Sea level change and environmental evolution of coastal lakes in Vestfol d Hills, Antarctica

Ecological end palaeoecological studies were carried out in a series of lakes in the Vestfold Hills (68°38＇S, 78°06＇E) on eastern Antarctic continent. Dynamics types of the lakes in environmental geomorphology and physic-chemistry, as well as features of biological community structures in different lakes were analyzed. Marine macro- and micro-fossils collected from the terraces and beaches surrounding these lakes and determined in 14C radiocarbon ages to be the Late Pleistocene, were used as evidences tc show the evolutionary processes of the lakes after sea level changes and transgressions since 18000 a B.P.. Basic modals of evolution for the lakes given in the paper could be regarded as not only explaining the history of environmental and ecological changes in VH lakes, and also reflecting of local environmental evolution in Antarctic region and global climate changes from past to present time.     

The identification and comparison of the bio-elements of the penguin ornithogenic sediments sample from Davis Station and Great Wall Station

During CHINARE-22 in austral summer of 2005-2006, a lake sediment core named DG4, which is impacted by penguin droppings, was retrieved from a lake catchment in Gardner Island of Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. In this study, the concentrations of characteristic elements in the core, local bedrocks and fresh penguin guanos were determined. P, Se, F, S, As, Sr and Cu in DG4 were identified as the bio-element assemblage by R-clustering analysis and compared with those in the local bedrocks and fresh guanos, the results are similar to Y2 in Ardley Island, Antarctic Peninsula. On this basis, P and Se were identified as the optimum bio-elements in DG4 and F, P and S were identified in Y2, respectively. This work will provides the foundation for reconstructing the past penguin populations in Gardner Island of Vest- fold Hills, East Antarctica and comparing the penguin population dynamics between East Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula.     

The establishment of GPS network in Grove Mountains, East Antarctica

1 Introduction The Grove Mountains is located at Princess Elizabeth land in East Antarctica, about 400 km from Zhongshan station and 160 km east of the Mawson Escarpment, consists of a scattered group of mountains and nunataks. The range extends73°-76°E…     

Does polar amplification exist in Antarctic surface during the recent four decades?

There are numerous studies on polar amplification and its influence on mid-latitude weather and climate. However, assessments on whether polar amplification occurs in Antarctica are rarely conducted. Based on the latest atmospheric reanalysis of ERA5 produced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF), we have defined the Antarctic amplification index, and calculated the trend of annual and seasonal Surface Air Temperature(SAT) mean during 1979-2019 for Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS) and the trend mean of different meridional sectors of Antarctic sub regions including East Antarctic Ice Sheet(EAIS), West Antarctic Ice Sheet(WAIS) and Antarctic Peninsula(AP). Antarctic amplification shows regional differences and seasonal variations. Antarctica shows a slight warming with the largest magnitude in AP. The temperature anomalies indicate the least fluctuations in austral summer, and the more fluctuations in winter and spring. In austral summer, the warming trend domains EAIS and WAIS, while the cooling trend appears over AP. The zonal mean in Southern Hemisphere maintains a warming trend in the low latitudes, and fluctuates greatly in the middle and high latitudes. The strongest Antarctic amplification phenomenon occurs in spring, with the amplification index of 1.20. For AP, the amplification occurs in austral autumn, and the amplification index is 2.16. At South Pole and the surrounding regions, SAT for land only fluctuates largely and shows different trends in different seasons. The mechanism of Antarctic amplification is unclear till now, and its research suffers from the limitation of measured data. This suggests that future research needs progress in comprehensive ground observation network, remote sensing data accumulation, and high-resolution climate modeling with better representation of both atmospheric and cryospheric processes in Antarctica.     

GRACE估计南极冰川质量变化的泄露影响及其改正

利用2003-01～2013-12期间GRACE数据反演得到地球表面质量变化,使用全球正向建模恢复法改正泄露影响,获得南极冰盖质量变化。比较GRACE直接估计和泄露影响改正后的结果发现,南极冰盖在2003～2013年质量变化信号衰减20.3%,西南极有26.4%的质量消融信号泄露到了周边,东南极的泄露影响更高达70%。改正后的结果表明,南极冰盖绝大部分质量消融发生在西南极和南极半岛,质量积累发生在东南极的Ronne冰架和Amery冰架;西南极冰盖质量变化速度达到-152.47±2.00 Gt/a,基本上等同于南极全岛的质量消融速度,而南极半岛的冰盖融化速度为-27.44±0.75 Gt/a,基本与东南极的冰盖质量积累速度27.27±5.12Gt/a抵消;南极全岛冰川整体质量以-152.64±7.00 Gt/a速度消失,并以-18.85±4.87 Gt/a2的加速度加速融化,导致海平面以0.41 mm/a的速度上升。     

Preliminary study on the spore-pollen assemblages found in the Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in Grove Mountains, east Antarctica and its climatic implications

Glaciogene sedimentary rocks have been found in modem tills of the Grove Mountains, east Antarctica during the 1998 - 1999 Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHNARE）. Based on the lithilogic and sedimentary features, these sedimentary rocks are correlated with Cenozoic sedimentary strata of the Pagodroma Group in the neighboring Prince Charles Mountains and the Sorsdal Formation in VestFold Hills. Sedimentary clasts contain sparsely Late Tertiary spores and pollens, including ： Toroisporis （ Lygodiaceae）, Osmunda, Granulatisporites （ Pteridaceae？） , Polypodiaceae, Podocarpus , Araucariaceae, Artemisia , Rhus , Nothofagidites , Proteacidites （Proteaceae） , Quercus , Fraxinoipollenites （ Oleaceae ） , Oleoidearumpollenites（ Oleaceae ）, Operculumpollis, and Tricolpopollenites. Most of the pollen and spores contained in these samples originate from local sources according to the conditions of their preservations as well as correlations with the microfossil assemblages found in the neighboring areas. The majority of the pollen assemblages, as represented by Podocarpus and Nothofagus, belong to the Weddellian biogeocenose, however some exotic components from the old sedimentary basement rocks may have been included during erosion of the proximal ice sheet. If the source areas of glaciogenic sedimentary rocks that bear the pollen and spores are assumed to be local, or in the up glacier areas, the pollen assemblages in these samples might represent an inland flora during a warmer period of the ice-sheet evolutionary history. The finding of the Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae in the pollen assemblages implies that they may belong to late Tertiary （most probably Pliocene）. The absence of diatoms in the samples analyzed may indicate that there are no Cenozoic marine strata in the interior of the east Antarctica beyond the Grove Mountains. The significances of the finding of the Nothofagus in these pollen assemblages are discussed on the basis of current knowledge about the age, distribution and ecological conditions of this kind of fossils found in Sirius Group or other strata outcropped in Antarctica. As a preliminary conclusion, we think that the existence of the Cenozoic glaciogenenic rocks and their pollen assemblages present new evidence for a large scale glacial retreat history in Grove Mountains of east Antarctica, and thus support a dynamic East Antarctic Ice Sheet （EAIS）. This is consistent with the interpretations of Webb et al. （1984）.     

‘Initial’ Soil Moisture Effects on the Climate in China——A Regional Climate Model Study

In this study,the effects of ‘initial’ soil moisture(SM) in arid and semi-arid Northwestern China on subsequent climate were investigated with a regional climate model. Besides the control simulations(denoted as CTL),a series of sensitivity experiments were conducted,including the DRY and WET experiments,in which the simulated ‘initial’ SM over the region 30 –50°N,75 –105°E was only 5% and 50%,and up to 150% and 200% of the simulated value in the CTL,respectively. The results show that SM change can modify ...     

Changes of serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine of 16 th and 17 th Chinese Expeditioners in Antarctic environment

The serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine were examined in 18 male and 2 female members of the Chinese Antarctic Expedition (who spent the 2000 or 2001 austral winter at the Great Wall Station) . The changes of serum thyroid hormone i. e. total thyroxine (TT4) and free T4 (FT4) , total triodothyronine (TT3) and freeT3 ( FT3 ) , thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and plasma catecholamine, including norepinephrine (NE) , epinephrine ( E) and dopamine ( DA ) , were investigated by Chemoluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) . Samples were taken at different time; (1)1 day before departure to Antarctica (16th expedition 1999/12/ 09; 17th expedition 2000/12/06). (2) 1 day after returned to China after living 54 weeks in Antarctica ( 16th expedition 2000/12/25 ; 17th expedition 2001/12/25 ). Comparing the data of before departure and returned, results showed that there was a significant decrease in the contents of TT4 (P <     

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????2004??2008???ICESat???????????????GLA12???????????????????????????????????????仯????????????????????????????????????仯??????????????????????????????3 m??????????????????????仯?????????????????????????????????     

现今绝对板块运动

根据热点假设,热点对于中间层是固定的.相对热点的板块运动叫做绝对板块运动.绝对板块运动模型可以通过反演火山链传播的速率和走向数据以确定相对板块运动在角速度空间的原点来得到.利用一组近来(0～7.8 Ma)全球分布的热点的迁移速率和走向数据,结合板块运动模型NNR-NUVEL1A,已研制出一个叫做APM2的现今绝对板块运动模型.按照该模型,太平洋板块围绕60.063°S、102.210°E处的极以(0.833 0°±0.013 3°)/Ma的速率运动,非洲板块围绕46.849°N、44.372°W的极以(0.101 5°±0.013 4°)/Ma的速率运动,南极板块的运动则以46.871°N、146.942°E为极,速率为(0.084 6°±0.017 7°)/Ma,欧亚板块的运动更慢,极为27.291°N、171.925°W,速率为(0.065 5°±0.020 6°)/Ma.这一模型表明,岩石圈相对深部地幔有一个以49.423°S、90.625°E为极,速率为(0.198 3°±0.013 5°)/Ma的净旋转.表明太平洋热点同印度-大西洋热点不一致,显示太平洋热点的运动也不一致.为了分析和比较,还给出了仅用全球分布的热点的走向数据和仅用印度-大西洋热点的走向数据得到的板块绝对运动的角速度.     

南极帝企鹅种群栖息地动态变化遥感分析

帝企鹅是南极生态的指示器,其种群栖息地分布变化对研究南极气候具有重要意义,但传统的人工实地调查难以获取全面、准确的种群栖息地信息。本文依据帝企鹅种群排泄物在卫星影像上的蓝、红波段和近红外与短波红外波段的反射率差异,提出2种可以有效判别种群排泄物的光谱指数（NDII、EI）,据此精确识别帝企鹅种群排泄物并确定其种群栖息地位置。根据2009年195景时相合适、质量较好的Landsat 7 ETM+卫星影像,获取了南极共计38个帝企鹅种群栖息地,其中新发现7处（Bowman Island , Dibble Glacier , Auster, Point Geologie , Cape Crozier , Brownson Islands和Rupert Coast）,消失2处（Amundsen Bay 和Ledda Bay）,另外25处（除Thuston Glacier, Luitpold, Sanae, Gould, Ragnhild和Beaufort Island外）位置未发生明显变化,实现了全南极帝企鹅种群栖息地的识别与定位。种群栖息地提取的正确率为94%,提取结果受限于影像质量和种群规模,且随着种群规模的提高,该方法的提取效果也越好。帝企鹅种群栖息地的分布与气候要素息息相关,种群栖息地往往倾向于气温较低和海冰密集度较高的区域,气候变化对每个种群栖息地的影响不同,因此气候与种群栖息地变化的具体关系需要长时间、区域性的观测进行研究。随着气温持续上升和海冰密集度的变化,南纬70°以北的种群栖息地面临较大的威胁,帝企鹅种群呈现向极点逐渐收缩的趋势。     

Heterogeneous Expansion of End-moraine Dammed Lakes in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya Ranges of Pakistan during 2001-2013

Global climate change during the twentieth century had a significant impact on the glaciers that resulted in creation of new lakes and expansion of existing ones, and ultimately an increase in the number of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs) in the Himalayan region. This study reports variation of the end-moraine dammed lakes in the high altitude Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya(HKH) region of Pakistan to evaluate future floods hazard under changing climate in this region. An integrated temporal remote sensing and Geographic information system(GIS) based approach using satellite images of Landsat-7 and 8 was adopted to detect 482 endmoraine dammed lakes out of which 339 lakes(0.02 km2) were selected for temporal change analysis during the 2001-2013 period. The findings of the study revealed a net expansion in the end-moraine dammed lakes area in the Karakoram(about 7.7%) and in the Himalayas(4.6%), while there was a net shrinkage of about 1.5% in the lakes area in the Hindukush range during this period. The percentage increase in the lakes' area was highest above 4500 m asl in the Hindukush, within 3500-4000 m asl in the Himalayas and below 3500 m asl in the Karakoram range. The overall positive change in the lakes' area appears to prevail in various altitudinal ranges of the region. The heterogeneous areal changes in the endmoraine dammed lakes might be attributed to different climate regimes and glacial hydrodynamics in the three HKH ranges. A periodic monitoring of the glacial lakes and their associated glaciers is essential for developing effective hazard assessment and risk reduction strategies for this high altitude Himalayan region.     

Feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of bio-element concentrations in Antarctic ornithogenic sediments

Compared with traditional chemical analysis methods, reflectance spectroscopy has the advantages of speed, minimal or no sample preparation, non-destruction, and low cost. The present study explored the application of the reflectance spectroscopy within near ultraviolet-visible-near infrared region to predict bio-element compositions in the ornithogenic sediments from the maritime Antarctic. A total of 106 samples were taken from four ornithogenic sediment cores on the Ardley Island of Antarctica, 68 samples were used for building calibration equation, and 38 for prediction of nine bio-elements including P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Ba, F and S. Three multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including stepwise multiple linear regression (Stepwise-MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to develop mathematical relationships between the spectral data and the chemical reference data. The results showed that the regression models constructed by PCR and PLS models have no significant differences, and obviously supervisor to Stepwise-MLR. The correlations between spectra-predicted and chemically analyzed concentrations of nine bio-elements are statistically significant, and the concentration-versus-depth profiles predicted from reflectance spectra using PLS calibration model are consistent with those from actual chemical analysis. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy to infer bio-element concentrations in the ornithogenic sediments, and thus it is suggested that the reflectance spectroscopy could provide a rapid and valuable technique to indirectly identify whether the sediments were influenced by penguin droppings in the Antarctic region.     

Spatial variability of chemical tracers in surface snow along the traverse route from the coast to 1000 km inland at east Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

1　IntroductionAntarcticicesheetisaburialgroundforatmosphericdeposition .Sincethereiscon tinuousinteractionbetweentheicesheetandtheatmosphere,variousatmosphericsub stancesareinjectedtotheicesheetsequentiallyintimeandspace.Therefore,verticalanalysesoftheicesheetprovideuswithinformationaboutpastclimaticchange (Delmas1 992 ;LegrandandMayewski 1 997)andhorizontalanalysesoftheicesheetprovideuswithknowledgeregardinglong rangetransportofairbornematerials (Kamiyamaetal.1 989;KreutzandMayewski 1 999)…     

Primary productivity and chlorophyll a in Prydz Bay and its mouth in Antarctica during the austral summer of 1999/2000

The investigation of phytoplankton standing stock, euphotic layer and photosynthesis rate were carried out in 19 - 27 of January, 2000 at three longitudinal sections (70°30＇E, 73°00＇E and 75°30＇E). The results showed that the high value of chlorophyll a concentration was in inshore bay, polynya and the continental slope of the investigated sea area. At various investigated stations, average chlorophyll a concentration at sub-surface layer (25 m) was higher than that at surface layer; its concentration at the deeper layers of over 50 m decreased with increasing depth. At anchor station, the maximum chlorophyll az concentration appeared at surface layer in Antarctic summer's afternoon while the minimum value appeared in the morning; chlorophyll a concentration at water layer of 0 - 25 m was obviously higher than that at deep water layer, being related to the releasing of ice-algae. High productivity was in inshore bay and polynya of continental shelf. Chlorophyll a concentration at surface layer is closely correlated to the dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater. The sea ares with chlorophyll a concentration of over 1.0ag/dms may be the convergence of CO2 and that of below 1.0 μg/dms may be the source of CO2.     

Review of China's scientific research progress in polar meteorology in the last 30 years

The Antarctic and Arctic are sensitive to global climate change; therefore, they are key regions of global climate change research. This paper, the progress in scientific investigations and research regarding the atmosphere in the polar regions over the last 30 years by Chinese scientists is summarized. Primary understanding of the relationship between the polar regions and global change, especially, the variations in time and space in the Antarctic and Arctic regions with respect to climate change is indicated. Operational weather forecasts for investigation of the polar regions have also been established. Moreover, changes in sea ice and their impact on the atmosphere of polar regions have been diagnosed and simulated. Parameterization of the atmospheric boundary layer of different underlying layers and changes in the atmospheric ozone in the polar region has also been experimented. Overall, there has been great progress in studies of the possible impact of changes in the atmospheric environment of polar regions on circulation in East Asia and the climate of China.     

CryoSat DEM与多种南极DEM的对比分析

南极洲被巨厚冰雪覆盖,地质构造以南极横断山脉为界,总体分为东南极地盾和西南极活动带。数字高程模型（DEM）是研究南极冰盖变化的基础数据之一。通过多期次数字高程模型相比较获得高程的变化信息,是分析南极冰盖厚度变化和物质平衡的重要手段。然而不同类型DEM之间存的平面误差和垂直误差影响分析结果的精度。首先利用配准消除DEM间的水平误差,然后计算并按坡度提取CryoSat DEM与其他DEM的平均高程差和标准差,最后分析高程差的时空变化特征。通过分析发现,DEM之间存在不同的平面误差。其中TanDEM_X DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最小,而ICESat DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最大。在垂直方向上,0°~1°的坡度范围内,CryoSat DEM与TanDEM_X DEM的平均高程差在3.5~5.5 m之间,标准差小于18.0 m;CryoSat DEM和Bamber 1km DEM的平均高程差在-2.5~+1.0 m之间,标准差小于24.2 m;CryoSat DEM与ICESat DEM的平均高程差在-25.0~-1.0 m之间,标准差小于47.2 m;CryoSat DEM与RAMPv2 DEM的平均高程差在1.3~3.2 m之间,标准差小于45.6 m。通过研究发现南极冰盖内部高程增加,但西南极冰盖和东南极冰盖高程均在降低,且西南极降低明显,同时南极边缘地区高程降低明显。本研究为全球变化研究和南极物质平衡研究提供了重要参考。      

Determination of Antarctic geoid by using global gravity field

With Chinese latest global gravity field model WDM94, the authors providethe geoid height and mean free-air gravity anomaly of Antarctica (The range of latitude is from—60° to—90°). In order to conclude and analyze the characters of Antarctic geoid roundly, the authors collect the latest oversea global gravity field model OSU91 (to degree and order 360) and JGMOSU (to degree and order 360), get the corresponding geoid height and mean free-air gravity anomaly. The results arecompared with the results got from WDM94, thus we get the difference. The standard deviation of geoid height between WDM94 and OSU91 is ± 1.90 re;the deviation of geoid between WDM9 and JGMOSU is ± 2.09 m. The standard deviation of mean gravity anomaly are±8.97 mGal and ± 9.32 mGal respectively.     

Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.     

Antarctica Sea-ice Oscillation and Its Possible Impact on Monsoon of South Sea

Antarctic sea-ice oscillation index with a seesaw pattern is defined using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis girds data of monthly Antarctica sea-ice concentration from 1979 to 2002. The relationships between the index of winter and the summer precipitations in China as well as the onset date of the summer East Asia monsoon are presented. The study result shows that the grids of correlation coefficients passed 5% confidence level between Antarctic sea-ice oscillation index and Antarctic sea-ice concentration are more than 1/3 of all grids of Antarctica sea-ice, that means the index can represent 1/3 sea-ice area. The winter index has a significant correlation with abnormal summer (June-August) precipitation in China. The area of positive correlation lies in the Yangtze River basin and its south, and that of negative correlation lies mainly in the north of Yangtze River basin. While the winter index is positive (negative), the onset date of South China Sea monsoon is earlier (later), with a probability of 79% (80%). Consequently, a conceptual model is given in term of discussing the possible process between the winter Antarctic sea ice and the monsoon precipitation in China.