Facies-controlled volcanic reservoirs of northern Songliao Basin, NE China

Volcanic rocks of the late Mesozoic are very important reservoirs for the commercial natural gases including hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and rare gases in the northern Songliao Basin. The reservoir volcanic rocks include rhyolite,andesite, trachyte, basalt and tuff. Facies of the volcanic rocks can be classified into 5 categories and 15 special types.Porosity and permeability of the volcanic reservoirs are facies-controlled. Commercial reservoirs were commonly found among the following volcanic subfacies: volcanic neck (Ⅰ1), underground-explosive breccia (Ⅰ3), pyroclastic-bearing lava flow (Ⅱ3), upper effusive (Ⅲ3) and inner extrusive ones (Ⅳ1). The best volcanic reservoirs are generally evolved in the interbedded explosive and effusive volcanics. Rhyolites show in general better reservoir features than other types of rocks do.     

内蒙古东南部开鲁盆地龙湾筒九佛堂组火山岩地质特征

开鲁盆地为陆相火山岩盆地。勘探结果表明，在陆相火山岩盆地中获得了工业油流，为寻找石油油藏开辟了新途径。龙湾筒凹陷的火山岩以火山熔岩、火山碎屑沉积岩为主，根据岩石特征，可划分为三种岩相：溢流相、火山爆发相和火山沉积相。溢流相以熔岩为主，包括安山岩、粗面岩、粗安岩、玄武岩和玄武安山岩；火山爆发相岩石包括火山角砾岩和凝灰岩；火山沉积岩相岩石包括凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质泥岩。依据火山岩相划分，结合火山岩测井和地震反射特征，对龙湾筒凹陷火山岩纵向上的变化和平面上的展布进行了讨论，特别是对储集性能好的溢流相岩石进行了圈定。     

Methane-rich fluid inclusions and their hosting volcanic reservoir rocks of the Songliao Basin, NE China

Methane-rich fluids were recognized to be hosted in the reservoir volcanic rocks as primary inclusions.Samples were collected from core-drillings of volcanic gas reservoirs with reversed δ12C of alkane in the Xujiaweizi depression of the Songliao Basin. The volcanic rocks are rhyolite dominant being enriched in the more incompatible elements like Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U and Th with relative high LREE, depleted HREE and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb,suggesting a melt involving both in mantle source and crustal assimilation. Primary fluids hosted in the volcanic rocks should have the same provenance with the magma. The authors concluded that the enclosed CH4 in the volcanics are mantle/magma-derived alkane and the reversed δ13C of alkane in the corresponding gas reservoirs is partly resulted from mixture between biogenic and abiogenic gases.     

Volcanic edifices of Yingcheng Formation in Changling fault depression of Songliao Basin and their seismic identification

Volcanic edifices play an important role in controlling the spatial distribution of volcanic reservoirs . Taking the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation as an example , the types of volcanic formations , seismic attributes and reservoir characteristics are studied in detail using drill cores and logging and seismic data .A volcanic edifice model is established .On the basis of lithology and internal flow unit , the volcanic edifices can be divided into 4 types , including acidic lava volcanic edifices ( single flow units and composite flow units ) , rhyolitic lava debris volcanic edifices , and basaltic lava volcanic edifices .Among these types , the acidic lava volcanic edifices ( single flow unit ) consist of a single lava flow unit , and the seismic profile is characterized by a hill-like blank reflection .Additionally, this type of edifice shows a contiguous petal-like pattern in the wave-form classification chart .The acidic lava volcanic edifices ( composite unit ) consist of several acidic lava domes and plate-like lava flows , and the seismic section is a combination of parallel and hill-like reflections .This type shows noise and short-line clutter in the waveform classification diagram .The rhyolitic lava debris volcanic edi-fices have multiple layers of stacked volcanic debris .The seismic section features a draping continuous parallel reflection over a large area , and this type of edifice is characterized by a ripple pattern in the waveform classifi-cation diagram .The basaltic lava volcanic structural seismic section shows a large area of parallel reflectors . The waveform classification phase diagram shows a single and continuous distribution .The volcanic edifices with better physical properties have the following characteristics : the primary porosity belt is well developed , the units in the volcanic edifices are superimposed , and the volcanic structure is not integrated .Acidic compos-ite flow unit volcanic reservoirs have the best physical properties , and the acidic single flow unit volcanic reser-voirs are the worst .This study provided some reference for volcanic exploration and reservoir study in areas with few or no wells .     

西湖凹陷天台斜坡带火山机构三维雕刻及成因机制解析

西湖凹陷天台斜坡区火成岩发育尤为丰富,其发育与分布对盆内储层改造、构造演化都有着重要影响。依据区内地震特征和构造环境,划分出中心式、裂隙式2种喷发类型;采用振幅－方差体地震属性分级－拾取－融合技术,系统刻画区内火成岩的三维时空展布以及火山喷发时期,发现区内火成岩具有始新世至中新世多期间歇性发育特征,且火山机构富集于天台斜坡西南部;在区内建立了中心式和裂隙式2种喷发模式,认为这些模式的建立对于正确预测火成岩的分布具有重要意义;最后对火成岩的成因机制进行了解析与探讨,发现区内火山活动与板块构造运动相互影响、火山的时空展布与断裂也具有一定的配置关系,认为裂隙式喷发可能会形成优势的油气运移通道,中心式喷发则有利于形成良好的储集空间。基于此,我们将更容易找到区内有效的火成岩储层,对油气勘探具有重要的指示作用。      

西祁连清水沟地区火山岩岩石学特征及旋回研究

西祁连当金山清水沟一带的寒武纪火山岩发育在寒武纪拉配泉岩群火山岩组。对该火山岩分布特征和岩石学特征进行了研究,划分了3类火山岩岩相:爆发相、沉积相、喷溢相,并对火山岩喷发旋回进行了研究,揭示了当金山地区地层演化特征,对火山岩区域对比及火山机构恢复具有一定的指导意义。     

Geologic Features of Wangjiatun Deep Gas Reservoirs of Volcanic Rock in Songliao Basin

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷａｎｇｊｉａｔｕｎｇａｓｐｏｏｌｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄａｔｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｐａｒｔｏｆＸｕｊｉａｗｅｉｚｉｉｎＳｏｎｇｌｉａｏｂａｓｉｎ(Ｆｉｇ .1 ) .Ｄｒｉｌｌｉｎｇｓｔａｒｔｅｄｉｎ 1 995 .Ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｇａｓｆｌｏｗｈａ     

Geologic Features of Wangjiatun Deep Gas Reservoirs of Volcanic Rock in Songliao Basin

Wangjiatun gas pool is located at the north part of Xujiaweizi in Songliao basin. Commercial gas flow has been found in the intermediate and acid volcanic rock of upper Jurassic - lower Cretaceous, which makes a breakthrough in deep nature gas prospecting in Songliao basin. The deep natural gas entrapment regularity is discussed in the paper by the study of deep strata, structure and reservoir. Andesite, rhyolite and little pyroclastic rock are the main reservoirs. There are two types of volcanic reservoir space assemblage in this area: the pore and fissure and the pure fissure. Changes had taken place for volcanic reservoir space during long geologic time, which was controlled by tectonic movement and geologic environment.The developed degree of reservoir space was controlled by tectonic movement, weathering and filtering, corrosion and Filling. There are three types of source- reservoir-caprock assemblage in this area: lower source- upper reservoir model,upper source - lower reservoir model and lateral change model. Mudstone in Dengluoku formation and the compacted volcanic rock of upper Jurassic - lower Cretaceous are the caprock for deep gas reservoirs. Dark mudstone of deep lacustrine facies in Shahezi formation and lower part of Dengluoku formation are the source rock of deep gas. It can be concluded that deep gas pools are mainly volcanic lithologic reservoirs.     

Gas accumulation mechanism in Denglouku Formation of Changling fault depression,southern Songliao Basin,China

The Changling gas field is occurs in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Lower Cretaceous Denglouku Formation in the Changling fault depression , southern Songliao Basin , China, which constitutes a new gas-pro-ducing area in the depression .Using information on the source-reservoir-cap rock assemblage of the Denglouku Formation, fault activity, and single well burial history of well CS 1, together with data on reservoir fluid inclu-sion and laser Raman spectroscopy , we described the formation of the Changling gas field and determine that this fault depression did not possess suitable conditions for hydrocarbon generation .Coal-derived methane gen-erated from underlying hydrocarbon source rock accumulated in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation .At the end of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Stage , underwater volcanic eruptions occurred in the northern part of the Changling gas field near Qian'an, resulting in the reactivation of deep faults .Mantle-sourced inorganic CO2 migrated along faults to hydrocarbon gas reservoirs in volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation ;Mean-while, displaced methane ( hydrocarbon gas ) migrated upward to sand reservoirs of the Denglouku Formation . The methane accumulated and formed secondary gas reservoirs ,Therefore fault activity was the main factor con-trolling the generation of gas reservoirs in the Denglouku Formation .The main accumulation period of the Yingcheng hydrocarbon gas reservoirs was 82 Ma.Whereas gas reservoir formation in the overlying Denglongku Formation was 79 Ma, slightly later than the time of formation of the Yingcheng gas reservoir in CS 1 well area. At 79 Ma, the burial depth of the Denglouku Formation was 1800-2000 m, the diagenesis is relatively weak and the physical properties of the reservoir are relatively favorable for accumulation .This period is not only at gas generation peak time of three sets of source rock but also at the reactivation of deep faults during the forma -tion of fault-bound depressions , thereby providing favorable conditions for the migration and accumulation of methane .     

广西贵港市龙头山火山—次火山岩型金矿床地质特征

本文根据“七五”项目:《广西贵港市龙头山金矿床地质特征及找矿方向》的研究成果基础上撰写而成。文中侧重地论述了火山机构与矿床特征,并探讨了矿床成困。研究认为:矿床构造是一个晚中生代的残存火山颈机构。在其管道内的隐爆角砾岩、火山角砾岩、角砾熔岩、流纹斑岩和花岗斑岩等岩相带以及中酸性脉岩相,均属贫硅、富钾钙碱性系列的铝过饱和类岩石,是一套陆相中心式火山—次火山喷发—侵入岩系,属同源不同阶段的产物;该矿床金矿体受火山颈机构内的角砾状岩石及其内外接触带的断裂构造控制,多呈直立脉状,具有火山岩型与断裂充填型两类金矿化;成矿物质与流体主要源于火山岩浆喷气、热液,应属火山—次火山岩热液型金矿床。     

Recognition and Significance of Volcanic Rocks of the Anda Depression of the Songliao Basin in Jurassic-Cretaceous

In the northern Songliao Basin, volcanics are fre-quently found and related closely to tectonic activi-ties during Early Cretaceous. The lava is mainly erupted along deep faults and distributed along the margine of the faulted depression. In deep part of Xujiaweizi area, natural gas exploration has been very successful, such as in the well Wang 9-12, well Shengshen 101 and well Fangshen 9 which are all highly-yield gas wells. Anda fault depression is lo-cated in the north of Xujia…     

A study on accumulation and distribution of gas in southern Songliao Basin

A number of isolated fault sags in Late Jurassic--Early Cretaceous were developed in the early stage of southern Songliao Basin,and unified to a depression basin in the late stage.Therefore,multiple isolated lower petroliferous systems were formed with fault sags as source rocks.The source rocks of fault sags in Late Jurassic--Early Cretaceous were mainly described with gas generation as favorable source rocks,leading to the southern Songliao Basin rich in natural gas resources combined with organic gas resources in Nenjiang Formation.A number of tectonic movements in southern Songliao Basin led to the formation of abundant structural traps and complex fault systems,and controlled the distribution strata and positions of sources rocks in Late Jurassic--Early Cretaceous fault sags.The oil-gas reservoirs can be divided into two types,i.e.,primary and secondary ones.The primary oil-gas reservoirs were distributed in the fault sag strata and the bottom of overlying depression strata(lower Quan-1 Member).The oil-gas reservoir accumulation depended on the trap development situation and the distance from source rocks.The preservation conditions of oil-gas reservoirs depended on the degree of reconstruction in the late tectonism.The secondary oil-gas reservoirs were distribution in the Quantou Formation of depression strata,where oil and gas reservoir accumulation depended on three conditions,i.e.,trap development situation,deep gas sources and the fault to connect the shallow traps and deep gas sources.The southern Songliao Basin is rich in lower coal type gas,upper oil-gas and biogas resources,which are important resources in the future.     

鲁东即墨地区八亩地组火山岩及其内部砂岩特征

鲁东即墨地区广泛分布以安山岩、安山质集块角砾(熔)岩等为主的八亩地组中—基性火山岩,对应的八亩地旋回是区内火山岩的鼎盛期,包括了溢流相—爆发相—强爆发、溢流相交替—潜火山岩相侵位的全部活动过程。其内部的沉积相砂岩以肠状—团块状、夹层及脉状3种状态产出,对于了解八亩地组火山岩岩相特征,喷发序列及构造活动历史等具有一定的帮助作用。     

辽河群几种主要变质岩地球化学特征

辽河群主要由石英片岩,板岩-千枚岩、浅粒岩-变粒岩、斜长片麻岩组成。其中石英片岩、板岩-千枚岩和斜长片麻岩具有Si、Al,K相对偏高的特点,为Au、Pb、Zn、Ag、F等元素的主要荷载岩石。浅粒岩-变粒岩富集B、As、S、Zr、La、Pb、Ag、Ba等元素,为B的矿源体。这几种岩石稀土元素组成具有变质沉积岩的稀土分配特征。片岩、浅粒岩和变粒岩的原岩,主体为沉积岩,个别为火山岩,前者主要来源于大陆上部地壳;后者属上地幔或接近于大陆溢流玄武岩的物质经部分熔融的产物。其微量元素均可分为二大群,组合形式多不相同。     

陆相页岩油勘探“进源找油”探索与思考——以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙一段为例

基于源岩油气理论和“进源找油”思想,创建提出了陆相页岩油“六定”思路(定背景、定源岩、定储层、定区带、定资源、定甜点)勘探流程,剖析其地质特征及与常规勘探流程的显著差异,并以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙一段为例进行了论述。按“六定”思路地质评价认为,歧口凹陷在古近纪湖盆扩张和咸化环境下,半深湖—深湖、滨浅湖—湖湾相区分布广泛,发育了多个斜坡构造带,页岩油形成和聚集背景有利。沙一下亚段暗色泥岩、油页岩、富有机质页岩发育,厚度大,分布广,主体处于成熟生油阶段,生烃条件好。受内、外物源共同控制,沙一下亚段形成大面积分布的多期重力流沉积粉—细砂岩和泥—微晶白云岩储层,平均厚度为12.7~70.0 m,叠置发育,连片分布,整体呈低孔、特低—超低渗。沙一下亚段源储一体,发育4类源储配置,源储叠合区主要分布在凹陷中心、宽缓斜坡的中—低斜坡区和中斜坡区,纵向上浊积席状砂岩油层与白云岩油层叠置分布,并与高斜坡及裂缝带砂岩常规油藏横向连片。两类页岩油地质资源量合计中值为5.86×108 t,剩余资源占比大于60%,埋深适中,勘探潜力较大。沙一下亚段已有多口探井钻获工业油流,页岩油富集受构造、微相、成岩共同控制,发育致密砂岩、白云岩2类甜点体和4个甜点段,歧北低斜坡、歧南斜坡、板桥斜坡、歧北中斜坡是歧口凹陷近期勘探的有利甜点区。基于“进源找油”思想提出:需高度重视碳酸盐岩烃源岩生烃贡献和分布研究;应开拓一些“非常规思维”,探源岩(区)挖潜力、究储层找甜点、常规非常规结合立体综合勘探;要持续探索和重点攻关页岩油甜点区(段)识别和评价方法技术,解决选区评价面临的技术难题。     

A geochemical survey of thermal springs in western part of Republic of Yemen and their geothermometric characteristics

The high-mineral contents of some thermal waters are believed to have medicinal properties. Numerous spas and bathhouses might be built at these hot springs to take advantage of theses supposed healing properties such as skin diseases, rheumatism and so on. This paper is to find thermal reservoir and to classify the kinds of water. The majority of thermal springs are found discharging from igneous centers of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic fields of the western Yemen (research area). Structurally these volcanisms are connected to N-NW faults that are parallel to the main Red Sea trend. Temperature and pH values of the thermal spring range 37℃～96℃, and 6.3 ～8.7 respectively. The Yemeni thermal waters indicate high variability in composition since they are ofNa (K) -C1, Na-HCO3 and Ca (Mg) -SO4 types, whereas the surficial waters have the typical worldwide Ca (Mg) -HCO3 composition. Different liquid phase geothermometers,such as SiO2, K2/Mg and Na/K. Estimated reservoir temperatures ranging 70 ～ 140℃ perform equilibrium temperature evaluation of the thermal reservoirs.     

Recognition and Significance of Volcanic Rocks of the Anda Depression of the Songliao Basin in Jurassic-Cretaceous

A series of volcanic rocks were developed in the deep part of Anda faulting depression. The reflection of therocks are mainly stratiform and hummocky. Three kinds of volcanic facies, e.g. explosion facies, effusion facies andsub-volcanic facies,were recognized by different reflecting characteristics in the seismic profile. The volcanic rocks areformed during three episodes of volcanic activities from Shahezi Formation to Yingcheng Formation. The volcanismshave relation to the formation of Songliao Basin and regional tectonics of northeastern China. Some of the volcanic rocksare good oil and gas reservoirs.     

Reservoir Volcanic Rocks: Geology and Geochemistry, the Mesozoic Non-Marine Songliao Basin, NE China

The reservoir volcanic rocks in Songliao Basin include the Lower Cretaceous (Klyc Form., 114～135 Ma,acidic rocks) and the Upper Jurassic (J3hs Form., 145～158 Ma, intermediate rocks). Vesicles coupled with faults make the volcanic reservoir spaces which do not as badly getting worse with buried depth as those of sediments generally doing. The flood rhyolites of the Lower Cretaceous cover ca. 100 000 km2 with relict thickness from 100 m to more than 1000 m. They are high-silica, rich in aluminum and potassium, high REE contents with large negative Eu anomalies,thus believed also be formed by the large-scale sialic crust partial-melting. The andesitic rocks of the Upper Jurassic are rich in Al and K, but with lower REE contents and minor negative Eu anomalies, as well as dispersal patterns of HREE.They are believed to be produced by progressively shallower partial-melting where the fractionation of garnet and/or zircon may be involved. The most probable heat sources provided for the long-lasting volcanisms in the Songliao Basin is the subduction of the Okhotsk plate.     

Distribution and characteristics of volcanic reservoirs in China

About forty productive oil/gas fields hosted in volcanic reservoirs have been found since 1957 in fourteen basins of China. They can be simply subdivided into two groups, the east and the west. Reservoir volcanic rocks of the east group are predominantly composed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rhyolite and Tertiary basalt, preferred being considered as rift type volcanics developed in the circum-Pacific tectonic regime. Those of the west are Permo-Carboniferous intermediate/basic volcanic rocks, being island-arc type ones developed in paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime.     

时频电磁井震联合建模反演探测深部火山岩储层内幕结构: 渤海湾盆地LD地区实例研究

盆地深部火山岩储层地震受能量屏蔽影响反射杂乱,使得火山岩油气藏的勘探非常困难。针对深部火山岩储层多期叠置的复杂内幕结构,研究了最优偏移距、激发周期窗口的时频电磁采集技术和时频电磁井震联合建模反演及电性节律变化火山岩期次解释技术,有效提高了该方法的深层分辨率和对深层目标的识别能力。在渤海湾盆地LD地区的研究应用效果明显,结果揭示红星构造带沙三段火山岩喷发自下而上表现出"弱-强-强-弱-弱"的"两强三弱"的特征,发育两个火山岩喷发机构,共同控制了5个期次的火山岩储层相带分布;桃园构造带沙三段各期次火山岩喷发强度明显减弱,仅发育一个火山岩喷发机构,除期次3火山岩储层相带分布范围相对较大外,其他期次火山岩主要局限分布于火山口附近,以爆发相为主,规模明显减小。后续钻探结果证实时频电磁揭示的火山岩储层分布正确,并为该区油气大发现提供了有力支撑,为探测类似的复杂目标提供了成功范例与技术方法。