compound protuberances(vs.small and simple conical protuberances) and the medullar spindles possessing simple conical protuberances(vs.compound protuberances).Moreover,P.rubra sp.nov.differs from P.kaupeka in the smaller length/width ratio of surface radiates(1.53 vs.1.75).The genetic distance of the mtMutS gene between P.rubra sp.nov.and P.kaupeka is 0.66%,while the intraspecific distances within Paragorgia Milne-Edwards Haime,1857 except the species P.regalis complex are no more than 0.5%,further supporting the establishment of the new species.Furthermore,the ITS2 secondary structure of P.rubra sp.nov.is also different from those of congeners.Phylogenetic analyses indicate Paragorgia rubra sp.nov.and P.kaupeka form a clade,which branched early within Paragorgia and diversified approximately 15 Mya.     

Eualus heterodactylus sp. nov., a new hippolytid shrimp from Chinese coast of the Yellow Sea （Crustacea,Decapoda, Caridea）

A new species from the caridean family Hippolytidae, Eualus heterodactylus sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on the specimens collected from Chinese coast of the Yellow Sea. The new species is a part of an informal species group characterized by the possession of epipods on the anterior three pairs of pereopods, and is distinguished from other species of this group by the dactyli of the third to fifth pereopods possessing distinctly stair-like flexor margins in males.     

PSEUDOSMITTIA AIZAIENSIS, A NEW SPECIES OF ORTHOCLADIINAE (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE) FROM HUNAN PROVINCE OF CHINA

Male and female adult midges of Pseudosmittia aizaiensis sp. n. are described and illustrated with figures of morphological characters. The inferior volsella of gonocoxite with large lobes, the long but equal width gonostylus. and the small projection in basal part of outer margin are the characters that may separate this species from others. One larva of this genus is purely aquatic in habitat and is associated with Cricotopus bicinctus, Cardiociadius capucinns and Polypedilum sp. in the same algae debris (Spirogyra sp.) of the Dunghe River. Further, the larva's very short SI and SII bifids. its 5 pairs of lateral teeth on mentum and its absence of premandible brush are the characters that may also separate this species from any known species of this genus.     

Description of a Marine Nematode Hopperia sinensis sp.nov.(Comesomatidae) from Mangrove Forests of Quanzhou,China, with a Pictorial Key to Hopperia Species

A new free-living marine nematode species Hopperia sinensis sp. nov. from mangrove forests of Fujian Province, China, is identified and illustrated. Hopperia sinensis sp. nov. is characterized by its cephalic setae 2.4–2.8 μm long or 17%–20% head diameter, and amphids of 2.25–2.5 turns. Lateral differentiation appears with larger, more irregularly distributed dots behind 3–5 transverse rows of dots posterior to amphid. Buccal cavity is consisted of a shallow and weakly sclerotized cup-shaped portion with strongly sclerotized walls of 18–21 μm deep. There are three sclerotized and size-equally pointed teeth at the junction between the two parts. Spicules of 41–45 μm long are slightly curved with broadband velum and central strips at the proximal end. The gubernacula, with apparent lateral guiding pieces, are formed by one central tubular piece that is weakly sclerotized with 11–16 μm long dorso-caudally directed apophyses. There are 13–14 fine tubular precloacal supplements. Conico-cylindrical tail gradually tapers till pointed tail tip. Female is similar to male, but have a longer body and tail. Ovaries are opposed and outstretched, with anterior ovary to the left and posterior ovary to the right of the intestine. A pictorial key to all the valid known species in genus Hopperia is given.     

FIVE RED TIDE SPECIES IN GENUS PROROCENTRUM INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF PROROCENTRUM DONGHAIENSE LU SP. NOV. FROM THE EAST CHINA SEA

A new planktonic dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum donghaiense I_a sp. nov., is described in the present paper. The water sample was collected from the Changjiang Estuary, the East China Sea. The species identification is based on shape, size, surface micro-morphology, ornamentation of thecal plates and the architecture of the pel‘iflagellar area and the intercalary bands as seen by fight and scanning electron microscope. Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov. is compared with other prorocentrum species with respect to morphological characteristics and bloom behavior. It is not known whether Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov produces phycotoxins like some other Prorocentrum species. Four other red tide species in the family Prorocentraceae (Dinophyceae), namely P. balticum, P. minimum, P.micans, P. triestinum, were examined and identified by light and scanning electron microscope. They have been recorded as bloom-forming species. Some aggregates of Prorocentrum are observed at the end of blooms. An event of strong discoloration caused by P. donghaiense could be detected by satellite sensor in the East China Sea in the late spring, of 1995.     

TSENGIELLA, A NEW GENUS OF DELESSERIACEAE——(RHODOPHYTA) FROM CHINA

A medium-sized delesseriaceous red alga has been collected from the subtidal area of the northern Huanghai Sea coast. The characteristics of the specimens precludes their being placed in any genus defined by the currently accepted criteria. Tsengiella gen. nov., with T. spinosa sp. nov., as the type and only known species, is created and allied with the Hypoglossum group of-the Delesserioideae (Delesseriaceae, Ceramiales, Rhodophyta).     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF OPHIDIASTERID SEA-STARS FROM THE VICINITY OF DIAOYUDAO, EAST CHINA SEA

Two new species of the asteroid family Ophidiasteridae are described from two specimens collected by commercial fishery vessels of Qingdao from the vicinity of Diaoyudao (25°45' N, 123°15' E), East China Sea. Hacelia tuberculata sp. nov. shows affinities with H. tyloplax (H. L. Clark, 1914) and Linckia gracilis sp. nov. is related to L, laevigata (Linnaeus).     

Four new species of free-living marine nematode from the sea areas of China

Two new species of genus Diplopeltoides Gerlach,1962 and two new species of genus Minolaimus Vitiello,1970 were described based on recently collected specimens from marine sediments of the South China Sea and the East China Sea,respectively.Diplopeltoides conoicaudatus sp.nov.is characterized by annulated cuticle;tiny terminal buccal cavity;short cephalic setae about 2-μm long;loopshaped amphideal fovea without sclerotized plate;slender and arcuate spicules;triangular gubernaculum possessing a small dorso-caudal apophysis;female with two opposed and reflexed ovaries.Diplopeltoides longifoveatus sp.nov.is characterized by its papilliform cephalic sensilla;long and narrow amphideal fovea with fine transverse striations;inverse S-shaped spicules with a dorsally bent manubrium;gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis;cylindrical tail with round terminal end.Minolaimus multisupplementatus sp.nov.is characterized by cuticle with lateral differentiation of three longitudinal rows of large dots,spiral amphideal fovea with seven turns,pharynx cylindrical without posterior bulb,spicules arcuated with central lamella,gubernaculum arcuate and parallel to spicule,without dorso-caudal apophysis,a papilliform and29 cup-shaped precloacal supplement;tail conical with long flagelliform portion.Minolaimus apicalis sp.nov.is characterized by cuticle with lateral differentiation of three longitudinal rows of larger dots from the middle of pharynx to the conical portion of tail and a longitudinal row of pores in the pharyngeal region and precloacal region;spiral amphidial fovea with four turns and close to anterior end;pharynx cylindrical with oval posterior bulb,spicules arcuated and proximal end bent dorsally,gubernaculum with a broad curved dorsal apophysis;two sucked-like and six cup-shaped cuticularized precloacal supplements;tail conico-cylindrical with slightly enlarged tip.Updated keys to species of Diplopeltoides and Minolaimus were provided.     

Sabatieria sinica sp.nov.(Comesomatidae,Nematoda) from Jiaozhou Bay,China

A new free-living marine nematode species of the genus Sabatieria was documented from the sediment of the Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China,and it has been named Sabatieria sinica sp.nov.It is characterized by homogeneous cuticle without lateral differentiation,relatively short cephalic setae,spiral amphideal fovea with 2–2.25 turns;thick spicules with a mid constriction or joint,gubernaculum with a long straight dorso-caudal apophyses,and 6–7 prominent papillar precloacal supplements.This new species could be distinguished from other congener species by the combination of its characteristics:body size,length of cephalic setae,number of amphid turns,structures of spicules and gubernaculum,and type and number of precloacal supplements.An update dichotomous key is provided for nine species of pulchra group of Sabatieria including the new species.     

ON A NEW SPECIES OF PAVLOVA (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) FROM CHINA

Pavlova viridis sp. nov. is described on the basis of light and electron microscope observations. The material was collected from the coast of Haiyang county of Shandong, China. It is characterized by 1) yellowish green to green chloroplast, 2) rudimentary short flagellum 0. 3um long and hook-shaped, 3)long flagellum with small spherical knob-scales, 4) absence of pyrenoid and stigma, and 5) marine habitat. This new species and P . salina seem to be most closely related to each other but their colour, the insertion of their three appendages, the shape of their knob scales, and their cell periplasts are quite different from one another .     

Life cycle and secondary production of two mayflies Leptophlebia sp. and Ephemera sp. in Heizhuchong stream, Hubei, China

From June 2003 to June 2004, an investigation on the life cycle, production and trophic basis of dominant species of macrozoobenthos community in a second-order river of the Hanjiang River basin, Hubei, China was carded out. The results showed that the dominant species Leptophlebia sp. and Ephemera sp. appeared to develop two generations per year, and there was a small overlap in the two generations of both species. The pupation of Leptophlebia sp. mainly occurred in autumn and winter, while pupation of Ephemera sp. mainly took place in summer and winter. The standing stocks of the Leptophlebia sp. population and Ephemera sp. population had two peaks in a year. The cohort production and cohort P/B ratio of the Leptophlebia sp. population estimated by size frequency method were 19.018 1 g/m^2.a and 5.7 respectively, while its annual production and P/B ratio were 38.036 2 g/m^2.a and 11.4. The cohort production and cohort P/B ratio of the Ephemera sp. population were 38.015 9 g/m^2.a and 5.9, while its annual production and P/B ratio were 76.031 8 g/m^2.a and 11.8.     

Pseudolella major sp. nov.(Axonolaimidae,Nematoda) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea

A new species of free-living nematode, Pseudolella major sp. nov. is described from the intertidal mudflats of Ximen Island in the East China Sea. Pseudolella major sp. nov. is characterized as follows: body length ~1 300 μm; short cephalic setae, 2–3 μm long; amphidial fovea loop-shaped with elongated ventral branch; ventral branch 50–60 μm long and extending past the base of buccal cavity; buccal cavity cylindrical with arching or spherical base; three heavy outwardly-curving odontia with blunt tips located at anterior of buccal cavity; pharynx short with posterior bulb; ventral gland cell elongate oval-shaped, located posterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction; excretory pore situated at the level of the middle of buccal cavity; tail conical to cylindrical; spicules arched, with double-cephalate proximal end; gubernaculum with a strong dorsal caudal apophysis.     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ANTHENOIDES(ECHINODERMATA: ASTEROIDEA) FROMSOUTHERN CHINA

Two new species of the genus Anthenoides from the southern China are described. A. laevigatus sp. nov. shows affinities with A. epixanthus. A. tenuis sp. nov. is related to A. cristatus (Sladen).     

Paragorgia papillata sp.nov.,a new bubblegum coral(Octocorallia:Paragorgiidae) from a seamount in the tropical Western Pacific

A new species of bubblegum coral,Paragorgia papillata sp.nov.,discovered from a seamount located on the Caroline Ridge at the water depth of 858 m,is studied using morphological and molecular approaches.The new gorgonian is white-colored,uniplanar with prominent autozooids,and measures about670-mm high and 690-mm wide.The genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis showed that P.papillata sp.nov.was closely related to P.coralloides Bayer,1993,but the former differs morphologically from the latter by its prominent calyces(diameter 2.0-4.0 mm and height 1.5-3.0 mm vs.both diameter and height about 1 mm),white cortex(vs.pink),regular 8-radiates in surface cortex(vs.mostly 8-radiate derived globular radiates) and highly ornate medullar spindles(length 185-400 μm vs.no more than 150 μm).P.papillata sp.nov.is the third known white-colored species of the genus,and the fifth species found in the tropical Western Pacific.     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS AMPHILIMNA (ECHINODERMATA:OPHIUROIDEA) FROM SOUTHERN CHINA

Two new species of the ophiuriod genus Anphilimna from 280 m depth water east of Hainan Island are described . A . sinica sp . nov . shows affinities with A . transacta (Koehler), and A . granulosa is related to A .cribriformis A.M. Clark .     

A new species of Parodontophora (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea

This study described a new species of free-living nematode discovered in the intertidal mudflat of Ximen Island,East China Sea.The new species,designated Parodontophora longiamphidata sp.nov.,was characterized by a cylindrical body with tapering extremeties;cuticle smooth without somatic setae;four short cephalic setae;cylindrical buccal cavity with six clawlike teeth at the top of stoma;pharynx cylindrical with widened base;amphidial fovea crook-shaped with elongated scalariform branch extending past level of base of pharynx and ventral gland;ventral gland cell long-oval shaped located posterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction;excretory pore at level of middle of buccal cavity;tail conico-cylindrical with enlarged tip;three caudal gland cells,male spicules arched with cephalic proximal end and tapered distal end;gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis;female with two opposed outstretched ovaries;and vulva at slightly post-midpoint of body length.This new species was close to P.wuleidaowanensis Zhang,2005 and P.polita Gerlach,1955 in terms of long amphidial fovea branch.The newly found species was easily distinguishable from the two documented;its amphidial fovea branch(255–290 μm versus 72–106 and 125–150 μm) was obviously longer.Key to the Parodontophora species with a longer amphidial fovea branch was given.