基于DEM的岷江上游流域构造活动强度分析

目前,利用DEM衍生的地貌参数对大面积区域构造活动进行量化分析的研究相对较少。本文以岷江上游流域为例,利用ASTER GDEM数据和GIS技术,提取了该流域面积高程积分值（HI）、河长坡降指数（SL ）、流域盆地不对称度（AF）、盆地形状指数（BS）、谷底宽度与谷肩高度比（VF）和水系分维数（FD）6种地貌参数,对其进行了等级划分,并量化了研究区相对构造活动强度（IAT）。结果显示：岷江上游流域有较高的SL、AF、BS值,较低的VF及FD值,中等HI值,其IAT值为1.33,分类等级为1级,表明该流域侵蚀程度强烈, 流域形态狭长, 河谷呈V型形态,受构造活动影响显著,地貌发育处于幼年期晚期,中年期早期。研究结果与区域地质背景较为吻合,该方法可为进一步探讨区域构造活动差异性提供新的手段。     

琼东南盆地南部梅山组丘状体沉积特征及成因机制

琼东南盆地南部梅山组具有独特的丘状反射特征,关于其成因机制引起了广泛关注和讨论。以琼东南盆地大量二维地震资料和高分辨率三维地震资料解释为基础,在深水钻井标定下,从地震相特征、沉积物物源、沉积搬运通道、古地貌特征以及海平面变化和构造活动6个方面,阐明了梅山组丘状体的沉积特征,并讨论了其成因机制。研究结果表明,中中新统梅山组沉积时期,受强制性海退影响,琼东南盆地范围内海平面下降至低水位,南部隆起局部暴露剥蚀,提供了大量沉积物源;上中新统黄流组沉积时期,盆地局部构造活动使得南部隆起物源发生重力失稳,通过深水水道向盆地中央以重力流方式搬运沉积物。琼东南盆地梅山组地层的丘状反射特征是黄流组沉积时期以南部隆起沉积物为物源的浊流侵蚀下伏梅山组地层所致。对该丘状体成因机制的深入研究,不但有助于丰富对丘状地震反射现象的认识,而且揭示了其沉积构成为粗碎屑沉积物而非生物礁滩沉积,对深水油气勘探储层特征及评价具有重要意义。      

第四纪洞庭盆地安乡凹陷及西缘构造-沉积特征与环境演化

通过地表观察和钻孔资料,对洞庭盆地安乡凹陷及其西缘第四纪构造沉积特征和环境演化进行了研究,为江汉—洞庭盆地第四纪地质研究补充了新的资料。凹陷总体呈南北向,周边为正断裂。凹陷内第四系厚一般为100~220 m,最厚达300 m,自下而上依次为早更新世华田组、汨罗组,中更新世洞庭湖组,晚更新世坡头组和全新世湖冲积。第四系以砾石层、砂层为主,次为(含)粉砂质黏土、黏土,岩性、岩相横向变化大。安乡凹陷西缘(即太阳山隆起东缘),呈自西向东缓倾的丘岗地貌。区内主要发育中更新世白沙井组,其中南部下部以砂、砾石层为主,上部为黏土;北部以粉砂质黏土沉积为主,下部可发育砂层。根据地貌、沉积及控凹断裂特征,重塑安乡凹陷及其西缘第四纪构造活动与环境演化过程:早更新世—中更新世早期,凹陷西边的北北东向周家店断裂伸展活动,安乡凹陷不均匀沉降,总体具河流和过流性湖泊环境并接受沅水沉积;同期凹陷西缘构造抬升,处于剥蚀的山地环境。中更新世中期断陷活动向西扩展,凹陷区为过流性湖泊环境;凹陷西缘地区转为河流(南部)和湖泊(北部)环境并接受沉积。中更新世晚期安乡凹陷及其西缘整体抬升并遭受剥蚀,凹陷西缘同时具有自西向东的掀斜。晚更新世安乡凹陷拗陷沉降,具河流和湖泊环境;同期凹陷西缘遭受剥蚀。晚更新世末受区域海平面下降影响,安乡凹陷遭受剥蚀。全新世安乡凹陷拗陷沉降,具泛滥平原之河流、湖泊环境。     

水泥固化剂提高风积沙承载性能试验

沙漠风积沙稳定性差, 采用水泥作为固化剂进行风积沙固化, 是改善风积沙性质和实现风积沙资源化利用的有效手段。以取自内蒙古库布齐沙漠的风积沙为材料, 制备3%含水量的重塑风积沙, 掺入水泥固化剂并充分拌匀而形成固化风积沙, 开展水泥固化风积沙的抗剪、抗压和抗拔承载性能试验。结果表明, 水泥掺量对固化风积沙黏聚强度的提高程度要大于内摩擦角。含水量3%的风积沙掺入6%的水泥经28 d常温养护的固化风积沙无侧限抗压强度平均值为0.156 MPa。固化风积沙扩展基础抗拔荷载-位移曲线呈现初始弹性段至峰值荷载以及峰值荷载后破坏的两阶段脆性破坏特征。水泥固化提高风积沙抗拔承载性能效果显著, 且与基础底板尺寸、抗拔埋深及基础深宽比等因素有关。      

Topographic controls on the annual runoff coefficient and implications for landscape evolution across semiarid Qilian Mountains,NE Tibetan Plateau

The combination of different topographic and climatic conditions results in varied precipitation-runoff relations, which in turn influences hillslope erosion, sediment transport and bedrock incision across mountainous landscapes. The runoff coefficient is a suitable tool to represent precipitation-runoff relations, but the spatial distribution of the runoff coefficient across tectonically active mountains in semi-arid environments has received little attention because of limited data availability. We calculated annual runoff coefficients over 22 years for 26 drainage basins across the semi-arid Qilian Mountains based on:(i) annual discharge records; and(ii) the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset to enhance our understanding of the precipitation-runoff processes. The mean annual runoff coefficients show no obvious spatial trends. When compared to potential controlling factors, mean annual runoff coefficients are highly correlated with mean slope rather than any climatic characteristics(e.g., mean annualprecipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The slope-dependent runoff coefficient could theoretically have enhanced the topographic control on erosion rates and dampen the influence of precipitation. The enhanced discharge for drainage basins with less precipitation but steep topography in the western Qilian Mountains will enable fluvial incision to keep pace with ongoing uplift caused by the northward growth of the Qilian Mountains. The geomorphic implications are that tectonic rather than climatic factors are more significant for long-term landscape evolution in arid and semi-arid contexts.     

银川盆地不同构造层构造样式及形成演化分析

为研究银川盆地构造样式及形成演化,以地震资料的精细解析为基础,分析构造样式类型和发育特征,并结合区域地质背景从断裂控盆方面分析其演化过程.结果表明:银川盆地经历中生代挤压隆升剥蚀和新生代伸展断陷2个主要演化阶段,共发育4类构造样式,其中新生界构造层以伸展和伸展—走滑构造样式为主,基底构造层以挤压和反转构造样式为主.该研究结果对明确银川盆地地质结构及油气勘探具有指导意义.     

Geomorphological responses of rivers to active tectonics along the Siwalik Hills,Midwestern Nepalese Himalaya

The Nepalese Himalaya is well known for ongoing collisional tectonics, witnessed by major historical and recent earthquakes. The Siwalik Hills in Midwestern Nepalese Himalaya are bounded by eastwest trending Main Frontal Thrust(MFT) to the south and the Main Boundary Thrust(MBT) to the north. The area is dissected by numerous southwest to south-flowing bedrock rivers. This study investigates geomorphic metrics of these rivers to unravel landscape evolution and active tectonics of the Siwalik Hills. Digital Elevation Model(DEM) analysis was conducted to extract structural lineaments and longitudinal river profile and their metrics(knickpoints, Normalized Steepness Index(ksn), concavity index, and chi integral) using steam powerlaw approaches. Most of the lineaments trend eastwest like MFT. River profiles exhibit convex to double-concave shapes with upstream-propagating tectonic knickpoints that separate upstream and downstream reaches, indicating different phases of river incision. The spatial distribution of ksn shows high values along with low concavity values at the eastern part of the study area, reflecting disequilibrium conditions that are likely responding to a high uplift rate. Chi integral distribution shows a variation in drainage divide migration between the eastern and western parts of the study area. This study suggests that the rivers in the Siwalik Hills are undergoing active incision likely related to the ongoing uplift and active deformation associated with the Himalayan tectonics. The above findings can bring fresh perspectives to comprehend the neotectonic deformation and lateral variability along the Siwalik Hills landscapes within the Himalaya.     

Drainage Network and Lineament Analysis： An Approach for Potwar Plateau （Northern Pakistan）

Drainage responds rapidly to tectonic changes and thus it is a potential parameter for teetonogeomorphological analysis. Drainage network of Potwar is a good geological record of movement, displacements, regional uplifts and erosion of the tectonic units. This study focuses on utilizing drainage network extracted from Shuttle Radar Digital Elevation Data （SRTM-DEM） in order to constrain the structure of the Potwar Plateau. SWAN syncline divides Potwar into northern Potwar deformed zone （NPDZ） and southern Potwar platform zone （SPPZ）. We extracted the drainage network from DEM and analyzed 112 streams using stream power law. Spatial distribution of concavity and steepness indices were used to prepare uplift rate map for the area. DEM was further utilized to extract lineaments to study the mutual relationship between lineaments and drainage patterns. We compared the local correlation between the extracted lineaments and drainage network of the area that gives us quantitative information and shows promising prospects. The streams in the NPDZ indicate high steepness values as compared to the streams in the SPPZ. The spatial distribution of geomorphic parameters distinctive deformation and uplift rates suggest the among eastern, central and western parts. The local correlation between drainage network and lineaments from DEM is strongly positive in the area within I km of radius.     

Dynamical characteristics of geomorphologic evolution of the basins covered by Pisha-sandstone in the eastern wing of the Ordos Plateau,China

There are several basins with high sediment yield in the Pisha-sandstone covering area of the east wing of the Ordos Plateau. Due to the lack of targeted research on the dynamical characteristics of geomorphic evolution that plays an important role in the sand production, this paper analyzed the tectonic activity intensity and erosion characteristics of the area. The results show that the intensity of tectonic activities in the area is generally moderateweak and shows an unconspicuous increase from north to south. Tectonic activity is manifested mainly in the form of uplift. The uplift rate in the lower reaches of each basin is greater than the erosion rate,which is prominent in the Kuyehe and the Tuweihe rivers. During the uplift of the regional topography,the most serious parts under erosion are generally concentrated in the upstream and midstream of basins. All longitudinal profiles of the basins have a shape close to an exponential function, which indicates that they are in the early stage of erosion evolution. The mechanisms of geomorphologic evolution of these basins have a great similarity. The conservative estimate of historical average erosion rate was less than 182–520 t/(km~2·yr), much less than that of the modern times. The average stream power values are typically distributed between 4 and102 W/m, with the larger being in the Kuyehe and the Tuweihe rivers and the smallest being in the Qinshuihe River. The maximum stream power value appears in the downstream reach, which should be the main reason for the particles being directly injected into the Yellow River. From the perspective of geomorphological evolution, the current soil and water conservation measures can hardly cure the erosion of these basins in the long run.     

东昆仑造山带乌妥地区构造特征及其构造演化分析

东昆仑乌妥地区在大地构造位置上跨东昆仑弧盆系北昆仑岩浆弧和东昆仑南坡俯冲增生杂岩带,该文对其内发育的不同时期、不同层次的断裂、韧性剪切带和褶皱等构造行迹进行了研究,从局部特征推演至整体特征,达到对研究区构造演化及变质变形的再认识。结合沉积建造、岩浆活动、变质事件、同位素年龄值及区域资料等,确定各构造群落形成的相对时代,进而比较合理地建立起测区的构造变形序列,认为区内自吕梁期-燕山期-喜山期,至少经历了7期12世代的构造变形,期间任一时期构造体制的变更,造山作用类型的变化、盆地类型的转化,都遵循伸展和压缩交替进行这一普遍的地壳演化规律。将东昆仑造山带乌妥地区的构造演化划分为古元古代基底的形成阶段、多旋回的洋陆转换阶段、陆内造山阶段及高原隆升阶段。     

东营凹陷中央隆起带平衡剖面分析及差异隆升过程研究

东营凹陷中央隆起带是胜利油田油气最富集的地区之一,前人对东营凹陷中央隆起带进行了诸多方面的研究,但对中央隆起带不同区域的差异隆升过程及构造形态缺少对比。该文通过平衡剖面的绘制,重塑了东营凹陷中央隆起带不同区域的差异构造形态及演化过程。结果表明,中央隆起带东段辛镇构造带断裂活动从沙三开始,沙二沉积期构造雏形基本显现;东营组沉积期构造格局基本定型;馆陶组沉积期断裂数量、构造幅度进一步增大;到明化镇组沉积期,构造形态发展为现今状态。中央隆起带西段梁家楼-现河断裂带自沙四沉积期开始发育,沙三末期构造雏形基本显现;沙二沉积阶段构造幅度加大,构造形态基本定型;东营组沉积阶段构造形态进一步扩大,到明化镇组沉积阶段,发展为如今构造形态。     

扬子北缘镇巴—高川地区两类不同二叠系对比及区域构造意义

通过1∶50 000陕西镇巴—高川地区区域地质调查,发现镇巴地区和高川地区二叠系具有完全不同的岩石组合特征及生物化石,前者主要为一套稳定的碳酸盐岩相沉积,后者主要为一套较深水相黑色岩系沉积。经对典型地区实测剖面、古生物及岩石组合特征详细对比研究,发现二者虽然时代相同,但是不能横向对比,应为同期异相的产物。在综合区域地质资料基础上,探讨上述二叠系所表征的区域构造意义。两套二叠系岩相的差异性说明镇巴地区和高川地区当时曾分处在不同的沉积-构造环境:镇巴周缘以米仓山和星子山地层小区为代表的物质建造与扬子地块整体升降和海水的频繁进退密切相关,而高川周缘以褚河地层小区为代表的物质建造则更可能与早期地壳隆升、晚期地壳张裂成盆和海水贯入有关。综合区域地质资料研究认为,高川地区地层系统与勉略带地层系统相似,表明其早期与勉略带有着大致相同的构造演化史,也表明高川盆地曾经是晚古生代勉略裂谷—有限洋的一部分,只是被后期构造改造而残存于现今高川一隅。     

四川盆地原油裂解气的有利地温场分布及其演化特征

为了确定四川盆地原油裂解气的有利分布区,利用镜质体反射率古温标重建了四川盆地的热演化史,分析了四川盆地下三叠统飞仙关组原油裂解的有利地温场分布范围及其演化特征。结果表明:四川盆地各构造单元自三叠纪以来的热流演化是不一致的,川东北地区热流在地质历史时期最低,川中地区热流也较低,而川西北和川西地区热流演化最高,这种差异与青藏高原隆升及峨眉山玄武岩地幔柱有关;四川盆地在二叠纪时期热流明显高于其他时期,但高热流持续时间较短,这主要受岩浆侵入的影响;四川盆地飞仙关组原油裂解气的有利地温分布区是不断变化的,侏罗纪末期其几乎遍及整个四川盆地,白垩纪末期其范围缩小,古近纪末期其收缩至川西和川中部分地区,现今范围则最小,主要分布在川西部分地区;控制原油裂解气分布区的主要因素是古地温场,尤其是地温最高时期的地温场,而与现今地温场的关系并不密切。     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷西斜坡构造特征及构造演化

基于苏北盆地金湖凹陷的地质及地球物理资料,根据区域构造演化背景和剖面,描述了该凹陷的构造特征,讨论了该凹陷西斜坡构造演化阶段,并探讨了其构造演化特征.结果表明:金湖凹陷西斜坡地区断裂构造发育,大部分断层弧形弯曲,断层以小级别断层为主,断层组合以拉张型为主,断块圈闭发育;西斜坡在新生代期间的构造演化可划分为斜坡发育阶段(古新世阜宁期)、差异抬升阶段(始新世戴南期—三垛期)、逆冲褶断阶段(始新世三垛期末)、构造稳定阶段(新近纪和第四纪)等4个阶段;新生代构造活动强弱交替,断层活动差异性明显,古新世阜宁期和始新世三垛期断层活动规模和活动强度较大,新生代整体持续西抬东降,有利于聚集来自斜坡东部深部凹陷的油气形成油气藏.     

山东半岛海域成矿区带划分浅析

山东半岛海域成矿区带划分以往研究程度较低。该文利用海域重磁资料,在研究区梳理了渤海和黄海的重磁异常特征,渤海和北黄海呈负布格重力异常,南黄海北部与之相反;渤海为正磁异常,黄海与之相反。以重磁异常为基础,基于陆域构造单元划分,对海域构造单元划分至Ⅲ级10个构造单元,海域构造单元多为陆域向海域的延伸,仅渤中坳陷和北黄海盆地为独立的海域构造单元。参照陆域成矿区带划分,以构造单元边界为界线,海域成矿区带划分至Ⅳ级6个成矿区,各成矿区特征不同,坳陷构造单元内成矿区富集油气矿产,隆起构造单元内成矿区表现为埕宁隆起富集煤矿,胶北隆起富集金、菱镁矿、煤、灰岩矿,千里隆起富集岩金、蛇纹岩、石棉、花岗石矿。     

鲁东金矿成矿规律及新的找矿方向

通过分析鲁东地区金矿成矿地质条件和区域地球物理场、区域地球化学场特征，并与典型金矿床地质特征进行类比，初步认为胶北隆起的破碎带蚀变岩型（焦家式）和石英脉型（玲珑式）金矿，以及近年来在胶莱盆地周缘找到的蓬家夼金矿床（产在盆缘控制性断裂带中）和发云夼金矿床（产在早白垩世莱阳群砾岩中），是在早白垩世同一个区域构造应力场下形成的，属同源、同期成矿作用的产物，为同一成矿系列的金矿床组合。胶莱盆地周缘具有源、层、热、裂、晕相统一的成矿地质条件和矿化信息，是今后寻找蓬家夼式和发云夼式金矿的远景地区。     

辽南地区构造演化与构造控矿

辽南地区从太古宙到显生宙先后经历了四次大的构造变动,从老到新可相对划分出鞍山旋回、辽河旋回、印支旋回和燕山旋回四个构造旋回。该区金矿控矿构造主要是中生代前的东西向基底构造与中生代的北东—北北东向断裂构造复合控矿,故其金矿成矿带表现为东西成带、北东成行的构造控矿格局。叠加构造控矿是该地区最主要的构造控矿型式。该区金矿形成与燕山早期同熔型花岗岩密切相关,基本上属于岩浆热液成因类型。矿体或矿化体多赋存在与成矿期构造有关的脆性破裂构造内。矿化类型主要为含金石英脉型和碎裂蚀变岩型。构造控矿型式主要有脆、韧性剪切带叠加控矿、层间破碎带控矿、构造复合控矿和脆－韧性剪切带构造控矿四种型式。     

太康MS4.7地震构造初步分析

对比分析石油地震剖面和高分辨浅层地震剖面，依据震源机制解、地震精定位结果，给出太康MS4.7地震区深浅断裂的展布关系。结合区域构造演化认为，晚白垩世至古近纪，太康隆起发生NWW和NE-NNE向张剪性走滑断层活动，其产生的伸展拉张作用使隆起解体，形成目前凸凹相间的构造格局；新近纪以来，在太康隆起整体接受沉积的背景下，构造活动强度有所减弱，但凸凹相间的构造变形样式得以延续，表现为控制断陷的边界断层的持续活动，同时，一系列新近纪-第四纪铲式正断层的形成也表明深部走滑伸展作用的存在；太康MS4.7地震区深部震源构造表现为沿近NW和近NE走向的高角度断层，浅部构造表现为受近NW向铲式张性断层控制的凸凹相间的构造样式，这种深浅构造展布形式共同控制了太康MS4.7地震及其余震的发生。     

四川盆地北缘大巴山前陆构造中—新生代构造隆升史

大巴山前陆构造的抬升剥蚀与保存条件对其矿床和油气藏勘探潜力评价极为重要。应用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学方法,通过研究大巴山前陆构造热演化史,恢复构造隆升过程,确定其中—新生代构造抬升剥蚀量,探讨大巴山前陆晚期构造隆升对矿床和油气资源的影响。结果表明:大巴山前陆构造在152Ma以前快速沉降,沉降速率平均高达150m·Ma-1,此后便长期处于隆升过程;136~152Ma时期为快速隆升阶段,隆升速率平均为56.3m·Ma-1,隆升量约为900m,是燕山运动导致秦岭造山期后的一次陆内挤压;70~136Ma时期为较缓慢隆升阶段,隆升速率平均为39.4m·Ma-1,隆升量约为2 600m,是秦岭造山晚期挤压的结果;0~70Ma时期的隆升速率为42.8m·Ma-1,持续时间较长,隆升幅度约3 000m,是喜马拉雅构造运动的结果。中生代构造隆升对本区低温热液矿体和油气保存极为不利;上新统以来(8Ma或5Ma),青藏高原快速隆升向东扩展的远程效应对大巴山前陆构造的影响不明显。     

西非第三系深水扇沉积特征及发育演化规律

以西非主要深水油气产区——下刚果盆地和尼日尔三角洲盆地为样本,分析西非地区典型深水扇的沉积特征、发育演化规律及主控因素.结果表明:受物源供给类型、盆地结构、构造活动及地形、海平面升降等因素影响,两个盆地深水扇体系表现不同特征和演化模式,其中下刚果盆地深水扇体系表现为点物源河流直接供给的大型单扇模式,深水水道及溢岸沉积构成该类型深水扇的主要沉积单元;尼日尔三角洲盆地深水扇为线物源三角洲供给的中型群扇模式,深水沉积单元类型多样.由于沉积物流速和沉积物结构改变,控制重力流流体性质,导致深水扇体沉积特征及储层分布在平面和垂向上发生变化.