空气中声波在井下地震计记录强度的特征分析

基于理论地震图，分别探讨台站埋深、S波速度以及衰减结构对井下地震计噪声强度的影响，发现当台站深度小于参考深度即S波速度与声波速度相等的深度时，声波转换波/P波振幅比随深度变化较小；而当台站深度大于参考深度时，声波转换波/P波振幅比随深度指数下降。利用2015年天津爆炸事件在井下地震计记录的波形，分析井下地震计噪声强度的变化特征，其结果与基于理论地震图的结果一致。     

利用小震震源机制解研究太行山断裂带东南缘地区构造应力场

利用P波初动和垂直向记录Pg、Sg振幅比方法,计算得到在太行山断裂带东南缘地区68个中小地震的震源机制解。通过统计方法、系统聚类分析方法分析震源机制解参数,并利用力轴张量计算方法求取区域平均应力场。结果表明,研究区68个中小地震震源机制解走滑类占总数的57%,正断类与逆断类也都存在;最大、最小应力轴倾角都较小,接近水平。该区现今构造应力场的主要特征表现为北东东-南西西向的水平挤压与北北西-南南东向的水平拉伸。     

渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区地震活动的深部背景

利用西安数字地震遥测台网记录的数字地震资料，采用P初动半周期方法，得到了渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区的Q值分布，探讨了该区域地震活动性与地壳内速度分布、Q值分布及地质构造的关系。结果表明：①Q值分布有两个地区存在较强烈地横向不均匀性，其一是淳化、耀县高Q值区和相邻的西安、富平低Q值区，其二是陕晋交界处的韩城高Q值区和相邻的澄城低Q值区，它们都位于不同构造单元交界、差异运动显著、新老地层交错的地区；②历史强震震中主要分布在Q值分布高、低值间的过渡带上；③Q值分布与20km深度P波速度分布有较好地一致性。上述结果表明，该区域的地震活动性有深部构造背景，与区域速度场、介质品质因子分布密切相关。     

临猗5.0级地震前后品质因子值变化特征研究

利用西安数字地震遥测台网记录的数字地震资料，采用P波初动半周期残差法求得1998年7月临猗5．0级地震前后不同路径的Q(品质因子)值变化，发现在地震发生前Q值为87～203，震后Q值为67～164，震前震中区附近出现明显的高Q值异常。结果表明，地震前的高Q值异常可以作为地震预测的一种手段。     

大兴安岭隆起北段最小一维速度模型反演和地震重新定位

使用2009-01-01～2017-03-30内蒙古地震台网和邻省台网记录的大兴安岭北段地区593个天然地震的3 848条P波到时数据，应用VELEST方法反演大兴安岭北段地壳一维P波速度模型、台站走时校正值和重新定位结果。联合反演获得的台站走时校正值反映了地壳速度的横向不均匀性及台站下方波速异常，大兴安岭北段东南侧速度高于西北侧；重新定位结果中，震中位置在空间上更加收敛；震源深度剖面图显示，大兴安岭北段西北侧震源深度较浅，东南侧较深，大兴安岭山脊区域震源深度分布下限较深。     

基于GPS资料研究红河断裂带现今闭锁程度与地震危险性

基于2009~2015年中国大陆GPS水平速度场数据，采用DEFNODE负位错反演程序计算红河断裂带的断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率特征，并结合小震精定位结果分析该断裂带的强震危险性。结果表明，GPS水平观测值与模型值的拟合结果较好，小震分布与闭锁程度结果存在一定的相关性，红河断裂的中段北部（南涧-墨江）基本完全闭锁，断层的滑动亏损速率也相对较大，该段落具有发生较大地震的可能性；红河断裂带其余段落闭锁程度较弱，尤其是断裂带的南段，在2~5 km深度处基本由闭锁状态转化为蠕滑状态，断层的滑动亏损速率也相应很小，该段发生较大地震的可能性较小。     

福建水口库区次级断裂的应力分析和活动特征研究

为了解水口水库地区次级断裂的受力性质和活动特征,选用库区15个P波初动清晰可靠的地震震源机制解,采用力轴张量计算法推算了该区构造应力场的主轴方向,进而对断裂进行了应力分析。结果表明,湾口断裂受力性质为压性,其余为张性。根据库区布设的6个跨断层短水准场地观测资料,通过线性拟合方法,发现西瓜洲断裂为正断活动,其余为逆断活动。最后对两种方法得到的结果进行了比较。     

九江-瑞昌地震震源机制和应力场特征

利用九江-瑞昌5.7级地震后震区地震波形资料，采用Snoke发展的基于P波、SV波、SH波初动和振幅比联合计算震源机制解的方法(FOCMEC)，分两个时段反演得到176个ML≥1.0地震的震源机制解。结果显示，MS5.7主震发震断层是在近EW向的区域应力场挤压作用下产生的带有逆断性质的左旋走滑断层，余震也以走滑型运动为主，NW向洋鸡山-武山-通江岭隐伏断裂为主震的发震构造。地震节面走向主要集中在NEE和NWW两个方向，与余震分布优势方向、震区构造大体一致。两个时段的震源机制解P轴优势方向均为近EW向，与主震P轴方向接近，也与江西北部地区的构造应力场分布特征相一致。应力场反演结果与震源机制参数统计结果整体一致，表现为近EW向挤压和近NS向拉张作用。     

青藏高原东南缘壳幔耦合强震孕育模型研究

结合青藏高原东南缘软弱带的分布及地震活动性的深度空间特征，提出强震孕育的壳幔耦合模型。利用中国国家数字地震台网和四川云南区域数字地震台网及布设在青藏高原东南缘的地震台站所记录的远震SKS波形资料，通过剪切波分裂得出上地幔各向异性结果数据，描绘出青藏高原东南缘的上地幔各向异性图像；再分别同该地区GPS观测的速度场数据、区域构造应力场数据和13 km深度的介质密度数据进行相关性处理与分析，并针对本文提出的孕震模型进行一定程度的验证。对形变场和应力场耦合特征的研究表明，各向异性的快慢波时间延迟、快波偏振方向总体分别与GPS 测量的地壳运动速度场方向变化和水平最大应力方向相关性较大，壳幔各圈层相互作用及软流圈的流动所展示的地震各向异性都与应力传递机制息息相关。通过相关分析可以得到壳内软弱带（低速高导体）在壳幔耦合运动研究中的关键作用，而该类耦合运动与地震孕育息息相关。     

首都圈及邻区均衡重力异常研究

利用首都圈地区的高精度高程数据,通过Airy均衡补偿模型计算出莫霍面的深度,进一步运用Parker公式计算出地壳所产生的重力异常值。然后从实际布格重力异常观测值中减去均衡校正值,得到该地区的均衡异常值。通过对首都圈地区的均衡重力异常进行分析,讨论了该地区的均衡状态。研究结果表明,首都圈大部分地区基本处于重力均衡状态,非均衡区域多集中在首都圈的西部和北部山区。     

Numerical modeling of neotectonic movements and state of stresses in the central Seismic Gap region,Garhwal Himalaya

This paper presents finite element modeling （FEM） to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust. Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region： the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression, whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension. Correspondingly, thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front. Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front. The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern fiat of Main Himalayan Thrust （MHT） implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya, which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake （M 〉 8）. The comparison between our modeled stress field, faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events, focal mechanism solutions, active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.     

压力及温度对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特征的影响实验

碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值,系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩,开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验,分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明:饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中,声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内,随着温度逐渐升高,饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时,通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度,当差应力较高时,结论相反。相同差应力条件下,声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大,孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降,随着围压增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大,随着温度逐渐升高,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大。研究结果有助于基于测井声波信息开展碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测相关理论研究及工程应用。      

Topography and human disturbances are major controlling factors in treeline pattern at Barun and Manang area in the Nepal Himalaya

The alpine treeline ecotone is an important component of mountain ecosystems of the Nepal Himalaya; it plays a vital role in the livelihood of indigenous people, and provides ecosystem services. However, the region faces a problem of paucity of data on treeline characteristics at the regional and landscape scales. Therefore, we used Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information Science (GIS) approaches to investigate cross-scale interactions in the treeline ecotone. Additionally, European Space Agency land cover map, International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) land cover map, ecological map of Nepal, and United States Geological Survey Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-Digital Elevation Model were used to analyze treeline pattern at the regional scale. Digital Globe high-resolution satellite imagery of Barun (eastern Nepal) and Manang (central Nepal) were used to study treeline patterns at the landscape scale. Treeline elevation ranges from 3300-4300 m above sea level. Abies spectabilis, Betula utilis, and Pinus wallichiana are the main treeline-forming species in the Nepal Himalaya. There is an east to west treeline elevation gradient at the regional scale. No slope exposure is observed at the regional scale; however, at the landscape scale, slope exposure is present only in a disturbed area (Manang). Topography and human disturbance are the main treeline controlling factor in Barun and Manang respectively.     

山东省东平县大洪顶山地区岩溶洞穴景观资源评价

东平县大洪顶山岩溶地貌类型属岩溶山地地貌单元,山坡顶部及陡峭坡段岩石裸露,岩溶裂隙发育,岩体切割破碎,边坡陡立。区内岩溶洞穴发育,岩溶景观资源众多。目前已发现的溶洞有6处,大洪顶山南坡3处,北坡3处,溶洞口出露位置呈NWW向展布,北部九仙洞已探测长度1 862 m,南部神仙洞已探测长度2 052.50 m,溶洞内岩溶景观发育不均匀,发育有石笋、石钟乳、石幔、石帽、边石等。区内岩溶洞穴发育规模宏大,景观资源丰富,属鲁西地区发育规模最大的溶洞,在北方地区具代表性、典型性、稀有性,属我国北方地区不可多得的地质自然遗产,具有良好的开发前景及旅游价值。     

Discontinuous slope failures and pore-water pressure variation

Field experiments were conducted under artificial rainfalls to investigate the processes of soil failures on slope. It is found that the failures were temporally discontinuous and spatially discrete, with a wide range of magnitudes, accompanied by variations of soil moisture and pore-water pressure. Specifically, the experiments indicate that soil failures are more likely to occur on slope with high content of fine particles; the pore-pressure varies in response to soil failures in that the failures evidently affect the pore of the underlying soil. Migration of fine particles from upper to lower part of the slope also impacts the pore-water pressure variations in the slope profile. It is concluded that soil heterogeneity has a significant effect on variation in pore-water pressure, and fine particles transportation influences the building of pore-water pressure, as well as the mass depth, initial porosity, which is key to understanding the spatial characteristics of slope failures.     

Geotechnical investigations and remediation design for failure of tunnel portal section: a case study in northern Turkey

Mass movements are very common problems in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey due to its climate conditions, geological, and geomorphological characteristics. High slope angle, weathering, dense rainfalls, and anthropogenic impacts are generally reported as the most important triggering factors in the region. Following the portal slope excavations in the entrance section of Cankurtaran tunnel, located in the region, where the highly weathered andesitic tuff crops out, a circular toe failure occurred. The main target of the present study is to investigate the causes and occurrence mechanism of this failure and to determine the feasible remedial measures against it using finite element method (FEM) in four stages. These stages are slope stability analyses for pre- and postexcavation cases, and remediation design assessments for slope and tunnel. The results of the FEM-SSR analyses indicated that the insufficient initial support design and weathering of the andesitic tuffs are the main factors that caused the portal failure. After installing a rock retaining wall with jet grout columns and reinforced slope benching applications, the factor of safety increased from 0.83 to 2.80. In addition to slope stability evaluation, the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q) and New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) systems were also utilized as empirical methods to characterize the tunnel ground and to determine the tunnel support design. The performance of the suggested empirical support design, induced stress distributions and deformations were analyzed by means of numerical modelling. Finally, it was concluded that the recommended stabilization technique was essential for the dynamic long-term stability and prevents the effects of failure. Additionally, the FEM method gives useful and reasonably reliable results in evaluating the stability of cut slopes and tunnels excavated both in continuous and discontinuous rock masses.     

Shaking table test of seismic responses of anchor cable and lattice beam reinforced slope

As a combined supporting structure,the anchor cable and lattice beam have a complex interaction with the slope body.In order to investigate the seismic behaviors of the slope reinforced by anchor cable and lattice beam,a largescale shaking table test was carried out on a slope model(geometric scale of 1:20)by applying recorded and artificial seismic waves with different amplitudes.The acceleration and displacement of the slope,the displacement of lattice beam and the axial force of anchor cable were obtained to study the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure.The test results show that:(1)the acceleration responses of the slope at different relative elevations display obvious nonlinear characteristics with increasing of the peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the inputted seismic waves,and the weak intercalated layer has a stronger effect on acceleration amplification at the upper part of the slope than that at the lower part of the slope;(2)the frequency component near the second dominant frequency is significantly magnified by the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure;(3)the anchor cables at the upper part of the slope have larger peak and residual axial forces than that at the lower part of the slope,and the prestress loss of the anchor cable first occurs at the top of the slope and then passes down;(4)the peak and residual displacements inside the slope and on the lattice beam increase with the increase of relative elevation.When the inputted PGA is not greater than 0.5 g,the combined effect of anchor cable and lattice beam is remarkable for stabilizing the middle and lower parts of the potential sliding body.The research results can provide a reference for the seismic design of such slope and the optimization of supporting structure.     

规则格网DEM局地坡面凸凹性精度分析

DEM地表形态精度分析理论与方法的建立,对DEM数据的生产和广泛应用具有重要意义。本文从局地坡面形态的凸凹性角度,剖析规则格网DEM格网点位置、格网分辨率对DEM局地坡面凸凹性的影响,以期进一步完善和发展DEM质量分析的理论与方法。论文首先阐述了DEM局地坡面凸凹性的基本概念,研究建立了规则格网DEM的局地坡面凸凹性量化分析方法,并以黄土丘陵5、10、15、25、……、155 m DEM为例,采用比较分析方法研究了局地坡面凸凹性随DEM格网点位置和格网分辨率的变化特征。研究表明:对于本研究中的1:5万DEM,10 m(跃变率≤0.3%)是其最佳的格网分辨率阈值,当DEM实际格网分辨率高于该阈值时,实际DEM与最佳格网分辨率DEM具有近乎相同的局地坡面凸凹性,主要在正地形与负地形的过渡区域会发生不同程度的坡面凸凹性变化;当DEM实际格网分辨率低于该阈值时,实际DEM的局地坡面凸凹性,会随着DEM格网点布设位置和DEM格网分辨率发生较大的不确定性变化。     

A Simulating Experiment in the Process of Soil Erosion on Bare Land in Mt. Tanakami

In order to understand the process of surface erosion and acquire basic data of conditions on hillslope without vege tation, a sprinkling experiment is conducted on a bare slope in Mt. Tanakami in the central part of Japan. Based on the mea surements of runoff, mean soil erosion depth, and sediment yield, etc. , the results suggest the following characteristics in the process of surface erosion in the experimental area. (1) The occurrence of sediment discharge is interrupted; (2) Surface runoff is a saturated overland flow; (3) The mean soil erosion depth is thick compared with other areas in Mt. Tanakami;(4) Sediment discharge process is detachment- limited.