不同冷却方式下高温花岗岩巴西劈裂及声发射特性试验研究

干热岩地热开发中的钻井、储层压裂及热交换等环节均涉及高温岩石冷却的问题,为揭示其中岩石损伤演化规律,基于巴西劈裂试验和声发射技术,研究了不同高温及冷却方式对花岗岩抗拉性质的影响。结果表明:①25~600℃下花岗岩抗拉强度随温度升高而下降,遇水冷却使抗拉强度进-步下降并使其开始大幅下降的温度阈值提前到200,500℃后抗拉强度对遇水冷却更敏感。②荷载达到峰值,声发射累计振铃计数突增,岩样内形成断裂区;受遇水冷却影响,岩样的振铃计数峰值和能量峰值有所下降,间接反映岩石内裂纹更发育,200~300℃时降幅均较大,300℃时和500℃后花岗岩对热处理方式较敏感。③花岗岩破裂面随温度升高由平整向粗糙曲折变化,由脆性向延性转变,遇水冷却促进岩石破裂并促使脆性向延性转变的温度区间提前。研究结果为地热开采中高温岩石的稳定性评价提供理论参考。      

不同冷却时间对高温花岗岩可钻性实验研究

为了研究高温后花岗岩的可钻性和微观损伤变化, 同时也为了研究高温后不同冷却时间对可钻性的影响, 对高温热处理后的花岗岩冷却不同时间(2, 4, 24, 48 h), 通过可钻性实验和铸体薄片鉴定, 得到高温对花岗岩可钻性的影响规律和影响机理, 同时也得到不同冷却时间对花岗岩可钻性的影响。研究结果表明, 花岗岩在热处理不超过500℃和自然冷却2 h的约束下始终保持一个较高的可钻性级值, 在冷却4, 24, 48 h后, 高温对可钻性的影响表现为3个阶段(第一次劣化阶段、强化阶段、第二次劣化阶段)。微裂纹产生的位置及数量影响着岩石抵抗破碎的难易程度, 400℃热处理后花岗岩内部微裂纹开始显著增加, 当石英颗粒内部产生大量微裂纹时, 花岗岩的可钻性显著降低。100℃热处理后同时冷却不超过4 h会显著影响花岗岩的可钻性, 200~400℃热处理后, 花岗岩的可钻性级值会随着冷却时间(4~48 h)的继续增加显著增加, 500℃对花岗岩产生的损伤是不可恢复的, 600℃已经完全使花岗岩劣化。弄清高温和冷却时间对花岗岩可钻性的影响, 可以为干热岩资源的高效开采提供基础的理论支撑。      

单轴压缩条件下不同含水率黑云母二长花岗岩破坏特征与机制

花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的变形破坏特征和机制对此类工程岩体稳定性评价具有重要的意义。开展不同含水率黑云母二长花岗岩单轴压缩试验,分析破坏特征和应力-应变曲线特征,开展断口扫描电镜试验,分析微观形貌特征,研究破坏机制。试验结果表明:黑云母二长花岗岩具有明显的应变软化特征;随含水率增大,曲线上微裂隙压密阶段长度逐渐增加,稳定破裂阶段及非稳定破裂阶段长度均逐渐缩短,但所占比例增大,曲线上峰前阶段涨落交替现象加剧;饱和时单轴抗压强度和弹性模量相比干燥时分别降低了40.68%,20.3%;变形破坏过程可大致分为以下5个阶段:平静期、裂纹萌生期、裂纹扩展伴随颗粒弹射期、片状碎片剥落伴随颗粒弹射期及崩落式破坏期;随含水率增大,花岗岩破坏时的剧烈程度、发出的声响及脆性程度均逐渐降低;花岗岩破坏机制为拉-剪复合破坏,低含水率时以压致拉张破坏为主,随含水率增大呈现拉张破坏减少而剪切破坏增多的趋势,饱和时以剪破坏为主。研究结果可为黑云二长花岗岩与水之间的耦合模型构建提供理论支撑,对水-岩耦合环境下工程岩体稳定性分析具有重要科学意义。      

冲击作用下饱和土性状的试验研究

在三轴条件下,对饱和土(砂土和黏土)进行排水与不排水条件下的冲击试验及冲击后再固结试验,对比研究了不同渗透性土在不同排水条件下的冲击动力响应和冲击后再固结性状.结果表明:饱和黏土不排水冲击时的孔隙水压力随冲击击数增加而升高并逐渐稳定,排水冲击时的孔隙水压力则是先达到峰值然后有所下降;砂土不排水冲击时的冲击能量对孔隙水压力影响最明显;饱和砂土不排水冲击时的轴向应变与冲击击数呈近似线性关系,饱和黏土冲击及饱和砂土排水冲击则呈近二次曲线关系;饱和砂土不排水冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力立即消散为0,同时体变迅速增大到一定值;饱和黏土在冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力在一定时间内逐渐消散完毕,同时体变逐渐增大;饱和黏土排水冲击时,冲击阶段产生的体变占冲击引起总体变的39%~49%,冲击后再固结阶段产生的体变占51%~61%;砂土和黏土的总体变均表现为排水冲击明显大于不排水冲击,改善冲击时的排水条件有利于提高加固效果.     

Monitoring Spatio-temporal Variance of an Extreme Heat Event Using Multiple-source Remote Sensing Data

Extreme heat events have serious effects on human daily life. Accurately capturing the dynamic variance of extreme high-temperature distributions in a timely manner is the basis for analyzing the potential impacts of extreme heat, thereby informing risk prevention strategies. This paper demonstrates the potential application of multiple source remote sensing data in mapping and monitoring the extreme heat events that occurred on Aug. 8, 2013 in Jiangsu Province, China. In combination with MODIS products, the thermal sharpening(Ts HARP) method and a binary linear model are compared to downscale the original daytime FengY un 2 F(FY-2 F) land surface temperature(LST) imagery, with a temporal resolution of 60 min, from 5 km to 1 km. Using the meteorological measurement data from Nanjing station as the reference, the research then estimates the instantaneous air temperature by using an iterative computation based on the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land(SEBAL), which is used to analyze the spatio-temporal air temperature variance. The results show that the root mean square error(RMSE) of the LST downscaled from the binary linear model is 1.30℃ compared to the synchronous MODIS LST, and on this basis the estimated air temperature has the RMSE of 1.78℃. The spatial and temporal distribution of air temperature variance at each geographical location from 06:30 to 18:30 can be accurately determined, and indicates that the high temperature gradually increases and expands from the city center. For the spatial distribution, the air temperature and the defined scorching temperature proportion index increase from northern to middle, to southern part of Jiangsu, and are slightly lower in the eastern area near the Yellow Sea. In terms of temporal characteristics, the percentage of area with air temperature above 37℃ in each city increase with time after 10:30 and reach the peak value at 14:30 or 15:30. Then, they decrease gradually, and the rising and falling trends become smaller from the southern cities to the northern regions. Moreover, there is a distinct positive relationship between the percentage of area above 37℃ and the population density. The above results show that the spatio-temporal distributions of heat waves and their influencing factors can be determined by combining multiple sources of remotely sensed image data.     

Seasonal Variation in Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Building Areas and in Green Spaces in Beijing,China

The cooling and humidifying effects of urban parks are an essential component of city ecosystems in terms of regulating microclimates or mitigating urban heat islands(UHIs).Air temperature and relative humidity are two main factors of thermal environmental comfort and have a critical impact on the urban environmental quality of human settlements.We measured the 2-m height air temperature and relative humidity at the Beijing Olympic Park and a nearby building roof for more than 1 year to elucidate seasonal variations in air temperature and relative humidity,as well as to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort.The results showed that the lawn of the park could,on average,reduce the air temperature by(0.80±0.19)℃,and increase the relative humidity by(5.24±2.91)% relative to the values measured at the building roof during daytime.During the nighttime,the lawn of the park reduced the air temperature by(2.64±0.64)℃ and increased the relative humidity by(10.77±5.20)%.The park was cooler and more humid than surrounding building area,especially in night period(more pronounced cooling with 1.84℃).Additionally,the lawn of the park could improve outdoor thermal comfort through its cooling and humidifying effects.The level of thermal comfort in the park was higher than that around the building roof for a total of 11 days annually in which it was above one or more thermal comfort levels(average reduced human comfort index of 0.92)except during the winter.     

砂土与混凝土顶管界面摩擦特性试验研究

为了揭示不同工况下混凝土顶管-砂土接触面剪切摩擦特性,确定管土、管浆摩擦系数,为顶管施工参数的选取及顶进力的计算提供指导与参考。采用直剪试验研究了5种砂土在不同法向压力、不同剪切速率及不同润滑状态下与混凝土管接触面的摩擦特性。试验结果表明:随着砂土颗粒粒径的增加,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切应力稳定值降低。随着法向应力的增加,砂土界面剪切应力达到峰值或稳定值时的剪切位移增加,同时界面剪切应力-剪切位移曲线的应变软化特性逐渐减弱,应变硬化趋势逐渐增强。无润滑条件下,随着法向应力的增加,剪切应力稳定值增量基本保持稳定或略有降低,泥浆润滑条件下,剪切应力稳定值增量增大;在较低法向压力下剪切速率对砂土剪切应力的影响较小;泥浆润滑条件下,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切应力可降低70%~80%,随着法向应力的增加,润滑效果降低。      

温泉台体应变观测的影响因素及特征分析

为定量估计观测序列所包含的各种成分,评定台站的观测环境、观测质量及对地形变的监测能力,加深对观测数据的理解,准确识别震前异常,以温泉台体应变为例,选择体应变、辅助观测及气象三要素等观测数据,利用别尔采夫滤波、小波分析和相关性分析等方法,分析温泉台体应变观测各周期变化的影响因素及特征。结果表明：1）温泉台体应变年周期变化的影响因素可能为钻孔水位,体应变相位滞后水位约31 d;2）气压是温泉台体应变月波的主要影响因素;3）固体潮汐是温泉台体应变日波、半日波的主要影响因素;4）温泉台体应变与水位、气压、固体潮汐等具有较强的线性相关性。     

稀有金属伟晶岩过度冷却与侵位之关系——基于野外地质观察及年代学的思考

稀有金属伟晶岩的结晶过程是认识其成矿作用的重要方面。前人利用冷却模型所推测出的侵入变质围岩的伟晶岩冷却时间为几天至几千年,但对侵位于花岗岩中伟晶岩的结晶过程缺乏相关研究。基于此,对新疆大喀拉苏及镜儿泉地区稀有金属伟晶岩的野外地质观察及年代学研究显示,两处伟晶岩的侵位模式不同,侵位时花岗岩围岩的温度有别。大喀拉苏1号伟晶岩(年龄为(248.4±2.1)~(228.4±0.3)Ma)主要侵位于较冷花岗岩围岩(年龄为(261.4±2.1)Ma)的席理面,边缘可能出现过度冷却。最新铌钽铁矿U-Pb年代学显示,镜儿泉1号锂辉石伟晶岩形成时代为(250.8±1.0)Ma,熔体侵位于温度较高的花岗岩(年龄为(252.9±1.9)Ma)内部断层,其冷却结晶受花岗岩温度及区域地热梯度制约,冷却时间可能超过3 Ma。综上所述,过度冷却模型的适用性、铌钽铁矿U-Pb同位素体系的封闭温度都需要进一步研究,以解释同位素年龄与冷却模型所得结晶时间的显著差异。     

Effect of soil salinity on cold tolerance of mangrove Kandelia candel

Analysis of cold tolerance on mangroveKandelia candel leaf growing in different soil salinity along Jiulong River Estuary in South China showed that the cold tolerance decreased as the increase of soil salinity. The lethal temperatures ofK. candel leaf were −10.4, −9.9 and −8.6 °C in Liaodong, Baijiao and Aotou, respectively. Under 1–2°C cold stress treatment on detached leaves ofK. candel, their caloric value gradually decreased, while electrolyte leakage gradually increased. The leaf's caloric value and electrolyte leakage in Aotou with higher soil salinity varied more largely than those in Liaodong with lower soil salinity. InK. candel leaf, total water content lowered a little, bound water content rose significantly and free water content dropped significantly with duration of cold stress. At the same time, reduction sugar, soluble sugar and starch content gradually decreased and sucrose content gradually increased. Bound water, free water and sucrose content inK. candel leaf from Aotou with higher soil salinity changed more slowly than those from Liaodong with lower soil salinity, but reduction sugar, soluble sugar and starch content inK. candel leaf from Aotou had faster variations than those from Liaodong. These data indicated that soil salinity can reduce cold tolerance ofK. candel leaf by increasing negative effect of salt ions in cell membrane, inhibiting variations of water content, and aggravating consumption of material and energy. Supported by the Found for Outstanding Young Teacher, the Ministry of Education, China.     

PLASMA CORTISOL AND GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE STRIPED MULLET (MUGIL CEPHALUS L.) SUBJECTED TO INTENSE HANDLING STRESS

The plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were determined in mature female striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L . ) subjected to short term intense handling stress . The results indicated that plasma cortisol levels reached a peak 20 min after stress and declined gradually afterwards . The highest concentration of plasma glucose was observed 30 min after stress . The present study showed that the rise of plasma glucose was associated with the plasma cortisol levels .     

Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations in the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) subjected to intense handling stress

The plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were determined in mature female striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) subjected to short term intense handling stress. The results indicated that plasma cortisol levels reached a peak 20 min after stress and declined gradually afterwards. The highest concentration of plasma glucose was observed 30 min after stress. The present study showed that the rise of plasma glucose was associated with the plasma cortisol levels.     

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.     

压力及温度对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特征的影响实验

碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值,系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩,开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验,分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明:饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中,声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内,随着温度逐渐升高,饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时,通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度,当差应力较高时,结论相反。相同差应力条件下,声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大,孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降,随着围压增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大,随着温度逐渐升高,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大。研究结果有助于基于测井声波信息开展碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测相关理论研究及工程应用。      

The South China Sea throughflow: linkage with local monsoon system and impact on upper thermal structure of the ocean

The tendency of South China Sea throughflow (SCSTF) variation associated with the local monsoon system, and its impact on upper-layer thermal structure, are studied using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) dataset, combined with Ishii reanalysis data. Luzon Strait Transport (LST) is measured and used as an index for studying the SCSTF variation. Results show that LST had an increasing tendency over the last 50 years, mainly in summer and fall. The increasing tendency was 0.017 1 Sv/a in summer and 0.027 4 Sv/a in fall, as estimated by SODA, and 0.018 0Sv/a in summer and 0.018 9 Sv/a in fall, as estimated by "Island Rule" theory. LST increased by 0.53Sv in JJA (June-July-August) and 0.98Sv in SON (September-October-November) after climate shift, as inferred by SODA data. The average LST anomaly in JJA and SON is strongly related to the local monsoon system, especially to variability of the meridional wind stress anomaly after application of a 3-year running mean, with correlation coefficients 0.57 and 0.51, respectively. In addition to the basin-scale wind forcing, the local northeasterly wind stress anomaly in the SCS can push Pacific water entering the SCS more readily in JJA and SON after climate shift, and an SCSTF-associated cooling effect may favor subsurface cooling more frequently after climate shift.     

Burris型重力仪温度特性研究

通过对多台Burris型相对重力仪实施不同时长的断电、再通电后进行静置测量，研究该型仪器的温度特性。在温度约为14 ℃的地下室内，长时间断电冷却后，Burris型相对重力仪需要125 min才能达到恒温点(仪器不再提示温度不足)，通电65 h后零漂率仍然大于0.005×10-5 m·s-2/h，110 h后仪器的零漂才能达到地震观测仪器进网要求的小于0.003×10-5 m·s-2/h。在相同条件下，对3台Burris型重力仪分别实施15 min、2 h、24 h较短时间冷却、再通电，静置测量数据表明，在升温过程中，重力仪读数过程为先大幅减小后小幅增大再变小至稳定，绝对变化率先减小后少量增大再变小；不同冷却时间既影响仪器到达恒温点需要的时间，也影响仪器读数稳定的时间。15 min的断电需要大约1 h的加热过程才能使读数稳定；仪器到达恒温点后读数仍在快速变化中，且仪器读数变化中的最小值出现在到达恒温点后；断电可能会影响再通电仪器读数稳定后在短时间内的观测精度。     

干热岩勘查评价指标与形成条件

干热岩具有利用率高、无污染、储量巨大、分布较广、持续稳定、安全性好等特点,被全球公认为在21世纪能够取代化石能源的一种最优质的、可再生的新型清洁能源。目前对于干热岩的成因机理还没有定论,而对于干热岩的勘探寻找、远景区的圈定以及资源评价也有不同的观点,为了有利于干热岩勘探开发,本文在综述前人研究工作基础上,总结归纳了干热岩勘查评价指标,几个重要的指标及其特征如下。第一个指标是岩石圈厚度和莫霍面埋深,岩石圈厚度较小并且莫霍面埋深比较浅,是评价干热岩远景区的一个重要指标。莫霍面埋深较浅指示深部热源（幔源热）更加接近地表,故埋深较浅（较薄的厚度）并具有上隆的特征有利于深部的热量向上传导,为干热岩的孕热环境提供良好的条件。第二个指标是居里等温面,埋深较浅的居里等温面是干热岩远景区一个重要的评价指标。居里等温面是地球内部一个非常特殊的温度（热物质）界面,它不仅能指示地下温度场的分布特征,还可指示地壳深部热能分布特征,对干热岩及地震的成因研究具有十分重要的意义;如果居里面埋深较浅,则热量传导到地表的距离比较短,深部的热流活动更容易向地表传送,不仅是有利的高温干热岩孕热环境,也有利于储存的热能快速向上传导。第三个指标为地温梯度,地温梯度较大是寻找干热岩远景区的一个重要指标;如果一个地区具有较高的地温梯度（≥ 35℃/km）,则随着深度的增加深部的地温增加较快,在相对较浅的地方就可以获得温度较高的岩石体。第四个指标是大地热流,大地热流值较大（≥ 75 mW/m2）就指示地球深部有存在高温岩石体的可能;大地热流是地温场的综合性热参数,能够准确地反映区域内的地温场特征。第五个指标是新构造运动,这也是人们寻找干热岩时容易忽略的一个重要指标。新构造运动包括火山、地震及活动断裂构造等。地震和火山是极具破坏性的自然灾害,两者的发生都表明了地球内部的热能汇聚到一定程度,从而打破了地球内部平衡状态而以地震或火山的形式把热量进行释放的地球系统行为。该指标中,如地震震级大（>3级）、震源深度浅（10~15 km）、频度大,火山活动时间新（活火山、休眠火山、中新世以来的死火山）规模大都说明地球深部存在不稳定的高热状态,易形成干热岩;如果能提前找到该区域的干热岩,可以先取出其中的热,那么地震和火山就有可能不会发生,这样可以达到取热减灾减排的作用。活动的深大断裂即能产生一部分热,也能将深部的热传输到浅部,尤其是活动性强的走滑拉张断裂,其深部具有韧性剪切特征,直接指示了深部的高温体的存在。第六个指标是高温温泉与气田等。温泉、气田的形成通常与深部的热储关系密切,一般认为地下水沿某个通道向下渗透接触到深部高温热储被加热后再沿某一通道流出地表而形成温泉;所以,温泉的出露指示了深部存在高温的岩石体（干热岩）;区域地温场异常明显,地表热泉等高温水热型地热田较密集的区域有望在深部寻找到干热岩,这也是一种就热（水热）找热（干热）的常规方法。作为固体矿产资源的干热岩,其形成具备四个必要条件:源、通、储、盖。第一个条件是要有丰富的动态热源如来源于深部地幔（幔源热）,来源于晚新生代活动的控热构造系统-活动的韧性剪切带,来源于地壳内的低速低阻体（中下地壳热）以及来源于高放射性中新生代花岗岩体（壳源热）。第二个条件是要有优良的导热通道,如壳内15~25 km低速层不仅是热源,同时具有将深部地幔热能向上传导的作用;软流圈地幔上隆时具活动性的深大断裂（深部具韧性特征、浅部具脆性特征）常常具有很好的导热功能;地壳浅表层次的脆性断裂系统往往不是干热岩的热通道,而是水热型地热能的导水、释热构造。第三个条件是要有巨大的储热岩石体,除埋深要适中（3~6 km）并具有较高温度（≥150℃）外,其规模要大（蕴含丰富的热能）,热导率大（>2 W/mK）,裂隙少（不含水或含少量不流动的水）;当然热储层可以是变质岩、岩浆岩,也可以为沉积岩。第四个条件是要有良好的保热盖层,盖层（被子）导热率低（< 2 W/mK）、厚度适中（>1 km）（具有良好的保温效果）,地温梯度高（≥40℃/km）、大地热流值高（≥70 mW/m2）（指示深部存在高温特征）是深部赋存有高温地热资源的必要条件。      

莺歌海盆地泥底辟带高温热事件与储层成岩作用

为了探讨莺歌海盆地泥底辟带的高温热事件与储层成岩作用的关系,以泥底辟带的形成、演化特征为切入点,通过薄片、探针、流体组分及包裹体等资料寻找泥底辟带与底辟事件相关热流体活动存在的依据,总结分析了其形成期次,研究了与热流体活动有关的主要成岩作用。研究结果表明,泥底辟带储层中存在高温矿物组合,地层水中的钙、镁离子质量浓度和天然气中的二氧化碳体积分数均高于非泥底辟带;包裹体测试古地温高于现今温度,古地温的分布及其中的流体成分显示热液活动具有期次性;泥底辟带较非泥底辟带,地层水中二氧化碳溶蚀长石、碳酸盐等物质生成的K+、Ca2+和HCO-₃质量浓度高;长石溶孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔等次生孔隙发育,占总孔隙比例较高,溶蚀作用较强;泥底辟带储层中的碳酸盐岩胶结物体积分数高,胶结作用相对发育;泥底辟带主要存在3期热流体活动,与之有关的影响储层质量的成岩作用主要有溶蚀作用和胶结作用。      

Transcriptome Analysis of Crassostrea sikamea (♀) × Crassostrea gigas (♂) Hybrids Under and After Thermal Stress

Crossbreeding is an effective approach to manage the genetic decline in aquaculture.One-way hybrids of Crassostrea sikamea(♀)and Crassostrea gigas(♂)have advantages in growth traits and adaptation to high temperature.Here,we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the molecular processes in the hybrids under and after thermal stress.The hybrids were cultured in the seawater with an increasing temperature from 25℃to 40℃during 10 hours,which is regarded as the thermal stress stage.Then the temperature decreased from 40℃to 25℃within 2 h,which is regarded as the recovery stage.In this study,1293 significant diffe-rentially expressed genes(DEGs)were obtained under thermal stress,of which 576 were upregulated and 717 were downregulated,and 740 significant differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were obtained in the recovery stage,of which the number of upregulated and downregulated genes was 409 and 331,respectively.The antigen processing and presentation,NOD-like,and NF-kappa B path-ways were significantly enriched during the thermal stress stage.The MAPK and PPAR signaling pathways were significantly enrich-ed during the recovery stage.The HSP70,HSP90,and CANX genes were strongly and rapidly upregulated in the control/thermal stress groups but were slightly less upregulated in the thermal stress/recovery group.These results indicate that the innate immune system or nonspecific immunity was deployed to protect interior tissues from thermal stress.In addition,85%of the mutual DEGs were involved in bidirectional regulation(up/down or down/up)when the oysters were removed from the thermal stress to recover.This study provides preliminary insight into the molecular response of C.sikamea(♀)and C.gigas(♂)hybrids to thermal stress and provides a basis for future studies on temperature-adaptation and the possible expansion of hybrid breeding.     

融雪条件下新疆伊犁谷地黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度

为研究融雪作用下黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度,以新疆伊犁谷地某黄土-卵砾石接触面滑坡为例,通过自制模具,制作黄土-卵砾石接触面环剪试样,开展不同含水率黄土-卵砾石接触面环剪试验,并通过扫描电镜（SEM）,从微观结构角度探究水对黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度的影响。试验结果表明:黄土-卵砾石接触面抗剪强度随着含水率的增加而减小,剪切过程中存在应变软化现象,随着正应力及含水量的增加,应变软化现象越不明显;黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,且存在较好的线性关系,符合摩尔库伦强度准则;黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度参数随着含水率的增加而降低,以含水率w=18%为界（塑限含水率19.1%附近）,当含水率为10%~18%时,残余内摩擦角φ_r变化较小（Δφ_r=5.4°）,当含水率为18%~26%时,残余内摩擦角φ_r变化较大（Δφ_r=9.0°）;微观结构方面,随着含水率的增加,黄土-卵砾石接触面形成软化"泥膜",部分填充了卵砾石凹凸部分,剪切面较为光滑,在剪切过程中,黏粒更加分散,附着在黄土颗粒表面,部分填充孔隙,起润滑作用,降低了残余强度。本文的研究成果可以为新疆伊犁谷地黄土-卵砾石接触面型滑坡形成机理研究及工程防治提供科学参考。