塔东地区寒武系白云岩地球化学特征与成因模式

寒武系白云岩是塔东地区下古生界碳酸盐岩储层的重要岩石类型之一。为认识塔东地区寒武系白云岩的地球化学特征和成因机理,通过岩心及薄片观察,将研究区寒武系白云岩划分为微—细晶它形白云石、细—中晶自形白云石、中—粗晶白云石和鞍形白云石4种类型;结合阴极发光分析、微量元素测试、稀土元素分析、碳氧稳定同位素分析、流体包裹体测温和X线衍射有序度分析等,探讨研究区寒武系白云岩成因和白云化作用模式。结果表明:微—细晶它形白云石成因机制为准同生期高盐度白云化作用;细—中晶自形白云石成因机制为埋藏白云化作用;中—粗晶白云石成因机制可分为2种类型,即Ⅰ型为基性岩浆热液流体重结晶白云化作用,Ⅱ型为中酸性岩浆热液流体重结晶白云化作用;鞍形白云石成因机制也可分为2种类型,即Ⅰ型为基性岩浆热液白云化作用,Ⅱ型为中酸性岩浆热液白云化作用。该结果为研究区寒武系白云岩储层预测和油气勘探部署提供依据。     

川西坳陷雷四~3亚段储层控制因素及孔隙演化特征

根据岩心、薄片观察、扫描电镜、物性和地化分析等资料,研究四川盆地西部坳陷雷口坡组雷四3亚段白云岩储层控制因素及孔隙演化特征。结果表明:雷四3亚段白云岩分为晶粒白云岩、颗粒白云岩和藻纹层白云岩三种类型,储集空间分为晶间孔和晶间溶孔、藻间溶孔、窗格孔和溶洞四种类型;白云岩结构对储层物性影响不大;沉积环境决定储层呈薄层叠置形态;浅埋藏期白云岩化作用形成大量晶间孔,为储层发育奠定基础;准同生期和表生期溶蚀形成的孔隙后期易被胶结作用、去白云岩化作用和压实压溶作用破坏;埋藏期溶蚀作用能有效改善前期被破坏的孔隙,提高储层物性,是储层形成的关键。该研究成果为川西坳陷雷口坡组白云岩储层油气勘探提供地质依据。     

川南地区震旦系灯影组白云岩地球化学特征及形成机制

川南地区震旦系灯影组白云岩储层油气资源前景广阔,但勘探程度低.为认识研究区白云岩地球化学特征及形成机制,利用薄片观察、露头剖面,岩心样品的阴极发光,X线衍射有序度,以及碳、氧稳定同位素分析等方法,将灯影组白云石分为微晶白云石、粉—细晶它形脏白云石、细晶白云石、中—粗晶白云石、鞍状白云石5种类型.结果表明:不同类型白云石δ13C值相近,δ18 O值依次减小,X线衍射有序度依次增大,前3类白云石阴极射线下几乎不发光,后2类白云石阴极射线下呈近红色光;白云石的形成机制分别为同生期蒸发泵白云石化、同生期渗透回流白云石化、浅埋藏白云石化、深埋藏白云石化及热液白云石化.该研究结论为研究区白云岩储层的空间分布和油气勘探提供参考.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马五段盐下储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

马五段盐下碳酸盐岩储集层是鄂尔多斯盆地重要和新拓展的油气探勘领域,近期在盆地中部的该层λ取 得了重要突破,展示出马五段盐下的巨大探勘潜力.基于岩心薄片观察、测?井及储层物性等资料,分析总结了 马五段盐下碳酸盐岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化.结果表明,马五段盐下发育一套台内丘滩相的碳酸盐岩储集体, 储层孔隙类型丰富且经历了多阶段多种成岩作用的共同改造,包括准同生白云石化、压实压溶、暴?溶蚀、埋藏重 结晶及胶结充填作用等.在孔隙演化过程中,准同生期大规模白云石化作用增强了储层岩石抗压能力,有利于原 生孔隙保存;随后丘滩体的局部暴?溶蚀是原生孔隙扩溶增大和优质储层形成的关键,产生了粒间溶孔、铸模孔、 窗格孔、溶洞等大量次生孔隙;埋藏成岩阶段相对高孔渗的丘滩储集层在地层流体的改造下发生强烈重结晶作 用,使储层岩石结构和孔隙空间得到优化调整,最终形成现今以晶间孔占主导的粉－细晶白云岩储层.      

川中磨溪地区龙王庙组晶粒白云岩储集性能及成因机制

以岩心观察和薄片鉴定为基础，结合沉积学、储层地质学等相关理论为指导，针对磨溪地区下寒武统龙王庙组晶粒白云岩开展了较精细的储层特征及成因研究。研 究 结 果 表 明，川中地区龙王庙组晶粒白云岩储层储集性能良好，其主要的储集岩类型为粉晶白云岩及具残余颗粒结构的粉晶白云岩；储集空间包括晶间孔、晶间溶孔、溶洞与裂缝，总体上表现为“中低孔低渗”的孔隙型 和 孔 隙－裂 缝 型 储 层。研究区晶粒白云岩储层的发育及演化受到沉积作用和成岩作用的共同控制:位于古地貌高地的台坪相及颗粒滩相为储层的形成奠定了物质基础；白云岩化和重结晶作用是形成现今粉晶白云岩及具残余颗粒结构粉晶白云岩的最直接原因；而多期溶蚀改造是研究区晶粒白云岩储层次生孔隙和溶洞形成的关键。综合以上研究认识建立了龙王庙组粉晶白云岩储层成因演化模式，并将其演化划分为同生沉积成岩阶段、埋藏阶段及构造破裂阶段。      

太原地区中奥陶世上马家沟组岩溶储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

通过岩心、野外露头观察,采用薄片、扫描电镜和地球化学分析等方法,研究太原地区中奥陶世上马家沟组岩溶储层岩石类型、储集空间类型、成岩作用类型及特征,以及成岩演化阶段和成岩作用对岩溶储层孔隙的影响及控制作用。结果表明:上马家沟组主要包括含石膏角砾灰岩、砂屑灰岩、细晶灰岩、泥晶含生屑白云质灰岩、粉晶灰质白云岩、灰质角砾白云岩、中晶白云岩、粉晶白云岩等8种岩性,孔隙和溶洞为主要储集空间;储层受到不同期次的压实—压溶、胶结充填、交代、构造破裂、溶蚀和重结晶等6种成岩作用的复合叠加;成岩演化划分为沉积—准同生成孔阶段(中奥陶世)→风化淋滤阶段(晚奥陶世—泥盆纪)→沉积充填阶段(石炭纪—早白垩世)→溶蚀改造阶段(晚白垩世—古近纪)等4个成岩阶段;储层主要受白云石化、构造破裂、溶蚀等3个成岩作用控制,不同成岩作用影响优质储层的分布和发育。该研究结果为太原地区优质储层的勘探提供有利参考。     

川东北镇巴地区寒武系龙王庙组碳酸盐岩成岩作用特征

川东北镇巴地区寒武系龙王庙组储层发育相较于川中等地区差异较大。以川东北镇巴地区龙王庙组野外出露剖面为研究对象,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、物性分析等方法,分析镇巴地区龙王庙组成岩作用特征。结果表明:镇巴地区龙王庙组储集岩类型为颗粒白云岩、晶粒白云岩、颗粒灰岩和晶粒灰岩。成岩作用类型复杂多样,其中泥晶化作用对储集空间发育起保持性作用;溶蚀作用、早期白云化作用、压溶作用、重结晶作用、破裂作用等起加强性作用;压实作用、充填作用、胶结作用等起破坏性作用。成岩阶段和成岩环境的演化过程为(准)同生成岩阶段的海水潜流环境、早成岩阶段的淡水潜流和渗流环境、中成岩阶段的浅—中埋藏环境和晚成岩阶段的中—深埋藏环境。白云岩为主要的储集岩,粒间溶孔、晶间溶孔和晶间孔为主要的储集空间,总体表现为低孔、低渗的特点,主要受(准)同生期与早成岩阶段白云化作用、溶蚀作用的关键性控制。白云化作用程度低及早期胶结作用发育等因素,造成镇巴地区龙王庙组储集空间发育、物性差于川中等地区的。该结果为川东北地区油气勘探提供参考。     

川西北地区与北美西部中上泥盆统白云岩沉积和储层对比

川西北龙门山地区与北美西部地区泥盆系均发育白云岩,但至今尚无两个地区白云岩特征的详细对比。北美西部地区泥盆系白云岩研究非常详尽,且有巨型重油油藏发现,将两个地区进行对比,可为川西北泥盆系白云岩油气勘探提供重要启示。在对两个地区泥盆系白云岩的沉积大地构造背景、地层分布特征、岩石学和沉积相特征、地球化学特征及储层特征对比的基础上,从油气成藏条件出发,分析了川西北泥盆系白云岩储层的勘探潜力。两个地区泥盆系白云岩的沉积大地构造背景、气候条件、海平面变化及纵向分布层位等具有较高的相似性,在泥盆纪均位于赤道与30°S之间,同属被动大陆边缘,川西北地区气候比较温暖湿润,而北美西部地区则相对干旱炎热。构造运动和海平面变化控制了碳酸盐岩的纵向分布,川西北地区在吉维特末期海侵达到最大,而北美西部在中弗拉期达到最大;纵向上,泥盆系白云岩在川西北地区和北美阿尔伯塔盆地主要分布于中上泥盆统,而在美国西部内华达州则遍及整个泥盆系。泥盆系白云岩在川西北地区继承中下泥盆统碎屑岩发育,在北美西部则发育于前寒武纪或早古生代基底之上;其沉积相在川西北地区以碳酸盐岩缓坡为背景,发育生物层、泻湖、潮坪和礁滩体,可见蒸发泵、混合水白云石化作用和埋藏白云石化作用,形成的白云岩粒度较细,以微晶、细晶、中晶为主;北美西部则以碳酸盐岩缓坡和蒸发台地为主,礁体和潮坪更为发育,埋藏白云石化作用更普遍,可见渗透回流白云石化和海水白云石化作用,多为中晶、粗晶白云岩。北美西部地区泥盆系白云岩物性较好,有利于原油聚集;川西北地区则较差,但次生孔隙发育,是良好的天然气储层,其成藏条件良好,具有广阔的天然气勘探前景。      

塔北地区寒武系白云岩储层裂缝充填特征与有效性

塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩储层具有年代老、埋深大、成岩作用强烈的特征,原生孔隙几乎被破坏殆尽,有效裂缝的发育程度是决定储层优劣的关键因素。根据岩芯描述、薄片鉴定、FMI成像测井、扫描电镜、阴极发光、电子探针以及流体包裹体分析等研究手段,开展了塔里木盆地北部地区(简称"塔北地区")寒武系白云岩储层的裂缝充填特征及有效性分析。塔北地区整体裂缝发育,天山南地区与塔河地区裂缝在产状、线密度、形态以及充填特征上存在差异。天山南地区裂缝线密度与有效性均低于塔河地区,充填矿物主要为自形白云石与石英,其次为方解石、石膏与黄铁矿。充填白云石分为3期,对应的温度区间分别为70℃～90℃、90℃～110℃及110℃以上,均为地层内的成岩流体成因;充填石英分两期,第一期为黏土矿物转化蚀变形成,第二期可能为热液成因。塔河地区裂缝线密度高,有效性较好,溶蚀作用发育,是有利的勘探地区,其充填物以热液矿物组合形式出现,主要为方解石,其次为石膏、鞍状白云石、黏土矿物、沥青等,重晶石以交代白云石的形式出现。充填方解石分为4期,对应的温度区间分别为70℃～100℃、100℃～130℃、130℃～180℃及180℃以上,前3期充填为不同埋深时期地层内成岩流体成因,最后一期充填为自下部运移而来的高温热液流体成因。     

巴什托油气田石炭系巴楚组碳酸盐岩储层特征及控制因素

根据薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、压汞实验、物性参数测定,结合岩心、测井资料对储层进行精细描述,分析巴什托油气田石炭系巴楚组碳酸盐岩储层特征及主控因素。结果表明:巴楚组为碳酸盐台地沉积,主要发育局限台地和蒸发台地两种亚相,巴楚组上段生屑灰岩段为巴什托石炭系油藏主要储层,岩石类型以泥晶云岩、粉晶云岩等碳酸盐岩为主;储集空间类型主要有孔隙、孔洞、裂缝三大类,其中白云岩段为细喉、中孔—中渗孔隙型储层,灰岩段为微细喉、低孔—低渗裂缝型储层。储层发育受多种因素影响,沉积相是储层发育的物质基础,优质储集相带集中在白云岩段的局限台地云坪、灰云坪微相中;溶蚀作用、白云石化作用形成大量次生溶孔,改善白云岩段储层储集性能;构造作用产生的裂缝为溶蚀作用提供渗流通道,提高储层渗透性。研究结果为巴什托碳酸盐岩储层勘探提供指导。     

塔中隆起北斜坡鹰山组碳酸盐岩古岩溶结构特征

塔里木盆地塔中隆起奥陶统鹰山组岩溶类型多样、结构复杂。以成像测井为主要手段,综合野外露头、岩心薄片和常规测井资料,研究塔中北斜坡中下奥陶统鹰山组岩溶结构特征;根据成像测井资料对单井进行刻画,分析岩溶结构垂向发育特征,提出鹰山组岩溶为潜水面控制的碳酸盐岩岛发育模式。结果表明:研究区整体识别出溶洞、溶孔、裂缝和溶孔—裂缝4种主要的岩溶结构单元,每种结构单元在成像测井及常规测井资料上响应特征不同。溶洞发育段在常规测井资料及解释数据交会图上响应特征明显。研究区发育至少3套溶洞,分别位于距不整合面5.0~20.0、40.0~100.0、150.0~200.0m埋深处。该研究结果为进一步研究鹰山组岩溶发育模式提供依据。     

Effects of river flow velocity on the formation of landslide dams

Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement, two processes occur simultaneously: the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow. When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow, the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel. In this study, the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity, respectively) on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd) and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslidedam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low, that is, the dimensionless velocity index vde 54. Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde 47. The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface, while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions. The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case, and the YingxiuWolong highway K24 landslide case. The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.     

川西地区中二叠统栖霞组沉积特征

为明确川西地区中二叠统栖霞组有利沉积相带分布,基于野外露头、岩心和钻测井资料分析,并结合区域地质测量资料,研究岩石类型、沉积模式和沉积相发育特征。结果表明:川西地区栖霞组主要发育生屑灰岩、泥晶灰岩、"眼球"状灰岩、砾屑灰岩、云质豹斑灰岩和白云岩6种岩石类型;基于构造背景、跌积砾屑灰岩、大规模带状展布丘滩体和沉积古地貌,研究区发育碳酸盐岩镶边台地体系;川西地区栖霞组自东向西依次发育开阔台地相、台地边缘相和斜坡—盆地相,其中台缘边缘相发育厚层的丘滩复合体,为最有利沉积相带。川西栖霞组台缘带沿龙门山前广元—江油—雅安一带呈北东向展布,宽度为40~80km,分布范围较广,具有良好勘探前景。     

ON THE FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE MECHANISMS OF THE COLD WATER MASS OF THE YELLOW SEA

An analytical study is made on the formation of the Cold Water Mass of the Yellow Sea (CWYS) and the relevant thermally driven circulation. The temperature and velocity field, obtained by solving the coupled equations of motion and heat conduction, show that, in summer, the CWYS has a horizontal cyclonic circulation (component) with vertical upwelling in the middle and downwelling at the edges, that the vertical convection (u-w components) occurs only within a thin layer near the thermocline. and that the deeper layer remains almost motionless. This current structure represents well the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of the thermocline or CWYS during the wanner months. Comparisons between the theoretical and observed temperatures show very good qualitative and quantitative agreements for corresponding seasons.     

The formation of explosive volcanos at the circum-Pacific convergent margin during the last century

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The circum-Pacific convergent margin is known as “the Ring of Fire”, with abundant volcano eruptions. Large eruptions are rare but very disastrous....     

Evidence of the formation of landslide-dammed lakes in the Zagros Mountains range,Iran

Alternation of high and low resistance sedimentary beds,active tectonics,large rivers,and slope erosion in valleys consequently resulted in landslide in dammed lakes within the Zagros range.This study presents the results in the analysis of geological and topographic data,satellite imageries,morphotectonics and hydrodynamics of drainage networks about the landslide dammed lakes.There are four landslides in central Zagros(Zagros FoldThrust Belt,ZFTB)which have formed five dammed lakes named,Seymareh,Jaidar,Shur,Shimbar,and Godar.According to the results,damming landslides occurred in the active-tectonic regions on the slopes of anticlines and in valleys with undercutting effects of rivers on their slopes consisting of alternations of loose and resistant beds.The studied landslide dams in narrow valleys are formed as a result of blocking river by sliding debris slopes and rock slides.This study also indicates the formation of Jaidar and Godar in one stage and the presence of Lake Terrace sequence in Seymareh,Shur and Shimbar lakes.The observed sequences of terrace formation in these lakes are caused by four Seymareh Landslides followed by the three-stage excavation of Shur andShimbar lakes.     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组储层特征及成因

为明确四川盆地震旦系灯影组的储层特征及成因,以钻井岩心、薄片观察、扫描电镜和碳氧稳定同位素分析等资料为基础,分析研究区储层的储集空间类型及储层特征、成因。结果表明:灯影组储集岩类以凝块状云岩、砂屑云岩为主,储集空间以次生孔隙、溶蚀孔洞为特征;沉积相是储层的物质基础,藻丘和颗粒滩亚相控制储层在平面上的分布范围和规模;溶蚀是储层形成的关键,同生期溶蚀增加储层的比表面积,为后期岩溶提供有利的物性条件;表生期溶蚀控制优质储层在纵向上的分布,主要分布在距离不整合面100m以内;埋藏期溶蚀对储层总孔隙度改变不大,但使前期较分散的储层趋于富集。早期裂缝(第一~三期)为各期流体及烃类充注提供导引作用,晚期裂缝(第四~五期)改善灯影组储层的渗透能力。该结果对研究区气田的勘探和开发具有参考意义。     

松辽盆地北部西斜坡青二段至姚一段四级层序格架内沉积微相分布

以松辽盆地北部西斜坡青山口组二段至姚家组一段高频层序地层为研究对象,研究各体系域内沉积体系充填类型和展布规律,利用地震、测井、岩心和古生物资料,建立松辽盆地西斜坡中青二段至姚一段四级层序格架;分析四级层序格架内沉积微相类型、沉积体形态及规模,确定沉积微相时空分布和演化特征。结果表明:青山口组二段划分为2个四级层序(Cg4、Cg3),青山口组三段划分为3个四级层序(Cg2、Cg1、Cg0),姚家组一段划分为1个四级层序(Cp1),各四级层序内均能识别出相应级次的湖泊扩张体系域和湖泊收缩体系域。研究区主要发育三角洲前缘河口坝、远砂坝、滨浅湖混合滩、砂滩和钙质浅滩沉积微相,富砂的三角洲前缘、滨浅湖砂质滩坝微相与富泥的滨浅湖混合滩微相在剖面上形成储盖组合;平面上,来源于四个物源方向的三角洲沉积体在青山口组二段的各体系域沉积时期逐渐向湖推进,与滨浅湖混合滩、泥滩微相共存,并新发育西北物源三角洲;青山口组三段沉积阶段三角洲沉积体规模明显缩小,以发育滨浅湖钙质浅滩微相为特征,Cp1时期三角洲再次向湖迁移,滨浅湖不断萎缩。该研究结果为研究区地层—岩性油气藏预测、评价提供依据。     

Study on sori formation inLaminaria japonica aresch

Sori formation inLaminaria japonica was studied from the ecological and physiological point of view. Cutting through the medulla ofLaminaria japonica improved the formation of sori. Sori formation under different water temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity was investigated and total nitrogen and reducible sugar content determined. The result showed that sori ofL. japonica can be formed in 1–22°C water in Dalian. No sori were found in water over 23°C. High temperature inhibits the formation of sori, but low temperature has no effect. Apparently, light intensity affects the formation of sori, but photoperiod does not. In shallow waterL. japonica grows slower but stores dry material faster and forms sori rapidly. In deeper water it grows faster in length but stores dry material slower and the sori formation is slow. Analysis of dry material shows that during sori formation the water content decreases but total nitrogen and total reducible sugar increase. Only when the storage of sugar reaches a certain level can sori begin to form. Cutting through the medulla interrupts the passage of nutrients to the growth area. Storage of carbohydrates and nitrogen is the main factor affecting sori formation.     

Debris flow dam formation in Southeast Tibet

1 Introduction Debris flows in Southeast Tibet can carry a great deal of sediment into streams in a special way. They block mainstreams and form dams.This type of dam,not only dominates the interaction between water and sediment and changes in the riverbed, but also exerts a great influence on the ability of transportation of the river. When a debris-flow dam forms, the water level behind the dam will increase, and villages, fields and roads will beflooded.When the dam breakes,the resulting …