层理倾角对页岩三轴应力应变测试和纵横波速度的影响

针对页岩层理发育的特点,根据不同层理倾角条件下的三轴压缩实验和纵横波速度测试,获得层理倾角对页岩破坏形态、强度、弹性模量、泊松比和纵横波速的影响,明确轴向应力与纵横波速度变化关系,建立研究页岩储层的动、静态弹性模量与泊松比的相关因数,分析页岩的力学参数、纵横波速度的变异因数和各向异性因数。结果表明:页岩力学参数及纵横波速度受层理倾角线性变化,轴向应力与纵波速度正相关,动静态弹性模量和泊松比相关因数分别为1.39、1.18,力学参数的变异因数和各向异性因数均值较超声波速度大。该结果可以为页岩气测井解释、钻井设计和水力压裂改造提供基础参数。     

天然裂缝对页岩储层井周诱导缝形成扩展的影响

页岩储层物性极差,必须通过体积改造形成网状裂缝系统才能实现经济有效开发,掌握页岩地层中诱导裂缝延伸规律是成功实现缝网压裂的基础。借助基于细观损伤力学和弹性力学研发的岩石破裂分析系统RFPA2D,开展了页岩储层在水力压裂过程中的裂缝形成及延伸规律研究。在考虑到地层非均质的前提下,结合页岩本身的力学特性,分析了井周天然裂缝长度及密度对井周诱导缝形成及发展的影响。结果表明,井壁天然裂缝越长、密度越大,其开启可能越大,开启后伴生诱导缝发育程度越高。另外,对不同地应力差下天然裂缝长度影响开展的研究表明,低应力差下,即使天然裂缝较短,也会被打开,伴生诱导缝延伸具有较强的随机性,在天然裂缝长度较长的情况下,伴生诱导缝倾向于沿天然裂缝方向继续发展。      

基于CT扫描的黄土孔隙结构特征研究

孔隙特征作为反映黄土微观结构的重要特征之一, 直接影响黄土的水敏性、渗透性和强度等物理力学性质。为了研究水力耦合作用下黄土微观孔隙结构特征, 使用CT技术对天然原状、原状饱和与重塑黄土的初始结构以及不固结不排水剪切试验后的土体结构进行了扫描, 通过建立黄土三维结构模型, 分析了剪切试验前后孔隙结构的演变特征。结果表明: 饱和与重塑作用使天然原状黄土的大孔隙减少, 剪切作用使天然原状黄土和重塑黄土发生剪切破坏, 原状饱和黄土发生压缩破坏, 局部孔隙率增加。天然原状黄土与原状饱和黄土在剪切前后均表现为微孔和小孔数量较多, 其孔隙倾角主要分布在50°~90°之间, 解释了黄土亚稳态结构形成的主要原因。扰动作用使重塑黄土的孔隙尺寸分布均匀, 且重塑黄土与原状饱和黄土在水力作用下更易失稳屈服。揭示了黄土剪切变形破坏的微观结构主要表现为粒间胶结物的溶解、孔隙的坍塌与填充以及颗粒旋转、破碎和滑移。试验结果可为黄土剪切强度降低和湿陷机理研究提供依据。      

地层各向异性对硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定性的影响

硬脆性泥页岩地层内部裂缝 、微裂缝等弱面结构发育,表现较强的非均质性和各向异性,常规坍塌压力的计算方法不能准确反映硬脆性泥页岩的破坏规律.基于弱面破坏准则,考虑弱面产状、各向异性、井眼轨迹的影响,建立硬脆性泥页岩坍塌压力的计算模型,分析不同地应力状态下的地层力学各向异性对坍塌压力的影响,确定钻井的安全及危险分布区域.结果表明:当水平地应力为均匀地应力时,地层各向异性对坍塌压力的影响较小,坍塌压力差异程度小于5.00％,基本可以忽略;其他应力条件下,需综合考虑地层力学各向异性和弱面对坍塌压力的影响,确定地层坍塌压力.井斜角与弱面角接近时(井斜角为45°～75°),沿任何方位钻进的定向井井壁失稳风险较高.该结果对硬脆性泥页岩地层钻井具有指导意义,为现场采取合理的工程对策解决井壁失稳问题提供依据.     

中扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组页岩纵向非均质性及主控因素

中扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组页岩在纵向上具有较强的非均质性, 影响着页岩储层含气性以及后期的可压裂性。本研究综合测井曲线、钻井岩心、薄片观察、有机碳测试、X衍射矿物测试以及主微量元素测试, 在建立研究区页岩等时地层层序格架的基础上, 剖析该套页岩在有机质丰度、矿物组分、页岩岩相等方面的非均质性特征, 结合恢复的古气候和古环境信息, 揭示控制非均质性的主控因素。研究结果表明: 五峰组-龙马溪组一段页岩识别出2个三级层序, 其中五峰组划分出海侵体系域(TST1)和高位体系域(HST), 龙马溪组一段划分出海侵体系域(TST2)和早期高位体系域(EHST)。海侵期页岩硅质含量高, 黏土含量较低, 有机碳含量高, 主要发育硅质页岩相和含黏土硅质页岩相; 早期高位域期, 页岩发育粉砂质条带和透镜状层理, 黏土含量较高, 有机碳含量较低, 主要发育含硅黏土质页岩相。古气候指标(CIA、Rb/Sr)、古生产力指标(Cu/Al、P/Al)、氧化还原条件指标(Mo_EF、U_EF)以及陆源输入(Ti)指标在垂向上的变化表明研究区在海侵期具有较高古生产力, 缺氧的沉积环境、低陆源输入以及相对干燥寒冷的气候条件, 而高位体系域期, 研究区表现为古生产力较低、弱还原-氧化的沉积环境、高陆源输入以及相对温暖潮湿的气候条件。火山活动、底流作用、古气候、古生产力、氧化还原条件以及陆源输入是研究区五峰组-龙马溪一段页岩纵向非均质性的主控因素。最后通过与上扬子地区页岩层段参数对比, 发现研究区主要具有埋藏深度较深、富机质页岩层段明显偏薄、含气量偏低, 脆性矿物含量偏多等特征。      

辽河东部凸起太原组页岩孔隙分形特征

页岩孔隙结构具有良好的分形特征,孔隙结构的分形维数能定量描述孔隙结构的复杂程度。以辽河东部凸起为例,应用高压压汞方法研究了页岩孔隙结构及其不规则性,计算了页岩孔隙分形维数。研究结果表明,辽河东部凸起太原组页岩孔隙分形无标度区为0.09~60 μm,孔隙分维数为2.378~3.007,随着分形维数的增大,页岩的非均质性增强,压汞实验得出的页岩孔径分布特征也证明了页岩的孔隙分形维数可以用来定量描述页岩储层岩石孔隙结构的微观非均质性;数学拟合表明分形维数与有机质含量相关性差,反映页岩中无机孔隙为主体孔隙类型;分形维数与石英含量呈较弱的正相关而与黏土矿物含量呈较强的负相关性,表明黏土矿物含量对页岩孔隙结构影响明显。分形维数与页岩的渗透率和孔隙度均具有很好的负相关性,分形维数越大,岩心的渗透率和孔隙度越小,表明分形维数越大,孔隙结构越趋于复杂,不利于气体的渗流和产出。      

川东南丁山地区龙马溪组富有机质页岩脆性评价

开展页岩储层的脆性评价对优选页岩气藏有利层段具有重要意义。综合利用岩心、测井、Ｘ 射线衍射、岩石力学实验等资料，采用岩石矿物组分法和弹性参数法对丁山地区龙马溪组页岩脆性特征进行了综合研究，进而开展了页岩储层可压裂性评价。结果表明:研究区龙马溪组页岩矿物脆性主要受石英、长石、黄铁矿等矿物的影响，矿物脆性指数为３６．２％～６２．７％，平均４８．１％；不同围压条件下，页岩受力破坏主要有劈裂型、双剪切型、单剪切型 ３种模式，力学脆性指数为 ４０．７％ ～６１．６％，平均５２．６％。与国内外其他页岩产气区相比，研究区页岩脆性指数级别为中等偏上，脆性矿物、脆性指数与 ＴＯＣ含量具有较好的相关性，岩石可压裂性较好。ＤＹ１井龙马溪组脆性较强井段位于２０２７．０～２０５４．２ｍ，脆性指数均超过５０％，可实施压裂求取产能，与实际生产情况匹配性较好。      

过渡相煤系泥页岩纳米级孔隙结构非均质性表征及主控因素——以淮南煤田二叠系为例

纳米级孔隙是煤系页岩气赋存的重要场所,具有很强的非均质性。为了研究海陆过渡相煤系泥页岩储层孔隙结构非均质性,对淮南煤田二叠系山西组和下石盒子组泥页岩钻孔岩芯样品进行总有机碳、镜质体反射率、全岩和黏土X射线衍射分析、场发射扫描电镜及低温液氮吸附实验,获得泥页岩有机地球化学、矿物组分、孔隙结构参数,采用孔隙结构相对偏差、FHH分形模型来评价储层孔隙结构非均质性及主控因素。结果表明:储层孔隙类型以黏土矿物片层间的平行板状孔、狭缝状孔及粒间的锥状孔为主,孔隙尺度主要为介孔,其次为微孔和宏孔;孔隙结构具显著分段分形特征,由于与煤储层高度相似而划分为渗透孔隙(r7.5nm)和吸附孔隙(r≤7.5nm),渗透孔隙复杂程度强于吸附孔隙;微孔越发育,孔容越小,比表面积越大,分形维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂,非均质性越强;过渡相煤系泥页岩储层孔隙结构非均质性主要受控于不同沉积环境及成岩演化下矿物组分差异,随着黏土矿物含量的增加和脆性矿物含量的减小而增大;与下石盒子组相比,山西组黏土矿物含量更低,导致分形维数较低,孔隙结构复杂程度偏弱,比表面积和平均孔径的相对偏差较小,孔隙分布较均匀,非均质性相对弱,对页岩气的储存、解吸和扩散更有利,可考虑优先开采。     

低压气体吸附实验在页岩孔隙结构表征中的应用

页岩孔隙结构特征直接影响气体在其中的吸附和运移。以长宁示范区下志留统龙马溪组下部富有机质页岩样品为例,利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、低压CO2气体吸附及低压Ar气体吸附等实验,对长宁示范区开发主体层段富有机质页岩的孔隙结构进行定性描述和定量表征。结果表明:长宁示范区富有机质页岩主要发育有机质孔隙,页岩孔隙结构非均质性强,平均比表面积为42.19m2/g,平均孔体积为0.059 1cm3/g,孔径小于2nm的微孔提供页岩60%以上的比表面积,是页岩气主要的吸附场所;孔径大于10nm的介孔和宏孔提供页岩70%以上的孔体积,是页岩气主要的储存场所。改进的气体吸附法可实现对页岩纳米级孔径分布的连续定量表征,研究结果对了解富有机质页岩纳米级孔隙结构特征、评价页岩含气性具有指导意义。     

赣西北武宁地区新开岭组页岩含气潜力新认识

鉴于赣西北武宁地区新开岭剖面附近一口水井钻遇新开岭组黑色页岩新鲜样品,开展了相关实验分析并对该层位页岩含气潜力进行了评价;通过岩心观察、有机地球化学分析、矿物组成分析、扫描电镜观察、比表面积分析以及等温吸附等研究方法,对武宁地区新开岭组页岩的生气条件和储集条件进行了研究,并分析了其含气潜力.研究结果表明,武宁地区新开岭组黑色页岩样品有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,w(TOC)介于１．１８％~３．１１％之间,平均为２．１１％,Ro 平均为２．９９％,处于过成熟早期－中期阶段,生气条件较好;宏观裂缝上高角度剪切裂缝、层间页理缝以及成岩收缩缝发育,微观孔隙上有机质孔隙、黏土矿物粒间微裂缝、粒间溶蚀孔隙以及矿物间孔隙发育,储集空间类型丰富,储集条件较好,且脆性矿物含量高易于后期压裂改造,储层条件较好;吸附气量介于２．１２~３．４７m３/t之间,具有较好的吸附能力.武宁地区新开岭组与中上扬子地区龙马溪组关键参数的对比分析表明,武宁地区新开岭组具备形成页岩气的有利条件,页岩气资源潜力较大.      

Acoustic numerical simulation for VTI media

The generality to anisotropy of the earth media can be proved by a lot of research and observation, which is shown by the elastic parameters of the seismic wave changes with the direction of propagation. Actually, computational efficiency is very low, when simulating on the elastic anisotropie media, for the complicated and multi-parameters computation, which becomes a disadvantage to the succeeding migration and imaging pro-cedure. Using acoustic approximation in the VT[ media is an advisable simplification for the elastic wave simu-lation in that setting S-velocity into zero can greatly reduce the computational amount as well as get the same simulation effect. The authors get an acoustic approximation formula, then gain an anisotropic wave equation with 2-order in time and 4-order in space by inverse Fourier transformation, and dispel with the dispersion by adopting the high order finite difference operator in space and remove the edge reflection using the absorption attenuation boundary. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of this algorithm can be proved by the snaps and synthetic records.     

SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of a small tonalite intrusion in metamorphic belt of Chinese Altai orogen and its geological implication

Small granitic intrusions occur in the progressive metamorphic belts of the Chinese Ahai orogen. SHRIMP U-Pb analyses were performed on zircons separated from a tonalite intrusion and yielded a concordant age of 409.6±3.7 Ma （ MSWD = 0.93 ）, restricting the emplacement and crystallization of the tonalite intru- sion to the Early Devonian. Combined with the existing geological data of the contemporary large granitic plutons in the Chinese Altai orogen, the tonalite is considered to be formed together with other granitic rocks in a continental arc setting. The tonalite intrusion has consistent foliation with its country rocks, indicating the strain resuiting in the regional deformation should be very strong during or after the early Devonian.     

Application of artificial slope stability evaluation of improved response surface method in Donggang Power Plant

The study of artificial slope stability has been a key item of geological engineering projects. Though more evaluation methods are available, result of stability evaluation simulation does not explain the actual problem owing to the diversified geological engineering factors and complexity. The author made a detailed study based on surveys of large amount of geological engineering research on Donggang Power Plant slope project, discussed the comprehensive factors influencing the project, and gave analytical calculation and evaluation to the improved response surface of the slope project. The study result shows that the slope is stable, which can provide scientific basis for designing the slope.     

Causes of rockfalls in AI-Huwayshah area, Yemen

According to topography of Yemen, most areas and villages are located at obligated crest, toe of mountain and under cliffs. Therefore Al-Huwayshah consisting of Tawilah sandstone group is characterized by steep slope reach to 90℃ in some areas. This area is affected by strong tectonic movements and faults that occurred during the geological epochs. This effect enhances to find out fractures and joints as well as the rocks become brittle and ready to slide depending on the position of area. And there are some fractures and joints on the surface of the areas due to tectonic movement associated with opening the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The rainfalls, fractures, joints, earthquakes, gravity, vegetations, temperatures and human activities play a big role in the processes of rockfalls and landslides in this area. All those factors are considered as the basic causes and catalyzed factors for occurrence of rockfall in the studide area. In addition, the authors carried out laboratory test for many rock samples to get the physical properties of the rocks.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of granite porphyry in Keyouzhongqi area,Inner Mongolia

The authors studied the geochemistry, zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotope of the granite porphyry and its petrogenesis and tectonic setting in the studied area. The zircon U-Pb dating indicates the formation of the granite porphyry is in Early Cretaceous （ 125.1 ± 1.5 Ma）. The granite porphyry has high-SiO2 and alkali-rich features, which belongs to high-K talc-alkaline series rocks （ A/CNK = 0. 95%-1. 25% ）. The analyses of trace elements show the characteristics of a swallow-shaped REE distribution pattern with enrichment in LREEs and most of LILEs and HFSEs, depletion in Ba, Sr, Nb, P and Ti, and especially strong depletion in Eu, which indicates the granite porphyry belongs to the aluminous A-type granite. Their εHf（t） range from 5.94 to 8.80 with Hf two-stage model ages （TDM2 ） of 620 Ma to 803 Ma. Combining with the regional tectonic background, we conclude that the source of the rocks is the new crust materials accreted from depleted mantle in Neoproterozoic and is the product of partial melting of middle and lower crustal rocks, which may be suffered from the dual impact of the subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean and the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.     

Sedimentary environment of Middle Permian Zhesi Formation in Solon area of Inner Mongolia

Through a sampling analysis of trace elements and REE in the section of Middle Permian Zhesi For- mation in Solon area of Inner Mongolia, it is found that the overall sandstone and mudstone samples are charac- terized by LREE-enrichment. By analysis of the discriminant index of the sedimentary environment, the tectonic setting of Zhesi Formation is determined to be a continental island arc environment. Meanwhile, according to the sedimentary structure and lithology combination, Zhesi Formation is divided into the neritic-bathyal reten- tion-reduction environment as well as the delta front and prodelta sedimentary systems.     

Several boundary identification methods of gravity data and application in Vientiane of Laos area

The authors studied the potential field boundary identification of the new technology in order to find out the possible fractures or contact zones using the following methods such as tilt derivative, horizontal derivative of tilt derivative, normalized standard deviation and normalized differential method. Combined with Euler deconvolution and small subdomain filtering, the actual data processing results show that these methods are all a- ble to identify wider range extending fractures and obtain abundant geological information. The horizontal derivative of tilt derivative and normalized differential method have a better resolution for the small cutting fractures and lacunae in the studied area. They provide a reliable basis for study of the cutting relationship between fractures.     

Holocene Temperature Records from the East China Sea Mud Area Southwest of the Cheju Island Reconstructed by the U^K_37 and TEX86 Paleothermometers

As an important marginal sea under the influences of both the Changjiang River and the Kuroshio, the East China Sea （ECS） environment is sensitive to both continental and oceanic forcing. Paleoenvironmental records are essential for understanding the long-term environmental evolution of the ECS and adjacent areas. However, paleo-temperature records from the ECS shelf are currently very limited. In this study, the U^K_37 and TEX86 paleothermometers were used to reconstruct surface and subsurface temperature changes of the mud area southwest of the Cheju Island （Site F10B） in the ECS during the Holocene. The results indicate that temperature changes of F 10B during the early Holocene （11.6-6.2 kyr） are associated with global climate change. During the period of 6.2-2.5 kyr, the similar variability trends of smoothing average of AT （the difference between surface and subsurface temperature） of Site F10B and the strength of the Kuroshio suggest that the Kuroshio influence on the site started around 6.2kyr when the Kuroshio entered the Yellow Sea and continued to 2.5 kyr. During the late Holocene （2.5-1.45 kyr）, apparent decreases of U^K_37 sea surface temperature （SST） and AT imply that the direct influence of the Kuroshio was reduced while cold eddy induced by the Kuroshio gradually controlled hydrological conditions of this region around 2.5 kyr.     

Remote forcing of Indian Ocean warming on Northwest Pacific during E1 Nino decaying years： a FOAM model approach

This paper attempts to analyze in detail the remote influence of the Indian Ocean Basin warming on the Northwest Pacific （NWP） during the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Observation data and the Fast Ocean- Atmosphere coupled Model 1.5 were used to investigate the triggering conditions under which the remote influence is formed between the positive sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly in the North Indian Ocean and the Anomalous Northwest Pacific anticyclone （ANWPA）. Our research show that it is only when there is a contributory background wind field over the Indian Ocean, i,e., when the Indian Summer Monsoon （ISM） reaches its peak, that the warmer SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean incites significant easterly wind anomalies in the lower atmosphere of the Indo-West tropical Pacific. This then produces the remote influence on the ANWPA. Therefore, the SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean might interfere with the prediction of the East Asia Summer Monsoon in the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Both the sustaining effect of local negative SST anomalies in the NWP, and the remote effect of positive SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean on the ANWPA, should be considered in further research.     

Observed water current and transport through Qiongzhou Strait during August 2010

The velocity structure of the residual current across an entire section of the Qiongzhou Strait(QS) in summer is presented for the fi rst time. Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profi le measurements, from the mid-region of the QS(110.18°E), were collected on 1–4 August 2010. The diurnal tidal currents had their maximum amplitudes between 4.24 and 20.24 m. Their amplitude along the major axis ranged from approximately 0.55 m/s in the middle part of the strait(20.15°N) to 0.84 m/s in the north part of the strait(20.20°N). Both anticlockwise and clockwise tidal current rotations exist in the QS. During the observation period(neap tide), a signifi cant westward residual current occupied almost the entire study section. Two velocity cores of westward current were observed at the northern part and near the deepest trough, although an eastward current appeared in the middle part of the transect. The deepest core was located near 62 m at 20.13°N, with a maximum velocity of-0.34 m/s. The shallower core was located at approximately 16 m at 20.20°N, with a maximum velocity of-0.33 m/s. The estimated total volume of water transported through the QS was-0.16 Sv. This value is an important boundary condition, applicable to numerical models studying coastal ocean circulation in the northwestern South China Sea.