潮滩表层沉积物含水量的高光谱预测模型与反演分析

潮滩土壤含水量具有变化频率快、空间变化大的特征,是影响潮滩地表反射率的重要因素。潮滩土壤含水量的精确提取,可为潮滩特征地物信息遥感反演提供基础。本文利用江苏大丰王港潮滩4种典型沉积物、449组不同含水量对应的实测光谱曲线数据进行特征分析,构建高光谱预测模型,实现了潮滩沉积物含水量的遥感反演。研究结果表明:(1)在短波红外波段,沉积物含水量与反射率之间存在良好的分段线性相关关系,分段点对应的含水量分别为42%和62%;(2)1165nm、1336nm、1568nm和1780nm特征波段反射率,对含水量变化具有良好响应,由特征波段组合计算得到的差值水指数DWI、比值水指数RWI和归一化水指数NDWI与含水量呈显著线性相关,可有效改善单波段反射率与含水量之间的分段线性关系;(3)3个水指数中,DWI反演的含水量精度优于RWI和NDWI,且对不同含水量大小均有良好适应性,而RWI和NDWI更适合含水量变化范围中等的情况;(4)对于粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂4种沉积物类型,DWI1336,1780验证组模拟含水量与实测含水量的相关系数,分别为0.891、0.915、0.920和0.905,均方根误差分别为9.87%、3.56%、4.24%和2.98%,表明由DWI构建的高光谱遥感反演模型,可有效实现潮滩表层含水量的时空变化预测。     

基于地面三维激光扫描强度数据的潮滩表层含水量估算

大面积潮滩表层含水量的测定是潮滩研究中的难题,传统的测量方法难以同时满足高效和精度的要求。地面三维激光扫描技术凭借其高精度、高分辨率以及主动性强等优点,已经高效运用在潮滩地形研究中。但是,对潮滩含水量进行有效分析,仅利用点云的空间几何信息是不够的,还需要对点云的强度数据进行挖掘。地面激光扫描仪提供了包含目标表面光谱反射特性的点云强度数据,利用强度数据可以有效地进行目标表面特性提取。本文提出了一种新的长距离地面激光扫描仪强度数据改正方法,对入射角和距离效应进行有效改正。利用Riegl VZ-4000长距离地面激光扫描仪建立室内含水量模型并对上海市崇明岛一处潮滩进行测试分析,同时收集26个潮滩沉积物样品并利用传统干湿称重法进行含水量验证计算。结果表明：相比于传统技术,利用改正后的激光强度值估算大面积潮滩沉积物表层含水量是一种精确和高效的方法。改正后的激光强度值与潮滩表层含水量存在幂函数关系,相关系数为0.961,估算精度为91.94%。     

淤泥质潮滩湿地类型遥感识别分类方法与应用

依据江苏盐城国家珍禽自然保护区淤泥质潮滩湿地影像特征,快速提取高精度潮滩湿地地物信息对湿地生态保护具有重要的意义。本研究以2010年TM影像为数据源,针对海滨湿地植物覆被类型复杂,以及湿地植物类型之间的生态交错带信息难以识别等问题,综合运用植被NDVI指数、波段反射率特征、环境特征和生态条件,逐级分层分类及人工选取阈值等方法,较好地解决了淤泥质潮滩湿地分类问题。结果表明,与同一时期的监督分类相比较,在识别植被交错带植被覆被类型和零星分布的植被斑块的类型方面更具优势,分类精度有明显提高。通过ROI训练区,选取了3126个包括所有类型的样本进行精度检验,分类精度达到95.87%。该方法弥补了单一分类方法的不足,对快速、高精度地提取淤泥质潮滩地物类型具有重要的参考价值和实践意义。     

潮滩冲淤监测方法与实时监测系统设计

分析了潮滩冲淤监测的几种常见方法,其中标志桩法、SET 和RSET法、沉降板法、人工示踪砂法、PEEP和PEEP-3T法、ALTUS 和ADV法等主要测量某点或某断面上的冲淤量,3S技术结合地形图或海图实现了大范围潮滩面上的冲淤变化测量.借鉴海洋、海岸实时监测系统的原理和实践经验,提出了潮滩冲淤实时监测系统的设计方案,该系统数据采集子系统包括潮滩高程、景观图像、地物光谱、气象和水动力等因子的数据综合采集,数据通过网络连接传输到实验室,以实现地貌变化和驱动因素的同步获得和综合分析,并通过地物光谱信息获取,为遥感数据解译提供基础资料.     

城市建成区遥感影像边界提取与扩张分析

针对城市建成区提取过程中,仅依赖单一数据源导致精度不够的问题,本文基于面向对象分类方法和利用土地类型信息标准差统计变量,实现遥感影像中城市建城区边界的提取,并以该建成区为依据对河南省虞城县的城区空间扩张特征作了分析。实验中首先采用均值漂移分割算法对高分一号遥感影像实现分割,然后利用决策树分类算法实现土地利用类型分类,最后基于0.1 km × 0.1 km窗口统计土地利用类型标准差信息,获取建成区边界。面向实际应用,以河南省虞城县为例,采用高分一号影像获得虞城县2017年建成区数据,并基于该数据采用多个TM影像提取城区其他年份的建成区边界,实现河南省虞城县城区空间扩张特征分析。结果表明,本文方法获取的建成区边界精度较一般的监督分类提取边界有进一步的提高,精度达到89%。进而说明结合高分辨率影像提取多个年份的建成区数据的可靠性,在城市扩张研究中,对仅利用低空间分辨率提取精度不够问题和仅利用高分辨影像提取效率低等问题提供了较好的解决方案。     

地表温度的多源遥感数据反演算法对比分析

 多源遥感数据的综合应用是提高地表温度反演精度的有效途径.MODIS数据和Landsat TM数据在我国同一地区获取的时间相差不大,可以获取近似同步的MODIS数据和TM数据.本文将基于MODIS数据反演的大气参数应用于TM影像的地表温度反演,分别对单窗口算法和普适性单通道算法进行了实验研究,应用气象站实测的地表温度数据对反演结果进行了检验,并对比分析了不同土地覆盖条件下两种算法的精度差异.结果表明:两种算法反演精度均较高,单窗口算法反演精度为0.76K,普适性单通道算法反演精度为1.23K;在不同的土地覆盖条件下,两种算法表现出明显的差异性,水体区反演结果差异最小,均值差异仅为0.02K,植被区差异最大,均值差异为0.62K.     

基于时序遥感影像的西南山区地块尺度作物类型识别

西南山区地块破碎且复杂,种植类型多样,且该地区多云多雨,可利用遥感数据有限,利用单一的光谱特征或植被指数难以实现作物的有效识别。物候特征能够反映作物的生长周期规律,可用于复杂地区作物的精细监测。本研究以重庆市潼南区为例,基于多时相中分辨率的Sentinel-2和Landsat8遥感影像,对地块尺度的NDVI、EVI等6个植被指数进行时间序列构建并提取其物候特征,通过特征优选构建多维数据,利用随机森林分类模型对柠檬、油菜、水稻、玉米等作物进行识别。结合植被指数与物候特征进行作物分类,总体精度达94.52%,Kappa系数为0.90,柠檬、油菜、玉米、水稻的精度分别为89.88%、87.30%、84.98%和95.57%。研究表明,利用时序遥感数据的植被指数与物候特征能够有效进行地块尺度的作物识别,为复杂种植结构地区获取大范围作物分布制图提供参考。     

基于独立成分分析和随机森林算法的城镇用地提取研究

城镇用地信息是联合国2030年可持续发展议程关注的重点之一。城市在世界范围内迅速扩张,快速准确地获取城镇用地信息对于政府决策具有重要作用。城镇土地覆盖信息非常复杂,包括人工建筑、树木、草地、水体等多种地表覆盖类型。基于传统人工测绘获取城镇用地信息费时费力并且难于及时更新。Landsat等遥感卫星数据为城镇用地信息提取提供了丰富的数据源。基于卫星遥感数据提取的城镇用地信息可以为未来城市的建设和管理提供基础的科学决策数据。基于监督分类方法和卫星遥感数据可快速地提取城镇用地信息,然而特征变量的选择对于高精度城镇用地信息提取尤为重要。为研究不同特征变量组合对于城镇用地信息提取的影响,以北京市为研究区,以2017年7月10日获取的Landsat 8 OLI影像为数据源,通过数据预处理、纹理提取、独立成分分析、主成分分析等得到4个维度的29个特征,选取了7种特征组合方案进行城镇用地提取。考虑随机森林算法性能稳定,分类精度高和可以方便进行特征重要性评价等优点,选择其作为监督分类算法以提取城镇用地信息,并进行了精度评定,以确定最优的城镇用地提取特征组合。研究发现：综合利用光谱特征和独立成分分析后的影像特征,提取城镇用地的总体精度为93.1%,Kappa系数为0.86,优于利用其他特征的提取结果;基于随机森林算法对数据进行训练后输出的各变量的归一化变量重要性与特征均值的标准差结果存在相似性,利用随机森林算法的变量重要性估计与特征均值折线图都可以进行变量重要性评价。     

可知泥滩是金滩

正潮汐去又还,问谁所节度?潮汐是水世界的时间,它应自己的安排,为陆地带来无限活力。随潮汐涨落而被淹没和露出的向海缓斜的宽广潮间滩地,就是生命的脚印。簌簌泥与沙——泥滩非荒滩潮滩是滨海湿地生态系统的孕育地。潮汐与河流带来的泥沙和动植物碎屑往往在此沉积,历经漫长的岁月形成平坦、开阔的泥质滩涂,并孕育出世界上生物资源极为丰富的盐沼和红树林生态系统。     

城镇扩张的多源遥感图像动态监测分析

遥感动态监测城镇扩展己成为一个重要的研究和应用领域。利用ASTER和TM多源多时相遥感影像和地形数据,以福建省漳州市区为示范区,对城镇建筑用地扩张进行了遥感监测。研究认为,对于ASTER影像,综合利用光谱知识、多时相植被指数、城镇建筑用地的地形分布等建立分类决策规则,可以有效提取城镇建筑用地信息(精度不低于90%);研究提出用较新时相影像获取的城镇建筑用地限定较早时相影像城镇建筑用地提取范围的思路,拓展了TM影像三指数法的应用范围,以此保证了较早时期TM影像城镇信息的有效提取。     

长江三角洲滩涂信息的遥感提取及时空变化

海岸带滩涂是重要的生态资源,对于环境保护和区域可持续发展具有重要意义,是学术界研究的热点区域。但由于滩涂周期性地被潮水淹没,通达性较差,传统的测量方式难以满足这一高度动态环境的变化监测需求,因此遥感观测方式成为一个潜在的选择。但遥感观测受成像方式、大气条件和潮情的影响,其应用仍面临很大的挑战。本文以苏北至上海南汇边滩沿岸作为研究区域,首先选择了1975年以来每年潮位最低的Landsat影像数据作为数据源,利用水边线作为滩涂的外边界,植被线或围垦大堤作为内边界提取滩涂面积;然后利用ArcGIS软件对获取的滩涂数据进行分析,以此来研究长江口滩涂的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 1975年以来研究区域滩涂面积整体上呈降低趋势;1990s之前滩涂面积基本保持稳定,1990s之后降低趋势较为明显;1995年前后研究区圆陀角以北的江苏海岸和以南的长江河口区域滩涂面积达到最大值,分别为1101.2 km²、1495.5 km²,至2017年,二者面积分别降为649.5 km²、1043.4 km²,1990年至今总体降低速率为21.7 km²/a;② 流域来沙减少和围垦、深水航道等河口工程是长江口滩涂面积减少的主要控制因素。     

上海边滩资源彩红外遥感影像分析应用

海塘滩涂信息的研究在水利工程建设、海塘管理、滩涂围垦、防洪抢险等许多领域具有广泛的应用价值。本文利用彩红外航片通过一系列处理对上海市的边滩资源进行了提取,运用监督分类与目视判读相结合的方法进行解译分析,并对分类结果进行野外核实与修正,为海塘滩涂部门的管理提供了有效的技术支持,提高了所获取数据的精度和工作效率。     

Factorial analysis of annual erosion-accretion cycles of tidal flats in the front area of the southern Changjiang river delta

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Factorial analysis of annual erosion-accretion cycles of tidal flats in the front area of the southern Changjiang river delta

Based on surveyed data from seven coastal sections and the collected data of wind, sea level, tide, nearshore suspended sediment concentration and river flux from adjacent stations, this paper deals with regressive correlation between monthly average flat elevation and monthly average figures of the influential factors. All sections except one which is located within the river mouth showed negative correlation between flat elevation and sea level and between flat elevation and tidal range, with correlation coefficients being −0.53 – −0.91 (−0.77 on the average) in the former condition and −0.56 – −0.97 (−0.80 on the average) under the latter. Each of the sections with available suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data shows a positive correlation between flat elevation and SSC, with correlative coefficients being 0.35 – 0.97 (0.66 on the average). Only two sections (one in the Changjiang River Estuary and the other in the Hangzhou Bay) which are similar to beaches in sediment grain-size and slope gradient showed a negative correlation between flat elevation and onshore wind frequency and between flat elevation and average wind velocity, with correlative coefficients being respectively −0.57 and −0.69 (−0.63 on the average) in the former situation and −0.61 and −0.75 (−0.68 on the average) in the latter. Other sections did not show uniform relationship between flat elevation and wind conditions. Due to local marine factors the nearshore SSC in the studied area is negatively correlated with the Changjiang River sediment flux (r=−0.78), which results in false negative correlation between flat elevation and river sediment flux. The paper also gives sediment dynamic and morphodynamic explanation for the above correlations. Sea level rise results in the spread of breaker zone from subtidal area to intertidal area and then increases the intertidal water energy. The larger the tidal range, the stronger the tide currents and the easier for the flat to be eroded. The higher the SSC of flood water, the easier for the sediment to deposit down. Because of correlations among the influential factors, it is difficult to give the prime one which dominates the erosion and accretion processes in tidal flats.     

Tidal effects on temperature front in the Yellow Sea

Temperature front (TF) is one of the important features in the Yellow Sea, which forms in spring, thrives in summer, and fades in autumn as thermocline declines. TF intensity ⋎S _T ⋎ is defined to describe the distribution of TF. Based on the MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled model, temperature distribution in the Yellow Sea was simulated with and without tidal effects. Along 36°N, distribution of TF from the simulated results are compared with the observations, and a quantitative analysis is introduced to evaluate the tidal effects on the forming and maintaining processes of the TF. Tidal mixing and the circulation structure adapting to it are the main causes of the TF. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. G1999043809) and the National Science Foundation of China (No. 49736190).     

Water quality evaluation in Tidal River reaches of Liaohe River Estuary, China using a revised QUAL2K model

Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pollutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K) and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model (1D model) were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal river reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four water quality indices at two locations (6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth). The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal river.     

Acid Volatile Sulfide and Simultaneously Extracted Metals in Tidal Flat Sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, China

It is well known that acid-volatile sulfide （AVS） plays an important role in influencing the toxicity of divalent cationic metals within anoxic sediments. In studying sediment core samples collected from tidal flats within the Jiaozhou Bay, China, we found that the AVS concentration gradually increases with depth and decreases from high tidal flat to low tidal flat areas. We evaluated the chemical activity and bioavailability of heavy metals in the tidal flat based on the molar ratio of simultaneously extracted metals （SEM） and AVS. The value of SEM/AVS is generally less than 1 in this area except for the surface layer, which suggests that the heavy metals only have chemical activity in the surface layer. SEM is most highly concentrated at the boundary of the redox layer SEM have similar depth distributions throughout the tidal flat. The aeration of low tidal flat sediment indicates that SEM gradually move to deeper sites via interstitial water.     

A STUDY ON EQUILIBRIUM COASTAL PROFILES OF THE CLOSE TIDAL FLAT—A Case Study of Fengxian Tidal Flat

The article analyses the temporal-spatial changes of profiles by EOF(Emipirical Orthogonal Function)analysis and DTM analysis of GIS.These profiles,which are not affected by engineering,are chosen from the coast with successive field monitoring data from 1990 to 1999.Temporal and spatial EOF indicates the obvious stability of coast profile paramclino with steep slopes flat.In spatial scale,high tidal flats and deep-water terraces are in a balance state while upper clino with steep slopes are sensitive and the stability is easy to be destroyes.In temporal scale,the erosion and deposition in this area are kepy in balance in a whole.There are almost no change below -8-9.5m.At the same time,it is the lower limit of tidal affection and the erosion and deposition process from it to high tidal flat keep in balance for many years.So the closre depth is appointed to from -8m to -9.5m(Wusong datum mark).