Seismic stratigraphy of the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel system,northwest South China Sea

Based on more than 4000 km 2D seismic data and seismic stratigraphic analysis, we discussed the extent and formation mechanism of the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel. The Qiongdongnan deep sea channel is a large incised channel which extends from the east boundary of the Yinggehai Basin, through the whole Qiongdongnan and the Xisha trough, and terminates in the western part of the northwest subbasin of South China Sea. It is more than 570 km long and 4–8 km wide. The chaotic (or continuous) middle (or high) a...     

Buried paleo-channel system and records of sea level changes on the continental shelf in Yingge Sea Basin

High resolution geophysical instruments were used to locate many buried paleo-channels, paleo-lakes, and river mouth paleo-deltas formed during low sea level at the end of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Some paleo-rivers flowed southward into the paleo-lake and others southeastward into the Paleo-South China Sea. It may be inferred from data on buried paleo-channels that sea level remained for some time at the −50m (longest time here), −100m, and −130 to −140 m (lowest level) water depths, and that corresponding paleo-coastlines were formed at the respective depths.     

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post-fault sequences (Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement(4.4 - 5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4 - 1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato-tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5 - 3 and 3 - 0 Ma ago.     

Seismic data processing approaches for the study of gas hydrates in the east China sea

A comprehensive study of the data profiles, including the 2D seismic data, single channel seismic data, shallow sections, etc., reveals that gas hydrates occur in the East China Sea. A series of special techniques are used in the processing of seismic data, which include enhancing the accuracy of velocity analysis and resolution, estimating the wavelet, suppressing the multiple, preserving the relative amplitude, using the DMO and AVO techniques and some special techniques in dealing with the wave impedance. The existence of gas hydrates is reflected in the subbottom profiles in the appearance of BSRs, amplitude anomalies, velocity anomalies and AVO anomalies, etc. Hence the gas hydrates can be identified and predicted. It is pointed out that the East China Sea is a favorable area of the gas hydrates resource, and the Okinawa Trough is a target area of gas hydrates reservoir.     

Structural characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation in Bashituo area,Tarim Basin

According to well logs, core, seismic and other geological data, the authors studied the tectonic evolution stages, trap formation stages, fault and fracture development in the Bashituo area, and furthermore, analyzed the time of hydrocarbon accumulation, hydrocarbon migration pathways and related controversial issues in the study area. It is believed that the tectonic evolution in the study area can be divided into three stages, namely Late Hercynian, the Early Himalayan and the Late Himalayan. In the Late Hercynian, tectonic movement led to folding and faulting, resulting in the embryonic form of anticlinal traps. In the Early Himalayan, affected by both tectonic movement and transformation, deep faults reactivated and cut through the Lower Tertiary strata. After the Early Himalayan tectonic movement, faulting stopped and no vertical migration pathway was available. Then hydrocarbon migrated laterally along the sand bodies in the Bachu Formation and accumulated in the Carboniferous reservoirs. However, the Carboniferous accumulation was formed late, and the tectonic movement was weak at the Late Himalayan, and faults were underdeveloped, so the reservoirs in the deep Bachu Formation were not disturbed.     

Formation and evolution of the tertiary carbonate reefs in the Madura Strait Basin of Indonesia

Analysis of 2D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic reflection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome reflections, slope progradational reflections, chaotic reflections and discontinuous strong reflections inside the reef, which onlap the flank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness. The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily influenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a “hidden” inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.

     

古风化壳孔隙与裂缝发育特征及其油气地质意义

通过总结前人研究结果,利用数据整理、薄片观察等方法对古风化壳中孔隙和裂缝的发育规律进行了分析,并探讨了古风化壳结构的油气地质意义。研究结果表明,发育完全的古风化壳具有风化黏土层和半风化岩石的分层结构;半风化岩石中部孔隙和裂缝较发育,向上向下规模逐渐减小,至风化黏土层大孔隙和裂缝不发育。通过实例汇总认为,影响半风化岩石孔缝系统发育程度的主要因素包括风化基岩的岩性、风化的时间和强度、风化壳形成时期的剥蚀厚度和古风化壳的埋藏深度以及裂缝孔隙的充填特征。风化黏土层岩性致密,对油气的保存具有建设性作用;半风化岩层中部的孔缝连通体,既为油气运移的良好通道,也可作为油气聚集的有效储层。     

丁字湾近岸海底沉积物地层单元划分及沉积特征

通过对172 km的高分辨率浅地层剖面与6个钻孔的综合对比,对丁字湾近岸海底沉积物进行细分,自上而下划分为D0,D1,D2,D3共4个反射界面,SU1,SU2,SU3共3个沉积单元,该文总结了每个沉积单元的埋深、分布及特征,按照各个层序形成时的相对海平面位置及其升降变化态势,划分了海侵、低位、高位3个体系域,分别对应滨海相、陆相、滨海相沉积相。查明了丁字湾近岸浅地层结构及沉积特征,为该区的发展规划、海洋工程建设提供地质依据。     

郯庐断裂带泗县徐井段晚第四纪新活动的宏微观现象初步研究

探槽揭示,郯庐断裂带安徽泗县徐井一带第四纪以来的新活动表现为逆断型崩积楔、张裂楔、碎裂流和地震断层。根据现场分析初步认为,中更新统沉积后,探槽所在部位先遭受挤压,晚白垩世砖红色砂岩自西向东上冲垮塌到中更新世沉积之上,形成逆断型崩积楔-1;接着发生张性断裂活动,形成开口向上的张裂楔;随后,所在部位又遭受挤压,沿张裂楔的东边界断面挤压逆冲活动产生碎屑物质上抛流动,形成逆断型崩积楔-2;其上逐步形成更新沉积,当黑土层堆积以后,再次遭受挤压,使得断面上下黑土层堆积厚度显现差异。这表明中更新统沉积以后,断裂曾先后发生挤压-引张-挤压-挤压共4次活动,最新活动在全新世早期。根据逆断型崩积楔、张裂楔和地震断层等的成因,这几次活动应属高速粘滑活动,对应几次强烈的史前地震活动事件。上述认识部分得到原态微观观测分析结果的证实。     

塔里木盆地肖塘南地区走滑断裂特征与断溶体勘探研究

断裂在塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐缝洞型油气藏勘探开发中具有重要作用,包括控储、控藏和控富,是油气地质分析的热点。由于肖塘南地区二维测线对断裂的解释及识别难度大,对断裂控储控藏的认识不清,制约了该区奥陶系油气勘探。为此,基于肖塘南地区新三维地震资料,在分析区域地质概况的基础上,系统分析了走滑断裂的构造、演化特征,明确了走滑断裂对油气藏的控制作用,进而提出了目标优选思路。研究表明,平面上肖塘南地区发育3条NE向走滑断裂带,具有线状、马尾状、半花状组合样式;纵向上发育深层、浅层2套断裂系统,深层走滑断裂形成于加里东早—中期,表现为陡直或花状样式,浅层断裂形成于加里东晚期—海西期,表现为负花状构造走滑断裂。研究区内顺南4断裂带具有明显的分区特征,由南向北表现为线性断裂区——马尾状断裂区。在马尾状断裂区内,地层破碎严重,有利于岩溶作用,断溶体油气藏更为发育,是风险勘探优先选择的区域。研究认识对该区奥陶系断溶体油气藏勘探具有一定的指导意义。      

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DISTRIBUTION AND ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTS ON THE NORTHERN SUNDA SHELF, SOUTH CHINA SEA

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Stratigraphy of late Quaternary deposits in the mid-western North Yellow Sea

The North Yellow Sea(NYS) is characterized by strong land-sea interaction and paleoenvironmental changes with sea-level fluctuations during the late Quaternary. However, large-time scale depositional stratigraphy in this area and its relationship with sea-level changes remain unresolved. Highresolution seismic profiles from NYS were subdivided into eleven seismic units(U1 to U11 in descending order). A 70.6-m-long borehole(DLC70-2) from localities on seismic profiles, analyzed for lithology, microfossil assemblages and geochronology, comprises eleven sedimentary units(D1 to D11 in descending order), which were clearly correlated with the eleven seismic units. These units constitute four distinctive sequences(SQ1 to SQ4 from top to bottom) bounded by three sequence boundaries(S3, S5 and S10) with obvious depositional hiatus, correlated with sea-level lowstands of MIS2, MIS4 and MIS6, respectively. The lowermost SQ4 below S10, has been identified only upper part of transgressive systems tract(TST)(D11, tidal flat facies in early MIS6). SQ3 overlying S10 consists of a set of lowstand systems tracts(LST)(D10, fluvial to incised-channel filling facies in late MIS6), TST and highstand systems tracts(HST)(D9 to D6, interactive deposits of neritic and littoral facies in MIS5 and early MIS4). SQ2 above S5 is composed of LST(D5, channel-filling facies in late MIS4) and TST(D4, littoral to estuary facies in early-middle MIS3), but lack of HST resulting from subaerial exposure and channel incising during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM). The uppermost SQ1 overlying S3 comprises LST(D3, channel-filling to flooding plain or marsh facies in MIS2), Holocene TST(D2, littoral and tidal sand ridge facies) and HST(D1, neritic facies). The unusual depositional stratigraphy was largely dominated by sea-level fluctuations and the Bohai Strait topography. This study confirms that TSTs are relative continuous and widely distributed, while LSTs vary considerably in thickness and lateral extent since MIS6 in NYS.     

Modeling of low-frequency seismic waves in a shallow sea using the staggered grid difference method

Elastic waves in the seabed generated by low-frequency noise radiating from ships are known as ship seismic waves and can be used to detect and identify ships.To obtain the propagation characteristics of ship seismic waves,an algorithm for calculating seismic waves at the seafl oor is presented based on the staggered-grid fi nite diff erence method.The accuracy of the algorithm was tested by comparison with analytical solutions.Numerical simulation of seismic waves generated by a low-frequency point sound source in a typical shallow sea environment was carried out.Using various source frequencies and locations in the numerical simulation,we show that the seismic waves in the near fi eld are composed mostly of transmitted S-waves and interface waves while transmitted P-waves are weak near the seafl oor.However,in the far fi eld,the wave components of the seismic wave are mainly normal modes and interface waves,with the latter being relatively strong in the waveforms.As the source frequency decreases,the normal modes become smaller and the interface waves dominate the time series of the seismic waves.     

东非裂谷系Albert湖凹陷新生代构造沉降特征

新生代形成的东非裂谷是威尔逊旋回萌芽阶段的典型陆内裂谷,长期以来备受国内外地质学家关注。Albert湖凹陷位于东非裂谷系的西支最北端,整体呈北西向带状展布的不对称(半)地堑。目前,该区已有较好的工业性油气发现,分析其沉降演化规律对进一步揭示该凹陷的构造沉降特征及其油气勘探潜力具有重要的意义。基于钻井资料,结合地震资料解释、沉降史、埋藏史与断层活动性分析,重新划分了构造单元,总结了构造沉降特征,探讨了沉降与断裂的关系、沉降中心迁移的规律及其对油气勘探的指示意义。研究表明:Albert湖凹陷东部的次级构造单元主要受到东部边界断裂的控制,F₁、F₂断层对东部陡断带、东部断阶带以及三个构造调节带的沉降变化及其形成起主要控制作用;南部次凹在早期沉降速率较大,有利于晚中新世形成巨厚的烃源岩,随着沉降中心向北迁移,北部次凹发育了上中新统和下上新统烃源岩;沉降中心周缘的构造带是油气运聚的有利指向区。研究成果为东非裂谷系Albert湖凹陷油气进一步勘探提供了新的依据。      

伊宁地块构造单元划分之新见

伊宁地块是西天山造山带的重要组成部分,其上广泛出露晚古生代火山岩浆岩和沉积建造,对剖析该地块的形成演化具有重要意义。伊宁地块以中部近EW向展布的乌孙山—塔勒得断裂为界可划分为南、北两大构造带,两者在基底建造、岩浆岩的组成与时代及其地球化学特征、盆地形成和构造演化等方面均呈现显著不同。其中,南构造带由晚泥盆世—早石炭世早期大哈拉—喀勒峻岛弧带和阿腾套弧后伸展盆地构成,推测海沟位于岛弧带之南(那拉提南缘断裂附近);北构造带由早石炭世中晚期阿吾拉勒叠加岛弧带、特克斯—新源弧前盆地和清水河—苏布台弧后盆地-扇三角洲构成。在重新梳理并详细总结伊宁地块的最新划分依据及方案基础上,首次提出伊宁地块形成与演化的南、北构造带两拼接和演化三阶段新认识:①晚泥盆世—早石炭世早期,南构造带初始弧-盆构造体系形成;②早石炭世中晚期,北构造带的沟-弧-盆构造体系形成并增生;③早—晚石炭世,初始的南构造带与增生的北构造带拼贴缝合,完成地块拼贴与增生,最终形成统一的伊宁地块。     

Paleosols and their reflection of the environmental changes in the northeast region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Based on field investigations, laboratory analyses and ¹⁴C dating, this paper discusses the laws of the formation and development of the paleosols in the northeast region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since Late Pleistocene. The authors reconstruct basic conditions of climate, vegetation, soil and natural zones during the three periods in which the paleosols were formed, i.e. the last interglacial of the Late Pleistocene, warm stage of Late Glacial and the Optimum of Holocene. Finally, this paper discusses the relationship between the paleosols and the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.     

琼东南盆地南部梅山组丘状体沉积特征及成因机制

琼东南盆地南部梅山组具有独特的丘状反射特征,关于其成因机制引起了广泛关注和讨论。以琼东南盆地大量二维地震资料和高分辨率三维地震资料解释为基础,在深水钻井标定下,从地震相特征、沉积物物源、沉积搬运通道、古地貌特征以及海平面变化和构造活动6个方面,阐明了梅山组丘状体的沉积特征,并讨论了其成因机制。研究结果表明,中中新统梅山组沉积时期,受强制性海退影响,琼东南盆地范围内海平面下降至低水位,南部隆起局部暴露剥蚀,提供了大量沉积物源;上中新统黄流组沉积时期,盆地局部构造活动使得南部隆起物源发生重力失稳,通过深水水道向盆地中央以重力流方式搬运沉积物。琼东南盆地梅山组地层的丘状反射特征是黄流组沉积时期以南部隆起沉积物为物源的浊流侵蚀下伏梅山组地层所致。对该丘状体成因机制的深入研究,不但有助于丰富对丘状地震反射现象的认识,而且揭示了其沉积构成为粗碎屑沉积物而非生物礁滩沉积,对深水油气勘探储层特征及评价具有重要意义。      

平衡剖面技术在新疆焉耆盆地断裂和圈闭研究中的应用

简要地介绍了平衡剖面技术的基本原理及在新疆焉耆盆地断裂演化和圈闭研究中的应用。借助该项技术确定了盆地内断裂发育的时空关系及性质，指出盆地内中、新生代的断裂发育过程中有早缓晚骤、早正晚逆（ 反转） 的特征，认为盆地内的构造圈闭主要有两个形成时期，即侏罗纪末的燕山运动时期和第三纪末的喜山运动时期，并且前者形成的圈闭有效性要好于后者。     

中国海相层系油气成藏过程与储层沥青耦合关系:以四川盆地为例

鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地和四川盆地三大海相盆地在古生界均不程度地发育古油藏,古油藏中储层沥青是藉以恢复和重建油藏成藏过程的重要中间产物。在对四川盆地海相层系油气成藏分类的基础上,对四川盆地碳酸盐岩储层沥青特征开展了详细的产出形态分析,总结了储层沥青产出形态与油气成藏过程的关系。四川盆地海相天然气藏储层岩类页岩、致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩均有分布,多期生烃、多期构造调整导致天然气与古油藏耦合关系复杂。总体上讲,四川盆地海相天然气气藏构建了一个原生与次生兼备、原油裂解气藏占主导、页岩气藏和致密砂岩气藏为辅的复式成藏系统。储层沥青分布特征可揭示古油藏和气藏成藏调整过程。