苏氏圆腹胚胎发育的初步观察

观察两批苏氏圆腹受精卵的胚胎发育,描述并记录胚胎发育各期的形态特征及发育时间。结果表明:苏氏圆腹成熟卵呈圆球形,淡黄色,富有光泽,卵黄分布均匀,相对密度略大于水,卵径0.93～1.11 mm,平均0.98±0.19 mm。受精卵吸水后呈微黏性,属黏性卵,卵膜略膨胀,卵径0.99～1.15 mm,平均1.08±0.27 mm。苏氏圆腹胚胎发育属于盘状卵裂,与其他淡水硬骨鱼类基本相似。其发育过程可分为:受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官分化期、出膜期和初孵仔鱼。在水温26±1℃的条件下,苏氏圆腹胚胎孵化历时24 h 45 min,总积温640.90 h.℃。初孵仔鱼体全长3.20～3.60 mm。     

鞍带石斑鱼人工繁殖及胚胎发育研究

为建立鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)人工繁殖技术,研究了鞍带石斑鱼亲鱼培育、催产及胚胎发育过程。根据性腺检查及催产结果,判定鞍带石斑鱼在广东的繁殖季节为每年的7-9月份,产卵水温在28~31℃。使用10~12尾雌鱼和3尾雄鱼搭配进行催产实验,亲鱼未出现发情和追尾现象,虽能产卵但均未受精,通过人工授精可得受精卵。对鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育进行了观察,详细描述从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的28个具体发育时期的形态特征和发育时间,结果表明,将鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温(27±0.5)℃、盐度31.0、pH 7.8的海水中,鞍带石斑鱼胚胎历时25 h 40 min完成整个胚胎发育孵化出膜。     

糙海参(Holothuria scabra)胚胎发育观察

对糙海参的胚胎发育至幼体发生进行显微观察。结果表明:受精45 min开始出现第一次卵裂,随后经过4、8、16等裂细胞,4 h后进入不等裂多细胞期,6 h后出现可游动囊胚期,10 h后进入原肠期,24～26 h成为耳状幼体。经历10～11 d的生长与发育,变态为樽形幼体,幼体经历由小变大再由大变小的过程。樽形幼体2～6 d后再次变态为较大体形的五触手幼体,开始转入底栖,五触手期2～8 d后,幼体最终以稚参形态附着下来。整个发育过程时间为16～25 d。     

云纹石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)远缘杂交后代发育与生长

【目的】研究云纹石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交子代胚胎发育与仔稚幼鱼生长特征。【方法】通过干法人工授精将云纹石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)进行种间杂交,连续取样观察和系统记录杂交子代的胚胎发育过程和仔稚幼鱼期的生长发育和形态变化,同时培育云纹石斑鱼纯种进行比较。【结果与结论】杂交子代受精卵发育经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期及出膜期,历时31 h 30 min完成胚胎发育。杂交子代的受精率为89.57%,孵化率为75.68%,受精率、孵化率均低于对照组(91.13%和87.59%);畸形率为24.55%,高于对照组(17.88%)。依据卵黄囊、背鳍第二鳍棘和腹鳍棘的伸长与收缩、体色的变化、鳞片的出现等特征将胚后发育分为仔鱼、稚鱼、幼鱼3个时期。孵化后33d仔鱼进入稚鱼期,孵化后60d稚鱼变态为幼鱼。与云纹石斑鱼纯种比较,杂交后子代生长快于后者,220日龄杂交子代全长(18.81±1.585)cm,体质量(9 173.42±3.537)g,均高于同期云纹石斑鱼纯种[全长(16.35±1.416)cm,体质量(110.80±2.379)g],杂交后代体色一致性较高,有明显的生长优势。     

弓背青鳉的胚胎发育及自发荧光观察

【目的】研究弓背青鳉(Oryziascurvinotus)胚胎各阶段的发育特点,观察其自发荧光。【方法】使用正置荧光显微镜对弓背青鳉受精到孵化出膜过程进行连续观察。【结果】弓背青鳉胚胎发育历时10～12d,发育过程分为受精卵激活期、受精卵胚盘形成期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期及孵化出膜期共8个时期;根据各时期胚盘形成、体节数量、器官发生、胚体大小和运动等特征的变化,进一步细分为35个阶段。其自发荧光主要开始出现于12肌节期,由虹彩细胞团内的物质在激发光下产生,主要分布于脑与脊索背面的皮肤表层。     

栉江珧受精过程的细胞学研究

采用阴干、温差刺激诱导栉江珧亲贝排放和解剖亲贝获取精卵,授精后,通过连续取样直接镜检和卡诺液固定、Giemsa染色后观察,以研究栉江珧受精过程的细胞及染色体变化。结果表明,栉江珧成熟或接近成熟的卵,大多停留在第一次成熟分裂的前中期,接触海水后,进一步发育至中期。通常在26℃的海水中,授精后20min和35min,分别排出第一和第二极体。大约在授精后45min,雌雄原核融合,受精卵开始第一次卵裂。研究还表明,氨海水具有十分明显刺激卵内物质运动和促进卵细胞成熟的作用。     

鲫鲤杂交一代（F_1）自交的受精细胞学观察

采用人工催产、波恩氏液固定、石蜡切片和Ｈ·Ｅ染色等方法，研究了杂交一代（Ｆ１）自交的受精细胞学过程。结果表明，鲫鲤杂交一代自交时有正常的受精细胞学过程。受精后，卵子完成第二次成熟分裂，排出第二极体；１５ｍｉｎ，雌雄性原核形成，２０ｍｉｎ，两性原核完全融合，形成二倍体的合子，４０ｍｉｎ，开始进行卵裂；１ｈ，两个分裂球出现，本实验为Ｆ２代是二倍体提供了证据。     

施氏獭蛤室内规模化人工育苗技术研究

为解决施氏獭蛤天然种苗匮乏和人工育苗技术尚不成熟的问题,促进其产业发展,于2013年开展了施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii Reeve)室内规模化人工育苗技术研究。采用池底铺沙,饵料以单胞藻为主,并辅以鸡蛋黄和淀粉,施氏獭蛤亲贝存活率89.7%,雄贝和雌贝性腺成熟率分别为89.1%和78.7%,亲贝产卵量126万粒/个,受精率达到93.4%。在水温25.5~26.5℃,盐度27.3~28.5条件下,施氏獭蛤受精后15 min和25 min分别释放第一极体和第二极体,受精后35 min达到2细胞期,约4 h 40 min形成原肠胚期,6 h 25 min形成担轮幼虫,受精后14 h进入面盘幼虫期。投喂不同的开口饵料,施氏獭蛤面盘幼虫生长速率不同。单独投喂湛江等边金藻、湛江等边金藻+小球藻和单独投喂小球藻,5日龄幼虫壳长分别为130、118和105μm,说明单独投喂湛江等边金藻培育效果最好。湛江等鞭金藻+小球藻、小球藻+牟氏角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻+湛江等鞭金藻、湛江等鞭金藻+亚心形扁藻等不同饵料组合对施氏獭蛤幼虫和稚贝生长影响均差异显著(P0.05),其中小球藻+牟氏角毛藻组合培育幼虫效果最佳,而湛江等鞭金藻+亚心形扁藻培育稚贝效果最好。不同附着基对施氏獭蛤幼虫的生长和存活产生显著影响(P0.05)。采用遮光网、聚乙烯网片、细砂、河口沉积泥和附着板5种附着基,考察幼虫生长和存活两个指标,结果表明,附着板效果最好。通过两批生产性育苗,亲贝的催产率达到90%,浮游幼虫平均存活率为84.3%,培育出壳长为2.5~3.0 mm的稚贝3 180万粒,平均稚贝育成率达到33.1%。     

波纹龙虾胚胎的离体培养及发育观察

对波纹龙虾不同发育时期的胚胎进行离体培养和显微观察。结果表明,初始培育的离体胚胎愈接近孵化期,其孵化率愈高(最高达80.0%);波纹龙虾胚胎发育经历受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、中眼色素形成期、复眼色素形成期、心跳期、破膜前期和出膜期;胚胎在发育过程中颜色变化:橙红→深橙红→砖红→灰白→接近透明。     

泰国虎纹蛙与中国虎纹蛙早期胚胎发育比较研究

比较了泰国虎纹蛙与中国虎纹蛙在控温条件下的胚胎发育过程。结果表明:两亚种蛙在右鳃封闭期与鳃盖完成期之间有明显的"角质颌出现"的特征,因而在传统分期的基础上增加了一个"角质颌出现期",从而将两者自受精卵开始到鳃盖完成期为止划分为26个时期;两亚种蛙大部分发育时期外形特征基本相同,但八细胞期细胞的排列方式,两亚种蛙神经褶期的神经沟形状、纤毛出现期的神经褶棱高度等均不同;泰国虎纹蛙的发育速度较快,自受精卵期到鳃盖完成期共耗时70.4h,中国虎纹蛙在相同的条件下则需92.5h,但在四细胞期、八细胞期、神经管期和尾芽期,泰国虎纹蛙的发育速度却较中国虎纹蛙慢。     

Embryology of Maldives clownfish, Amphiprion nigripes (Amphiprioninae)

This study investigated the embryonic development of Maldives clownfish Amphiprion nigripes under natural conditions (28 - 30℃) at a lagoon of Agatti Island, Lakshadweep, India. The newly deposited fish egg was capsule-shaped and orange-red, with a (0.73 ± 0.04) mm3 yolk containing 5 - 10 fat globules. The embryonic development of fertilized eggs was divided into 26 stages and the time elapsing for each stage was recorded. Results showed that the cleavage was rapid, with the first division observed 1 h 20 min after fertilization. Blastulation occurred 4 h later, followed by gastrulation 12 h after fertilization, with a yolk volume of (0.61 ± 0.06) mm3. The organogenesis process started 22 h after fertilization when the blastopores closed and notochord formation began. The embryonic stage was recorded 24 h later, with the appearance of forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, melanophores on yolk-sac and 22 somites, and a decreased yolk volume of (0.54 ± 0.08) mm3. Other organs developed well 31 h after fertilization, whereas the heart started beating and blood circulation began 78 h later. Red pigmentation (erytrophores) appeared 96 h after fertilization, with a small yolk volume of (0.22 ± 0.02) mm3. Mouth developed well and eyes were noticeable 120 h later, with head, pectoral fin and tail frequently moving 144 h after fertilization. The embryo reached the pre-hatching stage 168 h later and started to hatch after 170 - 180 h incubation. This study first detailed the embryonic development and yolk absorption of A. nigripes under natural conditions.     

Embryonic and larval development in barfin flounder Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert)

Broodstock of Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) aged 3–4 years old were selected, and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization, and the development of embryos, larvae and juveniles was observed continuously. The results showed that the fertilized eggs of V. moseri were spherical, with transparent yolk and homogeneous bioplasm, and had no oil globule inside. The average diameter of the eggs was 1.77±0.02 mm. The eggs of V. moseri were buoyant in water with salinity above 35. The cleavage type was typical discoidal. Young pigment cells appeared when olfactory plates began to form. Hatching occurred at 187 h after fertilization at a water temperature of 8.5°C. The newly hatched larvae, floating on the water surface, were transparent with an average total length of 4.69±0.15 mm. During the cultivation period, when the water temperature was raised from 9 to 14.5°C, 4-day old larvae showed more melanophores on the body surface, making the larvae gray in color. The pectoral fins began to develop, which enabled the larvae to swim horizontally and in a lively manner. On days 7–8, the digestive duct formed. The yolk sac was small and black. The yolk sac was absorbed on day 11. Larvae took food actively, and body length and body height clearly increased. The rudiments of dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores were discernible and caudal fin ray elements formed on day 19. On day 24, the larval notochord flexed upwards, and the rays of unpaired fins began to differentiate. Pigment cells converged on the dorsal and anal fin rays, and the mastoid teeth on the mandible appeared. On day 29, the left eyes of juveniles began to move upwards. Depigmentation began in some juveniles and they became sandy brown in color on day 37. Most juveniles began to settle on the bottom of the tank. The left eyes of juveniles migrated completely to the right side on day 50, when the average body length attained 2.5±0.18 cm, and juveniles accomplished metamorphosis to young. The embryonic and larval characters of several flounder species are compared.     

Embryonic development of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco （Richardson, 1846）

1 INTRODUCTION Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson, 1846) or yellow catfish is slender and scaleless with a gently sloping dorsal profile from anterior to posterior. It is generally black-brown to black-yellow on the back, light yellow on the belly, with …     

Chromosome Behavior of Heat Shock Induced Triploid in Fenneropenaeus Chinensis

INTRODUCTIONTriploidanimalsareusefulbecausetheyaresterile ,characterizedbypositivegrowthinthere productiveseason ,usefulfortesting ,forintroductionofnon nativespecies ,andforprotectionofde velopedstrains.Theinductionoftriploidyhadbeenreportedinmanyaquaculturespecies .Triploidshavebeensuccessfullyinducedinshrimpusingtemperatureshockorchemicalshock (CB ,6 DMAP)in 4species :Sicyoniaingentis (Xiangetal.,1 991 ) ,Fenneropenaeuschinensis (Xiangetal.,1 992 ;Daietal.,1 993;Baoetal.,1 993;Li…     

Embryonic and larval development in barfin flounder Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert)

Broodstock of Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) aged 3-4 years old were selected,and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions.Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization,and the development of embryos,larvae and juveniles was observed continuously.The results showed that the fertilized eggs of V.moseri were spherical,with transparent yolk and homogeneous bioplasm,and had no oil globule inside.The average diamete...     

Chromosome behavior of heat shock induced triploid in Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Triploidy was induced in Chinese shrimpFenneropenaeus chinensis by 30±0.5°C heat shock treatment (initiated at 20 min after fertilization) for 10 min to inhibit the release of PB2 at 18.0°C. The highest triploid rate obtained was 84.5% in nauplius stage. The effect of heat shock treatment on meiosis and cleavage of eggs was investigated in this work aimed to establish efficient procedures for triploid induction and to gain understanding of the mechanism of triploid production. Three pronuclei that could be observed in the treated eggs under fluorescence microscope developed into triploid embryos. Some abnormal chromosome behavior was observed in heat shocked eggs. Contribution No. 4407 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work was supported by Project under Major State Basic Development Program (G1999012009) and Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX 2-211)