平原地区高潜水位采煤塌陷综合治理研究——以兖州煤田为例

煤炭资源的开采引发了采煤塌陷、农田损毁、生态破坏、农民失地等后果,给矿区带来了一系列经济、社会、环境问题。该文以兖州煤田为例,对平原地区高潜水位条件下煤炭开采引起的地表塌陷现状进行调查,充分掌握了塌陷区土地利用现状、塌陷区稳沉状况及破坏现状。分析了兖州煤田采煤塌陷区的土地损毁特点,研究了塌陷区综合治理的手段和方法,针对性地提出了高潜水位地区采煤塌陷综合治理的途径,为采煤塌陷区的规划治理提供了参考。     

汉江中游典型小流域土壤有效锌空间变异特征及评价

为了评价汉江中游典型小流域土壤有效锌的分布特征,利用网格法分3层在余姐河小流域采集土样,共采集207个样点。基于地统计学方法和Kriging插值法,结合坡向对土壤有效锌含量空间变异特征进行研究,并进行了丰缺评价。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,土壤有效锌含量逐渐降低;经方差检验,仅0~10cm土层土壤有效锌含量存在显著性差异;林地0~10、20~40cm土层土壤有效锌含量与坡向呈显著正相关关系;草地0~10cm土层土壤有效锌含量与坡向呈显著负相关关系,10~20、20~40cm土层呈极显著负相关关系;该流域0~10cm土壤有效锌储量为45.42kg,土壤有效锌储量从大到小依次为林地、农地、草地;根据土壤有效态微量元素平均密度综合评价指数,该流域土壤有效锌处于丰富水平。     

毛乌素沙地中部不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征

通过对位于毛乌素沙地中部的乌审旗地区进行实地考察采样和室内试验测试分析,研究了裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘及乔木覆盖沙丘在迎风坡、背风坡和丘间洼地3种微地貌类型下0~4m深度内土壤水分的变化及分布特征。结果表明:灌木覆盖沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘微地貌平均土壤含水量从大到小依次为丘间洼地、迎风坡、背风坡;裸露流动沙丘丘间洼地平均土壤含水量较高,但迎风坡和背风坡平均土壤含水量变化无明显规律;不同类型沙丘在各微地貌采样点不同层段土壤含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一;同一沙丘微地貌条件下,植被对土壤含水量在垂向上的变化有较大影响,且灌木植被的影响大于乔木植被;迎风坡和背风坡土壤含水量表现为有植被覆盖的沙丘普遍大于裸露流动沙丘,而丘间洼地处浅层基岩的存在对土壤含水量的影响更大;有植被覆盖的沙丘土壤含水量与土壤黏粒和粉砂等细粒级组分呈明显的正相关关系,沙丘地表植被通过拦截空气中的粉尘提高了土壤黏土和粉砂体积分数,从而提高了土壤含水量。     

干旱区剖面土壤盐分空间变异特征及随机模拟

利用便携式土壤盐分计测定干旱区膜下滴灌棉田及裸地剖面土壤电导率,利用GS+软件确定其半方差函数,并进行序
贯高斯模拟来研究土壤剖面盐分的空间变异特征。结果显示:干旱区剖面上土壤盐分空间变异性强,膜下滴灌棉田符合球形模
型,裸地区符合高斯模型,且棉田变程远小于裸地;棉田埋深50cm以浅土壤盐分变化剧烈,埋深50cm 以深变化平缓,在垂向上
呈现3个高值区(30,50和75cm深度附近)及3个低值区(埋深40,60和100cm附近);克里格法具有明显的平滑作用,降低了土
壤盐分的空间变异性,而序贯高斯模拟数据更离散,更能反映土壤盐分的空间变异性,但多次模拟均值随次数增加趋于稳定。      

VirtualGIS技术在采煤塌陷调查中的应用——以龙口市为例

VirtualGIS是地理信息系统与虚拟现实技术、遥感技术相结合的产物,该文将虚拟现实技术、地理信息系统技术、遥感技术结合在一起构建虚拟再现地理信息系统,通过对龙口市采煤塌陷区地理环境的虚拟再现,揭示了龙口市采煤塌陷的范围及特征,并对塌陷区景观进行了预测,进行了洪水淹没分析,给勘查人员以感性直观认识,便于指导塌陷复垦的工作部署。     

肥城市采煤塌陷区治理模式探索研究

肥城煤田作为国家重要能源基地,开发历史悠久,为我国高速发展的国民经济做出了巨大贡献。但长期开采导致塌陷范围广、深度大、积水严重,生态环境遭受严重破坏,给矿区群众的生产生活带来严重影响。该文总结了目前普及化程度较高的采煤塌陷区治理模式,以此为基础,对肥城市采煤塌陷区按照因地制宜的原则,通过分析研究、归纳得出适应于肥城市采煤塌陷区四种不同的治理模式,分别为:土地复垦治理模式、“渔业+农业”治理模式、生态修复治理模式、综合治理模式,并对四种治理模式进行了阐述分析,对今后肥城市采煤塌陷区治理起到借鉴和指导作用。     

济宁泰安菏泽地区采煤塌陷地复垦措施探讨

由煤炭开采造成的地表塌陷问题日趋严重,探索适宜煤矿塌陷区的复垦模式及土地复垦技术措施,对提高土地复垦利用率和生产潜力具有十分重要的意义。该文以济宁市、泰安市、菏泽市为例,介绍了区内采煤塌陷地现状及特点,以采煤塌陷复垦工程为基础,确定了区内复垦模式包括"先破坏,后治理"的传统复垦模式和"边采边复"的动态预复垦模式,对比分析了复垦模式间的优缺点;研究了不同土地复垦技术措施的适用条件。该文认为济宁市、泰安市采煤塌陷复垦适宜采用"先破坏,后治理"的传统复垦模式,菏泽市采煤塌陷复垦适宜采用"边采边复"的动态预复垦模式。在传统复垦模式下,对研究区内采煤塌陷程度较轻、满足农业复垦条件的,适宜采取土地平整法、疏排水法、削高填法低、充填法、生物修复法等复垦技术措施,对无法复垦治理为耕地的重度塌陷区,建议综合采取直接利用法、挖深垫浅法等复垦技术措施。     

综合物探方法在栖霞中桥地区溶洞塌陷地质灾害调查中的应用

该文论述了在溶洞引发的地面塌陷地质灾害调查中,应用高密度电法、瞬变电磁法、地震频率谐振法进行综合物探勘查的效果,根据本区第四纪地层、灰岩及溶洞充填物质的物性差异,分析研究了岩溶溶洞及塌陷区的物探异常分布特征,并结合钻探验证,有效圈定了调查区岩溶溶洞及地表塌陷区的分布范围,为地质灾害调查与防治提供了科学依据。结合本次综合物探勘查效果,分析了高密度电法、瞬变电磁法及地震频率谐振法在探测溶洞及塌陷区的有效性及局限性。     

琼中黎母山-湾岭地区土壤硒、碘分布特征及其影响因素探讨

琼中黎母山-湾岭地区位于海南岛中部,调查发现该地区土壤同时具有富硒、富碘的特征。以研究区表层（0~20 cm）、中层（80~100 cm）、深层（180~200 cm）土壤样品分析结果为基础,探讨了土壤硒、碘的分布特征及其影响因素。结果显示,表层土壤中Se、I质量分数具有高正相关性,并与高程为正相关关系,结合已有研究成果,推断在研究区范围内降雨作用是研究区表层土壤Se、I质量分数空间分布格局的关键影响因素。通过分析表层、中层、深层土壤Se、I质量分数与土壤pH值、总有机碳（TOC）、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃质量分数的相关关系和变化规律,总结了研究区Se、I在土壤垂向剖面上的赋存、迁移规律。这些结果可为当地优质土地资源的高效利用提供科学依据,也可为土壤Se来源、迁移研究提供新的证据。      

烟台东部高新技术海洋经济新区地表土壤重金属污染评价

近年来,随着烟台东部高新技术海洋经济新区的快速发展,城市地表土壤重金属污染状况愈渐严重,以烟台东部高新技术海洋经济新区范围作为研究区,在地表深度1 m以内的表土(0~20 cm)和心土(20~40 cm),取土壤样205件进行分析测试,采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对研究区进行了地表土壤重金属污染评价,7种重金属元素单项污染程度依次为PbCuCdHgCrNiAs;根据内梅罗综合污染指数法评价研究区土壤环境质量,认为整体较好,大部分属于清洁区和尚清洁区;区内地表土壤重金属污染主要分布于芝罘区、莱山区西北以及解甲庄镇西南工业集中地区,其中Pb,Cu,Cd,Hg 4种元素为造成研究区地表土壤重金属元素污染的主要污染元素,Ni,Cr为造成区内地表重金属污染的次要因素,As未发现污染,与重金属元素单项污染程度相呼应。     

SPATIAL—TEMPORAL VARIATION OF HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS CONTENT IN COVERING SPIL OF RECLAMATION AREA IN FUSHUN COAL MINE

Grid method is employed for sampling covering soil at the test field,which is reclamation area filled by coal mining wastes for cropland in the Fushun coal mine,Liaoning Province,the Northeast China.The soil samples are taken at different locations,including three kinds of covering soil,three different depths of soil layers and four different covering ages of covering soil.The spatial-temporal variation of heavy metal element content in reclamation soil is stud-ied.The results indicate that the content of heavy metal elements is decreasing year after year,the determinant reason why the content of heavy metal elements at 60cm depth layer is higher than that at 30cm depth layer and surface is fertiliz-er and manure application;the metal elements mainly come from external environment;there is no metal pollution coming from mother material (coal mining wastes)in plough layer of covering soil.     

Responses of soil moisture to vegetation restoration type and slope length on the loess hillslope

Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers (0-400 cm depth) was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought (2015) and normal hydrological year (2016) in three vegetation restoration areas (artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland), on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers (0-100 cm) under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers (below 100 cm). In 2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess Plateau     

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS CONTENT IN COVERING SOIL OF RECLAMATION AREA IN FUSHUN COAL MINE

Grid method is employed for sampling covering soil at the test field, which is reclamation area filled bycoal mining wastes for cropland in the Fushun coal mine, Liaoning Province, the Northeast China. The soil samples aretaken at different locations, including three kinds of covering soil, three different depths of soil layers and four differentcovering ages of covering soil. The spatial-temporal variation of heavy metal element content in reclamation soil is studied. The results indicate that the content of heavy metal elements is decreasing year after year; the determinant reasonwhy the content of heavy metal elements at 60cm depth layer is higher than that at 30em depth layer and surface is fertilizer and manure apphcation; the metal elements mainly come from external environment; there is no metal pollution comingfrom mother material (coal mining wastes) in plough layer of covering soil.     

山东省黄河北煤炭矿区地表沉陷预测与综合治理研究

黄河北煤炭矿区为鲁西煤炭基地最后一块整装后备资源,阳谷茌平煤田和黄河北煤田其开发建设具有重要的意义。该文采用实际观测资料利用回归分析法获得的岩移参数,对山东省黄河北矿区内上组煤开采后引起的地表沉陷进行了预测,预测结果表明:地表沉陷总面积达到3 724.5 km~2,最大下沉深度为5 455 mm;其中,阳谷茌平煤田最大下沉深度为5 455 mm,地表沉陷面积为1 188.0 km~2;黄河北煤田最大下沉深度为2 976 mm,地表沉陷面积为2 536.5 km~2。地表沉陷预测结果与多年水位观测数据进行对照,煤炭开采会造成1 091.5 km~2季节性积水区和62.3km~2的常年积水区。地表沉陷对地面、地物产生不同的影响和危害,其中对农业的影响最大。地表沉陷形成的塌陷裂缝、不同坡度耕地、大型塌陷坑等可分别采取黄土填堵、大型设备平整、退耕还林、煤矸石充填、修复为鱼塘等治理措施。该文对下一步黄河北矿区开发过程中,相关政府部门采取的规划控制措施提出了建议。     

基于D—InSAR的济宁市采煤沉陷监测与分析

对地下采煤造成的地表沉陷进行及时、精确的监测监管是一个亟待解决的课题。该文以济宁市为例,介绍了D-InSAR技术在大范围采煤沉陷区监测及其时序变化特征分析中的应用。介绍了使用D-InSAR技术对采煤沉陷进行监测的基本原理;以5cm下沉线作为采煤沉陷区边界线,选取15期RADARSAT-2 Wide模式数据,采用多基线累积叠加方法分别提取各期采煤沉陷区边界并使用岩移观测数据对监测结果进行了检核。以花园煤矿为例,分析D-InSAR监测采煤沉陷范围及程度的时序变化特征,随着开采的持续进行,沉陷范围及沉陷量逐步增加,受临近工作面开采影响,沉陷中心的沉陷量呈周期性增加。结果表明,D-InSAR可以精确有效地对采煤沉陷区范围及其时序变形过程进行监测,可以应用于大尺度采煤沉陷区的动态监测。     

工程物探在S244省道K9+500～K10+100采空区的应用

山东省S244省道K9+500～K10+100段存在较严重的采空塌陷隐患,如何准确查清采空区的空间分布特征,对于道路的安全运营非常重要。根据以往类似工程经验,采用单一的物探方法,在准确探测采空塌陷形状、埋深等空间分布特征时存在较大难度,工程钻探可以比较直观的揭露采空塌陷的情况,但需要施工大量钻孔,在经济、时间等方面不可取,综合采用多种物探方法是一种准确有效的工作方法。以该工程为例,通过采用浅层地震反射波法和高密度电阻率法等工程物探方法,准确查明了该路段采空区空间分布特征,并通过比较直观的工程钻探对上述方法进行验证,效果良好。     

南四湖地区煤炭开采对环境的影响

南四湖区煤炭资源丰富，开采强度较大；主要环境影响因素为采矿引起的地面沉陷，它改变了南四湖的自然演化进程。采矿活动对湖泊深度、湖盆面积、水体体积都有较大的影响，而且对湖区生态、湖水水质、纳污能力、水利工程、地下水等产生环境影响；但是采矿地面沉陷对于航运，南水北调东线工程和南四湖存在年限的延长有利。     

Quantitative simulation on soil moisture contents of two typical vegetation communities in Sanjiang Plain,China

Different types of vegetation occupy different geomorphology and water gradient environments in the San-jiang Plain,indicating that the soil moisture dynamics and water balance patterns of the different vegetation communi-ties might differ from each other.In this paper,a lowland system,perpendicular to the Nongjiang River in the Honghe National Nature Reserve(HNNR),was selected as the study area.The area was occupied by the non-wetland plant forest and the typical wetland plant meadow.The Microsoft Windows-based finite element analysis software package for simulating water,heat,and solute transport in variably saturated porous media(HYDRUS),which can quantita-tively simulate water,heat,and/or solute movement in variably-saturated porous media,was used to simulate soil moisture dynamics in the root zone(20-40 cm) of those two plant communities during the growing season in 2005.The simulation results for soil moisture were in a good agreement with measured data,with the coefficient of determi-nation(R2) of 0.44-0.69 and root mean square error(RMSE) ranging between 0.0291 cm3/cm3 and 0.0457 cm3/cm3,and index of agreement(d) being from 0.612 to 0.968.During the study period,the volumetric soil moisture content of meadow increased with the depth and its coefficient of variation decreased with the depth(from 20 cm to 40 cm),while under the forest the soil moisture content at different depths varied irregularly.The calculated result of water budget showed that the water budget deficit of the meadow was higher than that of the forest,suggesting that the meadow is more likely to suffer from water stress than the forest.The quantitative simulation by HYDRUS in this study did not take surface runoff and plant growth processes into account.Improved root water uptake and surface runoff models will be needed for higher accuracy in further researches.     

Response of Soil Moisture to Rainfall Event in Black Locust Plantations at Different Stages of Restoration in Hilly-gully Area of the Loess Plateau,China

Precipitation plays an important role in the water supplies that support ecological restoration by sustaining large-scale artificial plantations in arid and semiarid regions, especially black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) plantations(RP plantations), which are widely planted due to R. pseudoacacia being an excellent pioneer species. Characterizing the response of soil moisture to rainfall events at different stages of restoration is important for assessing the sustainability of restoration in RP plantations. In this study, we quantified the response of soil moisture to rainfall events at different years of restoration(15, 20 and 30 yr) representing different restoration stages in RP plantations in a typical hilly-gully area, i.e., the Yangjuangou Catchment, of the Loess Plateau, China. Over the growing season(June to September) of 2017, smart probes were placed at nine depths(10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, and 180 cm below the soil surface) to obtain volumetric soil water information at 30-min intervals in the three RP plantations. The advance of the wetting front was depicted, and the total cumulative water infiltration was measured. Soil moisture was mainly replenished by eight heavy rainfall events(mean rainfall amount = 46.3 mm), accounting for 88.7% of the rainfall during the growing season. The mean soil moisture content profiles of RP plantations at the three restoration stages were ordered as 30-yr(14.07%) 20-yr(10.12%) 15-yr(8.03%), and this relationship displayed temporal stability. Soil moisture was primarily replenished by rainfall at the 0-60 cm soil depth, and soil moisture remained stable below the 100-cm soil depth. The rainfall regime influenced the advancement of the wetting front. Here, a single rainfall event of 30 mm was the rainfall threshold for infiltration into the 60-cm soil layer. The total infiltration time ranged from 310.5-322.0 h, but no significant differences were found among RP plantations at different restoration stages. Young and old RP plantations had more total infiltration(more than 228.2 mm) and deeper infiltration depths(80-100 cm) than middle-aged plantations. The RP plantation at the intermediate restoration stage exhibited minimal total infiltration(174.2 mm) and a shallow infiltration depth(60 cm) due to the soil physical structure of the plot, which may have limited rain infiltration. More stand conditions that may affect infiltration should be considered for priority afforestation areas.     

山东省平邑左庄石膏矿区非采空致塌机理与治理方法

平邑左庄石膏矿区曾发生过3次地面塌陷,但井下实地调查发现,该矿区地面塌陷并非地下采空塌陷波及地表后而引发的地面塌陷。根据矿区地质环境条件、采矿方法及井巷工程布置等因素,分析认为地面塌陷原因是矿山布置的第一开采中段未预留出足够的顶柱厚度,致使井下回采时揭穿矿房顶柱接触到上覆第四纪松散盖层,第四纪孔隙水携带泥砂泄入矿坑发生潜蚀作用,在矿房顶柱与第四纪松散盖层之间形成"天窗式"砂漏,第四纪松散盖层中逐渐形成土洞,土洞扩大并塌陷后引发地面塌陷。