不完全测量数据的EM处理算法

推导了EM算法用于不完全测量数据的实现方法。结果表明,应用EM算法处理不完全测量数据,改善了测量精度,与完全数据下的平差结果极其接近,明显优于不进行平差处理的结果。     

Responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to effective microorganism treatments in Da Hinggan Mountains, China

Microorganisms are nutritious resources for various soil fauna.Although soil fauna grazing affects microorganism composition and decomposition rate,the responses of soil fauna and leaf litter decomposition to added microorganism is little understood.In this study,in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tahe County in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China,three sampling sites(each has an area of 10 m2) were selected.The first two sites were sprinkled with 250 times(EM1) and 1000 times(EM2) diluted effective microorganism(EM) preparations evenly,and the third site was sprinkled with the same volume of water as a control site.The responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to EM treatment were conducted during three years.The results revealed that EM treatment resulted in significant increase of soil organic matter.The number of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites increased by 12.88% and 2.23% compared to the control site,and among them springtails and mites showed the highest increase.However,the groups of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites decreased by 6 and 9,respectively.And the changes in the diversity and evenness index were relatively complicated.EM treatment slowed the decomposition of broad-leaved litter,but accelerated the decomposition of coniferous litter.However,the decomposition rate of broad-leaved litter was still higher than that of coniferous litter.The results of this study suggested that the added microorganisms could help individual growth of soil fauna,and this method led to a change in the process of leaf litter decomposition.This paper did not analyze the activity of soil microorganisms,thus it is difficult to clearly explain the complex relationships among litter type,soil fauna and soil microorganisms.Further research on this subject is needed.     

Sediment transport in the Luanhe River delta: grain size trend analysis

Sediment grain size in the deltaic environment of the Luanhe River(LR), Liaoning, China,contains sediment transport pathway information useful in elucidating the shoreline change and fluvialmarine interaction. In this study, we utilized numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components and geostatistical grain size trend analysis(GSTA) to define the sediment transport pattern in the Luanhe River delta(LRD) and interpolated the sediment transport pattern using content changes of end numbers(EM).EM1(the mean grain size 7.12 Φ, fine silt), EM2(2.37 Φ, fine sand), and EM3(1.27 Φ, medium sand)components were identified by the numerical partitioning by GSTA. Kriging interpolation method was used to interpolate the parameters of the grain size for the regular grid, and the interpolation radius was 0.015 decimal degree. We chose 0.09 decimal degree as the characteristic distance for GSTA in the semivariogram model using the geostatistical method. The FB(-) case(finer, better sorted and more negatively skewed) was adopted in GSTA for its satisfaction in the Global Moran's I test. The result of the GSTA shows that the sediments in the south barriers(SBs) were transported to the southwest of the study area. The sediments in the north, in the SE direction of sediment transport trend from the river mouth, indicated that the sediments in the north of the study area were transported from the LR to the northern beaches, and to the south and east of the study area. The sediment transport trend that simplified by GSTA as the FB(-) case was approved by the content changes of sedimentary components(i.e. EM1, EM2, and EM3). In addition, the turbulent jet diffusion pattern indicated that the coarse sediments(EM3) were delivered by LR during the flood season, and the EM2 and EM1 were from wave and tide, respectively.     

面积内插方法及其在GIS中应用

在经济、社会和城市研究中,我们要研究的区域往往没有数据,而这些数据需要由已知区域推求。很多建立在区域之上的研究,都不可避免地要进行数据的转换,这通常就需要面积内插。本文在面积内插的基础上,分析了利用附加信息的EM内插方法,提出在GIS中实现的框架步骤,最后分析了EM方法的优缺点,探讨了进一步研究的方向。     

粒度端元记录的靖边地区MIS 3以来的气候变化

黄土作为典型的多物源沉积物，粒度分布常呈现多峰分布。端元分析可以从复杂的沉积物粒度中分离出代表不同沉积物源和沉积动力的端元组分，在黄土研究中得到了广泛应用。利用Paterson参数化端元模型对处于毛乌素沙漠东南缘的靖边三道沟剖面粒度进行端元分离与解释，并讨论其代表的环境意义。靖边三道沟黄土可分为4个端元:EM1（众数粒径8.93 μm）为背景粉尘；EM2（众数粒径25.18 μm）为与季风环流有关的组分；EM3（众数粒径39.91 μm）和EM4（众数粒径56.37 μm）都是与冬季风有关的组分，其中EM3为黄土高原黄土主要组分，EM4与现代沙尘暴的粒级大致相同。通过对各端元组分随年龄变化的曲线进行分析，得到以下结论:该剖面记录了靖边地区自MIS 3以来经历了MIS 3（32.8~29.8 ka BP）、LGM（29.8~22.8 ka BP）、冰消期（22.8~11.3 ka BP）和全新世（8.7~1.7 ka BP）共4个气候时期。端元组分还记录了冰消期H 1事件（16.2~13.8 ka BP）、B/A事件（13.8~12.8 ka BP）、YD事件（12.8~11.3 ka BP）共3次气候快速变化事件和D-O旋回。该剖面还记录了毛乌素沙漠末次冰期经历的3次主要的扩张-收缩旋回以及全新世8.7~8.2，6.0~5.0，3.5~2.5 ka共3次干旱沙进事件。      

EM算法的BFGS和DFP联合加速算法

使用非线性规划中的变度量法BFGS算法和DFP算法给出了一种新的加速EM算法收敛的方法。     

有效微生物菌群对养虾水体细菌生态和水质的影响

研究有效微生物菌群(EM)对养虾水体中异养细菌、弧菌、光合细菌、放线菌的数量以及水体水质的影响。结果表明,在养殖池中添加EM,对水体中的异养细菌、弧菌、光合细菌及放线菌的数量均有显著影响:实验组异养细菌数量比传统对照池减少40.0%,弧菌数量减少7.8%,光合细菌数量增加98.2%,放线菌数量增加99.2%。EM能改良水质条件,与对照组相比,实验组溶解氧提高11.0%,COD降低8.0%,氨氮含量降低20.7%,亚硝酸氮含量降低10.0%。另外,实验组对虾成活率比对照组提高23.08%,饵料系数下降9.4%,利润提高了16.11%。     

EM培养物在断奶仔猪中的应用

在饲料中添加EM(effectivemicroorganism)培养物 ,对断乳仔猪进行饲养和疾病防治试验。结果表明 :添加EM或EM培养物的试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组及治疗组的平均增重比对照组平均增重分别高出 2 .2 6 、2 .34 和 1.2 7 。试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和治疗组的平均增重与对照组的平均增重间的差异在 1%水平上显著 ;试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的平均增重间差异不显著。试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和治疗组的料重比分别比对照组降低 0 .19、0 .18、0 .11。试验组的发病率为 6 .7% ,对照组的发病率为 4 0 % ,而防治组中患白痢的仔猪在 4d内完全康复。故在仔猪饲粮中添加EM培养物 ,可提高饲料利用率和仔猪的生长速度 ,及增强机体抗病力。     

Sea-level changes controlled detrital sediment inputs to the Bicol Shelf in the western Philippine Sea since 150 ka

Detrital sediments derived from the Philippine Islands are one of the main sources of deep-sea sediments in the western Philippine Sea.However,systematic research on their characteristics and transport mechanisms are lacking.We used parametric end-member analysis to quantitatively partition the grain size of detrital sediments in core MD06-3052 from the Bicol Shelf in the western Philippine Sea;three endmembers EMI,EM2,and EM3,whose respective modes were at 2,10,and 45 μm,were separated.We also measured the Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of different size fractions(4 and 20 μm) of the detrital sediments and the results showed that the detrital sediments mainly originate from the Philippine Islands.Components EMI and EM2 are transported to the Bicol Shelf mainly by surface and bottom currents from the islands,and component EM3 is delivered by gravity flow from the exposed shelf during low sea-level stands.The content of the total detrital fraction and the three end-members,as well as the mass accumulation rates(MARs) of the coarse detritus(EM2 and EM3),were considerably higher during glacial periods(40-14 ka and 150-130 ka) than during other intervals;the glacials corresponded to a low sea level,while the MAR of the fine detritus(EMI) did not increase remarkably during 40-14 ka.We therefore concluded that the input of coarse detritus to the Bicol Shelf from the islands was mainly controlled by sea-level change.Variations of the input of fine-grained detritus(EM1) was influenced not only by sea level but also by ocean currents and regional precipitation.Overall,our results help understand "source-to-sink" processes in the western Pacific marginal seas and their response to global change.     

晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南缘沉积物粒度特征及其指示的环境变化

地处我国东亚季风边缘区的毛乌素沙地,因其对气候变化响应敏感而成为研究古气候环境变迁的理想场所。利用毛乌素沙地东南缘厚273 cm的沉积地层,通过分析沉积物粒度端元特征和环境指示意义,并结合光释光(OSL)测年结果和磁化率指标,重建了研究区2.6 ka B.P.以来的环境变化过程。结果表明：(1)剖面沉积物的粒度组成以粗粉砂、极细砂和细砂为主,其中细砂最多,平均体积分数为57.29%;粉砂层细砂体积分数明显低于砂层,粗粉砂和极细砂显著增多;沉积物粒度频率分布曲线多呈现典型的风成沉积物特点,峰高且窄,分选性较好。(2)剖面沉积物粒度可分离为3个端元组分,端元EM1是最细的粒度端元组分,指示了短时间的强尘暴活动,端元EM2和EM3是在不同风动力条件下跃移搬运的亚组分,端元EM3指示了当地风沙活动的强弱。(3)研究区晚全新世环境变化过程可分为3个阶段。2.6 ka B.P.之前,冬季风较强,气候冷干;2.6 ka B.P.之后到近百年,冬季风减弱,气候趋于暖湿;近百年以来,风沙活动增强,人类活动影响较大。     

Ectomycorrhiza of Larix sibirica Ledeb. along the gradients of main ecological factors and elevation at the Northern and Subpolar Urals

Siberian larch(Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forests cover the largest areas in the Eurasian boreal zone, but there are insufficient data on its root system including the structure and functional traits of ectomycorrhizas(EM). The aim of this research is to find out if the morphological parameters of Larix sibirica EMs responded to the changes in elevation and main ecological factors(soil humidity, soil richness, soil acidity and habitat illumination). Using light microscopy, we studied EM diameter, root diameter, mantle width, and mantle volume share, share of tannin cells layers, EM density and EM length of Larix sibirica in two main types of plant communities along the elevation gradient at the Northern and Subpolar Urals. Differences in the environment were traced using phytoindication approach and the Ellenberg ecological scales. All the studied traits depend on the elevation and studied ecological factors. The diversity of fungal mantles is low, and the proportion of unstructured and pseudoparenchymatous mantles is high in response to the deterioration of the humidity, soil nitrogen content and acidity at higher-altitude habitats. Results of EM quantitative parameters measurements confirmed this pattern. We found a decline in the EM linear dimensions accompanied by a compensatory growth of the EM density with the raised elevation and the deterioration of environmental conditions.     

Ectomycorrhiza of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix sibirica</Emphasis> Ledeb. along the gradients of main ecological factors and elevation at the Northern and Subpolar Urals

Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forests cover the largest areas in the Eurasian boreal zone, but there are insufficient data on its root system including the structure and functional traits of ectomycorrhizas (EM). The aim of this research is to find out if the morphological parameters of Larix sibirica EMs responded to the changes in elevation and main ecological factors (soil humidity, soil richness, soil acidity and habitat illumination). Using light microscopy, we studied EM diameter, root diameter, mantle width, and mantle volume share, share of tannin cells layers, EM density and EM length of Larix sibirica in two main types of plant communities along the elevation gradient at the Northern and Subpolar Urals. Differences in the environment were traced using phytoindication approach and the Ellenberg ecological scales. All the studied traits depend on the elevation and studied ecological factors. The diversity of fungal mantles is low, and the proportion of unstructured and pseudoparenchymatous mantles is high in response to the deterioration of the humidity, soil nitrogen content and acidity at higher-altitude habitats. Results of EM quantitative parameters measurements confirmed this pattern. We found a decline in the EM linear dimensions accompanied by a compensatory growth of the EM density with the raised elevation and the deterioration of environmental conditions.     

卫星TM影像阴影消除方法的探讨

地形决定了地面电磁波反射的强弱,反射的强弱又决定了被动遥感影像的质量。卫星影像的阴影与地形密切相关,山势越陡峭,影像阴影越多。云南省菜阳河保护区山高坡陡,TM卫星影像的阴影也相对增加,占10%以上。这给判读带来了很大的不便。本文利用阴阳坡归一化探讨了地形阴影消除的方法,并在菜阳河保护区及其它保护区影像阴影消除中取得了很好的效果。     

Sea ice thickness measurement in spring season in Bothnian Bay using an electromagnetic induction instrument

As an important component of the cryosphere,sea ice is very sensitive to the climate change.The study of the sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness.This paper presents an electromagnetic-induction(EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently,and the successful application in Bothnian Bay.Based on the electromagnetic field theory and the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater,EM technique can detect the distance between the instrument and the ice/water interface accurately,than the sea ice thickness is obtained.Contrastive analysis of the apparent conductivity data obtained by EM and the value of drill-hole at same positions allows a construction of a transformable formula of the apparent conductivity to sea ice thickness.The verification of the sea ice thickness calculated by this formula indicates that EM technique is able to get reliable sea ice thickness with average relative error of only 12%.The statistic of all ice thickness profiles shows that the level ice distribution in Bothnian Bay was 0.4-0.6 m.     

3D joint inversion of controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric and magnetotelluric data

Different geophysical exploration methods have significant differences in terms of exploration depth,especially in frequency domain electromagnetic(EM)exploration.According to the definition of skin depth,this difference will increase with the effective detection frequency of the method.As a result,when performing three-dimensional inversion on single type of EM data,it is not possible to effectively distinguish the subsurface geoelectric structure at the full scale.Therefore,it is necessary to perform joint inversion on different type of EM data.In this paper we combine the magnetotelluric method(MT)with the controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric method(CSAMT)to study the frequency-domain three-dimensional(3D)joint inversions,and we use the unstructured finite-element method to do the forward modeling for them,so that the numerical simulation accuracies of different electromagnetic methods can be satisfied.By combining the two sets of data,we can obtain the sensitivity of the electrical structure at different depths,and depict the full-scale subsurface geoelectric structures.In actual mineral exploration,the 3D joint inversion is more useful for identifying subsurface veins in the shallow part and blind mines in the deep part.It can delineate the morphological distribution of ore bodies more completely and provide reliable EM interpretations to guide the mining of minerals.