Development Study on Some Digestive Enzymes of Takifugu rubripes Larvae and Juvenile

The activities of some digestive enzymes are studied for Takifugu rubripes larvae and juvenile from the first feeding to 27 d after hatching at selected stages of development. The homogenate of whole larvae body is used for enzymatic determination. Activity of acid protease decreases notably during the beginning days after the commencement of completely exogenous feeding and the days before the beginning of the juvenile stage. Alkaline protease specific activity also decreases at metamorphosis, The activities are associated with the morphology of the developing digestive tract. Amylase activity increases before the first feeding, followed by a decreasing and then a rather constant level. Lipase activity remains low during the larvae and juvenile periods. Alkaline phosphatase activity increases gradually. This reflects the development of brush border membranes of enterocytes.     

Development study on some digestive enzymes of Takifugu rubripes larvae and juvenile

The activities of some digestive enzymes are studied for Takifugu rubripes larvae and juvenile from the first feeding to 27d after hatching at selected stages of development. The homogenate of whole larvae body is used for enzymatic determination. Activity of acid protease decreases notably during the beginning days after the commencement of completely exogenous feeding and the days before the beginning of the juvenile stage. Alkaline protease specific activity also decreases at metamorphosis. The activities are associated with the morphology of the developing digestive tract. Amylase activity increases before the first feeding, followed by a decreasing and then a rather constant level. Lipase activity remains low during the larvae and juvenile periods. Alkaline phosphatase activity increases gradually. This reflects the development of brush border membranes of enterocytes.     

军曹鱼仔鱼期的摄食与生长

以人工孵化的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)卵黄囊期仔鱼为材料,对仔鱼早期阶段的摄食及生长情况进行研究。结果表明:在水温28~32℃条件下,军曹鱼仔鱼3日龄开始摄食,6日龄时卵黄完全耗尽,6~7日龄饥饿仔鱼进入不可逆点(PNR)期;混合营养期3~4 d。饥饿仔鱼的初次摄食率开始较低,此后上升,到卵黄囊快要耗尽时达高峰(50%),以后又下降。内营养期,仔鱼日平均生长率为0.86 mm/d;PNR前的摄食期,饥饿仔鱼的日平均增长率为0.068 mm/d,而摄食仔鱼的日平均生长率为0.64 mm/d;PNR后至死亡前,饥饿仔鱼体长呈负增长,而摄食仔鱼的日平均生长率达1.04 mm/d。摄食仔鱼在孵化后8 d内的全长和日龄呈指数关系;前10 d的口径与全长呈正比关系。     

光裸星虫消化系统的解剖学和组织学研究

运用解剖学和组织学方法研究光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)消化系统结构。结果表明,光裸星虫消化系统由消化道和直肠盲囊组成,消化道可分为口、食道、下行肠、上行肠、直肠和肛门。口四周由具摄食作用的辐射状触手围绕。消化道管壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层和浆膜三层结构组成,黏膜层具有大量皱褶,黏膜下层和浆膜层中分布有大量颗粒细胞;无连续的肌肉层,只在黏膜下层内散布着数量不等的肌纤维。直肠盲囊细长,连接于上行肠末端,囊壁无分泌细胞,囊内充满黄色黏稠液状物质。     

An integrative study of larval organogenesis of American shad <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alosa sapidissima</Emphasis> in histological aspects

We describe organogenesis at a histological level in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) larvae from 0 until 45 days after hatching (DAH). Larval development was divided into four stages based on the feeding mode, external morphological features, and structural changes in the organs: stage 1 (0–2 DAH), stage 2 (3–5 DAH), stage 3 (6–26 DAH) and stage 4 (27–45 DAH). At early stage 2 (3 DAH), American shad larvae developed the initial digestive and absorptive tissues, including the mouth and anal opening, buccopharyngeal cavity, oesophagus, incipient stomach, anterior and posterior intestine, differentiated hepatocytes, and exocrine pancreas. The digestive and absorptive capacity developed further in stages 2 to 3, at which time the pharyngeal teeth, taste buds, gut mucosa folds, differentiated stomach, and gastric glands could be observed. Four defined compartments were discernible in the heart at 4 DAH. From 3 to 13 DAH, the excretory systems started to develop, accompanied by urinary bladder opening, the appearance and development of primordial pronephros, and the proliferation and convolution of renal tubules. Primordial gills were detected at 2 DAH, the pseudobranch was visible at 6 DAH, and the filaments and lamellae proliferated rapidly during stage 3. The primordial swim bladder was first observed at 2 DAH and started to inflate at 9 DAH; from then on, it expanded constantly. The spleen was first observed at 8 DAH and the thymus was evident at 12 DAH. From stage 4 onwards, most organs essentially manifested an increase in size, number, and complexity of tissue structure.     

锦绣龙虾消化系统的解剖学及组织学研究

锦绣龙虾的消化系统由消化管和消化腺组成,消化管包括口、食道、胃、中肠和后肠。胃分为贲门胃和幽门胃,中肠较长,占消化管总长度的74.18%。消化管的基本结构由内向外可分为4层,即黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜。黏膜层主要由单层柱状上皮和基膜构成,除中肠外其余消化管管壁上皮均覆盖有几丁质膜,黏膜下层和外膜均为结缔组织层,消化道的结缔组织中分布有皮肤腺。消化腺主要是肝胰腺,由肝小管组成,根据其形态和功能的不同,可把构成肝小管的单层细胞分为四类:分泌细胞、吸收细胞、纤维细胞和胚细胞。     

珠母小核果螺形态结构的系统观察

对珠母小核果螺 [Drupella margariticola （Broderip）] 的外部形态和内部结构进行系统观察.结果表明：珠母小核果螺壳高12.92 - 31.74 mm,平均26.17±4.31 mm,壳宽8.10 - 18.46 mm,平均15.34±2.48 mm,螺体质量0.36- 5.30 g,平均2.99±1.14 g;消化系统由口、吻、嗉囊、食道、胃、肠、直肠及肛门等消化道,以及唾液腺、食道腺和肝脏等消化腺组成;成螺肉食性,摄食时将吻伸出,吻管内有齿舌,齿舌上有齿3 列,每列有齿3 枚,对称排列,齿式1.1.1,齿舌在齿舌软骨表面产生运动,切刮食物;雌雄异体,外形上难以区别,雄性生殖系统由精巢、前列腺、储精囊、输精管和阴茎组成,雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、蛋白腺、缠卵腺、交接囊和阴道组成.     

Expression Pattern of Peptide and Amino Acid Genes in Digestive Tract of Transporter Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.),a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement,was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which was divided into six segments including stomach,pyloric caeca,rectum,and three equal parts of the remainder of the intestine.The results showed that the expression of two peptide and eleven amino acid transporters genes exhibited distinct patterns.Peptide transporter 1(Pep T1) was rich in proximal intestine while peptide transporter 2(PepT2) was abundant in distal intestine.A number of neutral and cationic amino acid transporters expressed richly in whole intestine including B~0-type amino acid transporter 1(B~0AT1),L-type amino acid transporter 2(LAT2),T-type amino acid transporter 1(TAT1),proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1(PAT1),y~+L-type amino acid transporter 1(y~+LAT1),and cationic amino acid transporter 2(CAT2) while ASC amino acid transporter 2(ASCT2),sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2(SNAT2),and y~+L-type amino acid transporter 2(y~+LAT2) abundantly expressed in stomach.In addition,system b~(0,+) transporters(rBAT and b~(0,+)AT) existed richly in distal intestine.These findings comprehensively characterized the distribution of solute carrier family proteins,which revealed the relative importance of peptide and amino acid absorption through luminal membrane.Our findings are helpful to understand the mechanism of the utilization of dietary protein in fish with a short digestive tract.     

Effects of Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the growth and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas

The effects of a diet containing Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on growth and digestive enzyme activity were estimated in juvenile Apostichopus japonicus. Groups of sea cucumbers were fed diets containing H. opuntiae C21 at 0(control), 10 4, 10 5, and 10 6 CFU(colony-forming units)/g feed. Results showed that after 45 d the specific growth rate(SGR) of sea cucumbers fed a C21-supplemented diet at 10 4 CFU/g feed was significantly higher than that of the control( P 0.05). Intestinal trypsin and lipase activities were significantly enhanced by C21 administration at 10 4 and 10 5 CFU/g feed compared with the control( P 0.05). After feeding for 23–42 d, C21 was demonstrated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to be present in the intestine of sea cucumbers. In addition, after feeding the C21-supplemented diets for 15 d, the sea cucumbers were switched to an unsupplemented diet and C21 was confirmed to be capable of colonizing the intestine for at least 31 d after cessation of feeding. In conclusion, C21 was shown to successfully colonize the intestine of juvenile A. japonicus via dietary supplementation, and improve growth and digestive enzyme activity.     

复合酸化剂对鲤生长及消化酶活性的影响

在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)基础饲料中,分别添加不同梯度的复合酸化剂(质量分数分别为0、0.2%、0.3%),研究复合酸化剂对其生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)添加复合酸化剂显著(P<0.05)提高鲤鱼的相对增重率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率、饲料蛋白质效率以及饲料蛋白质沉积率等生长性能指标;2)添加质量分数0.3%的复合酸化剂时,鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),酸化剂组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性有升高的趋势,但与对照组差异不显著;3)鱼体的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分、肥满度及内脏比等品质指标在各组间差异不显著。综上所述,鲤鱼饲料中添加以柠檬酸、乳酸、磷酸等为主的复合酸化剂,可显著提高鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性,促进鲤鱼生长。     

Expression pattern of peptide and amino acid genes in digestive tract of transporter juvenile turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis> L.)

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement, was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which was divided into six segments including stomach, pyloric caeca, rectum, and three equal parts of the remainder of the intestine. The results showed that the expression of two peptide and eleven amino acid transporters genes exhibited distinct patterns. Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was rich in proximal intestine while peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) was abundant in distal intestine. A number of neutral and cationic amino acid transporters expressed richly in whole intestine including B⁰-type amino acid transporter 1 (B⁰AT1), L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2), T-type amino acid transporter 1 (TAT1), proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1), y⁺L-type amino acid transporter 1 (y⁺LAT1), and cationic amino acid transporter 2 (CAT2) while ASC amino acid transporter 2 (ASCT2), sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2), and y⁺L-type amino acid transporter 2 (y⁺LAT2) abundantly expressed in stomach. In addition, system b^0,+ transporters (rBAT and b^0,+AT) existed richly in distal intestine. These findings comprehensively characterized the distribution of solute carrier family proteins, which revealed the relative importance of peptide and amino acid absorption through luminal membrane. Our findings are helpful to understand the mechanism of the utilization of dietary protein in fish with a short digestive tract.     

Structure and Function of the Digestive System of Solen Grandis Dunker

Structure and function of the digestive system of a bivalve mollusc, Solen grandis, were studied using light microscopy and histochemical methods. The wall of digestive tube consists of four layers: the mucosal epithelium, connective tissue, muscular and fibrosa or serosa (only in the portion of rectum) from the inner to the outer. The ciliated columnar epithelial cells, dispersed by cup-shaped mucous cells, rest on a thin base membrane. There are abundant blood spaces in connective tissue layer. The digestive diverticula are composed of multi-branched duct and digestive tubules. The digestive tubules are lined with digestive and basophilic secretory cells, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle fibers and connective tissues. Activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, esterase and lipase are detected in the digestive cells, and the epithelia of stomach and intestine, suggesting that these cells are capable of intracellular digesting of food materials and absorbing. Besides, acid phosphatase and e     

Structure and function of the digestive system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">solen grandis</Emphasis> dunker

Structure and function of the digestive system of a bivalve mollusc, Solen grandis, were studied using light microscopy and histochemical methods. The wall of digestive tube consists of four layers: the mucosal epithelium, connective tissue, muscular and fibrosa or serosa (only in the portion of rectum) from the inner to the outer. The ciliated columnar epithelial cells, dispersed by cup-shaped mucous cells, rest on a thin base membrane. There are abundant blood spaces in connective tissue layer. The digestive diverticula are composed of multi-branched duct and digestive tubules. The digestive tubules are lined with digestive and basophilic secretory cells, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle fibers and connective tissues. Activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, esterase and lipase are detected in the digestive cells, and the epithelia of stomach and intestine, suggesting that these cells are capable of intracellular digesting of food materials and absorbing. Besides, acid phosphatase and esterase activities are present in the posterior portion of esophagus. Phagocytes are abundant in blood spaces and the lumens of stomach and intestine, containing brown granules derived from the engulfed food materials. The present work indicates that phagocytes play important roles in ingestion and digestion of food materials, which is supported as well by the activities of acid phosphatase, esterase and lipase detected in blood spaces.     

Impact assessment of modified clay on embryo-larval stages of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.

Using modified clay is one of the most promising methods for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms(HABs). However, the environmental impact of modified clay has become a subject of global concern. In this study, turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.) embryos were used as a model to assess the effect of modified clay on this sensitive stage of fish development. Results show that the 24 and 48 h LC_(50)(median lethal concentrations) of the modified clay were 1.70 and 1.65 g/L, and the safe concentration was 0.47 g/L, which is much higher than the concentration used to treat HAB. The modified clay did not affect significantly the hatchability of turbot embryos but when the concentration exceeded 0.50 g/L, the deformity rate of newly hatched larvae increased significantly. The total length, specific growth rate(SGR)and yolk sac absorption rate of larvae reached their peaks at 0.50 g/L and then gradually decreased as the concentration of modified clay increased. Therefore, a moderate amount of modified clay does not harm the survival and hatching of turbot embryos, or the growth and development of newly hatched larvae.     

马氏珠母贝珍珠囊发育的组织和组织化学研究

按照常规技术进行马氏珠母贝插核育珠,在手术后第1、3、7、15、20、30和60天解剖剪取珍珠囊,利用H E染色等组织化学方法研究马氏珠母贝珍珠囊形成过程中的组织学和组织化学变化。结果表明:珍珠囊表皮细胞来自于移植细胞小片的表皮细胞;在水温27℃条件下,插核后1~3 d来自育珠贝的游走细胞逐渐将细胞小片包围;插核后7~15 d,珠核表面密集来自育珠贝的游走细胞;插核后15～20 d,细胞小片外表皮细胞增殖形成珍珠囊,珍珠囊表皮细胞和细胞核均呈扁平状;插核后20～30 d,扁平状珍珠囊表皮细胞逐渐转变为高柱型,并分泌形成透明的壳皮层物质;在插核后第60天,已形成具有分泌珍珠质功能的扁平状珍珠囊表皮细胞,细胞核呈椭圆形或近圆形。     

盐度对虎斑乌贼(Sepia pharaonis)受精卵孵化及幼体活力的影响

水温22±1℃条件下,研究不同盐度(15.0、18.0、21.0、24.0、27.0、30.0、33.0)对虎斑乌贼(Sepia pharaonis)受精卵孵化及幼体活力的影响。结果表明,受精卵孵化适宜盐度范围为27.0~33.0,最适盐度范围为30.0~33.0,随着盐度增加,培育周期和孵化周期呈逐渐缩短趋势,而孵化率则呈先升后降趋势。盐度15.0环境中,初孵幼体经24h累计死亡率为100%;盐度18.0、21.0中,24h的累计死亡率分别为4.15%和5.83%,不投饵存活8d和9d;盐度24.0~33.0中,24h幼体累计死亡率均为0,不投饵存活9~10d。随着盐度的增加,幼体的不投饵存活系数(SAI值)先升后降,在盐度30.0时达到最大值,盐度(y)与SAI值(x)间的函数关系可表示为:y=-0.1764x2+9.807 9x-104.33(r2=0.927 8)。     

Embryonic and larval development in barfin flounder Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert)

Broodstock of Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) aged 3–4 years old were selected, and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization, and the development of embryos, larvae and juveniles was observed continuously. The results showed that the fertilized eggs of V. moseri were spherical, with transparent yolk and homogeneous bioplasm, and had no oil globule inside. The average diameter of the eggs was 1.77±0.02 mm. The eggs of V. moseri were buoyant in water with salinity above 35. The cleavage type was typical discoidal. Young pigment cells appeared when olfactory plates began to form. Hatching occurred at 187 h after fertilization at a water temperature of 8.5°C. The newly hatched larvae, floating on the water surface, were transparent with an average total length of 4.69±0.15 mm. During the cultivation period, when the water temperature was raised from 9 to 14.5°C, 4-day old larvae showed more melanophores on the body surface, making the larvae gray in color. The pectoral fins began to develop, which enabled the larvae to swim horizontally and in a lively manner. On days 7–8, the digestive duct formed. The yolk sac was small and black. The yolk sac was absorbed on day 11. Larvae took food actively, and body length and body height clearly increased. The rudiments of dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores were discernible and caudal fin ray elements formed on day 19. On day 24, the larval notochord flexed upwards, and the rays of unpaired fins began to differentiate. Pigment cells converged on the dorsal and anal fin rays, and the mastoid teeth on the mandible appeared. On day 29, the left eyes of juveniles began to move upwards. Depigmentation began in some juveniles and they became sandy brown in color on day 37. Most juveniles began to settle on the bottom of the tank. The left eyes of juveniles migrated completely to the right side on day 50, when the average body length attained 2.5±0.18 cm, and juveniles accomplished metamorphosis to young. The embryonic and larval characters of several flounder species are compared.     

恩诺沙星在凡纳滨对虾体内的代谢和残留消除规律

在26±2℃水温下,每天投喂含有恩诺沙星药物的饲料,研究恩诺沙星在凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vanname肌肉、肠和肝胰脏组织中的代谢和残留消除规律。残留药物用乙腈提取,液相色谱串联质谱仪检测。结果表明:恩诺沙星在凡纳滨对虾体内可代谢为环丙沙星,对虾体内同时有恩诺沙星和环丙沙星两种药物残留;环丙沙星在肌肉、肝胰脏和肠组织中的消除时间分别为6、8、10 d,而恩诺沙星在这三组织中的消除时间则为12、14、16 d。建议把肠作为该药残留监控的靶组织,凡纳滨对虾的休药期不少于16 d。     

Effect of dietary genistein on growth performance,digestive enzyme activity,and body composition of Nile tilapia <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>

An 8-week feeding experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary genistein on growth performance, body composition, and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing four graded supplements of genistein: 0, 30, 300, and 3 000 μg/g. Each diet was randomly assigned in triplicate to tanks stocked with 15 juvenile tilapia (10.47±1.24 g). The results show that 30 and 300 μg/g dietary genistein had no significant effect on growth performance of Nile tilapia, but the higher level of genistein (3 000 μg/g) significantly depressed the final body weight and specific growth rate. There was no significant difference in survival rate, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio or whole body composition among all dietary treatments. An assay of digestive enzymes showed that the diet containing 3 000 μg/ggenistein decreased stomach and hepatopancreas protease activity, and amylase activity in the liver and intestine, while a dietary level of 300 μg/g genistein depressed stomach protease and intestine amylase activities. However, no significant difference in stomach amylase activity was found among dietary treatments. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that a high level of dietary genistein (3 000 μg/g, or above) would significantly reduce the growth of Nile tilapia, partly because of its inhibitory effect on the activity of major digestive enzymes. Accordingly, the detrimental effects of genistein, as found in soybean products, should not be ignored when applied as an alternative ingredient source in aquaculture.     

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND YOLK-SAC LARVAE OF HERRING AND PLAICE

Changes in quantities of water, sodium, potassium, lipid and protein were compared in developing eggs and yolk-sac larvae of herring dupes harengus L., a species with demersal eggs, and plaice Pleuroncctcs platessa L., a species with pelagic eggs. The principal difference between the two species was the occurrence in herring, but not in plaice of considerable increases in water content and in one or both of the above ions at three distinct stages: at fertilization,during the middle stage of egg development, and in the days immediately after hatching. Newly hatched larvae of the two species differed greatly in water content because of the difference in mass and water content of the yolk, not in the water content of the rest of the body. In herring, there were increases in sodium and potassium which coincided broadly with the increase in water content. These differences are related to the gradual acquisition of buoyancy by herring during this period, comparable with the buoyancy conferred on plaice eggs a