雨滴撞击引起的飞机动量损失分析

近几年来，由于飞机试图在雷暴天气下着陆，发生了若干商用飞机事故。引起事故的主要原因是那些与雷暴单体有关的风切变。事实上飞机除遭遇风切变外，若干飞机还同时陷入大雨单体，由于雨滴撞击和大雨使翼面变粗糙，使飞机遭受动量损失和阻力增大，从而影响了飞机的空气动力性能。通过对雨滴撞击而使飞机遭受的动量损失的分析，作出大雨对飞机空气动力性能影响的评定。     

大地水准面起伏对重力归算的影响研究

针对目前重力探测中重力改正时常用的两个高程参考系统存在偏差这一事实,选取两个大地水准面起伏变化较大的剖面区域,分析大地水准面起伏对重力归算的影响。结果表明,剖面跨度和剖面大地水准面起伏梯度都会对布格重力异常产生影响,所以当重力探测区域大地水准面起伏差距较大时,大地水准面与参考椭球面之间的差异对重力归算的影响比较突出,在利用布格重力异常反演、解释地壳密度结构时,大地水准面起伏的影响必须考虑。     

高空急流区飞机颠簸的一种形成机制的探讨

作者应用动力学分析方法，结合观测飞机颠簸的事实，对高空急流区飞机颠簸的一种形成机理进行了理论探讨。结果表明，高空急流区温度平流分布的不均匀性，会在急流附近等温线密集区边缘激发出空气垂直运动和湍流，引起飞机颠簸。     

矩形顶管管周差异摩阻力对地层纵向水平位移的影响

矩形顶管施工过程中管周摩阻力是引起周围土体扰动的重要影响因素。为了更加准确地预测矩形顶管施工对地层位移的影响,结合管节受力分析和泥浆运动规律,假定“U”字形泥浆套状态,基于弹性力学Mindlin解建立土体水平位移计算公式,对正面附加应力、管周摩阻力等因素引起的地层纵向水平位移进行计算,最后与苏州某矩形顶管工程实测值进行对比分析。结果表明:在顶管机头顶进穿过某一断面前,正面附加应力对周围土体的影响大于管周差异摩阻力,而在穿过该断面后,由于管节数量的增多以及已穿过部分的管节管周摩阻力产生的“拉力”作用,后者的累计影响占比逐渐大于前者;管周差异摩阻力情况下比管周均一摩阻力情况下的计算值更贴近实测值,预测效果更好。      

非线性阻尼吸振器应用于主系统受迫振动的一阶近似解

研究利用非线性阻尼吸振器应用于主系统受迫振动的情形，运用伽辽金法求出系统运动和微分方程的近似解。     

地形对南北低空气流重力惯性波稳定度的影响

在南北向低空急流下,通过简单二层模式讨论地形起伏对重力惯性波的影响,研究指出:(1)存在一个对重力惯性波稳定度无影响的函数和不产生不稳定重力惯性波地形函数;(2)地形起伏越大,不稳定重力惯性波越强;(3)无论南风或北风基流,都是南坡比北坡更有利于产生不稳定重力惯性波。最后,通过实例计算表明,动力分析结果与实况有较好的一致性。     

复杂地形条件下高频大地电磁法响应特性初探

基于电磁场正演理论编制高频大地电磁法正演程序，采用自适应有限元方法模拟起伏地形对高频大地电磁数据的影响，在10～105Hz频率范围内，通过地堑、地垒、任意起伏地形3种模型，分析总结起伏地形对高频大地电磁法TM和TE两种极化模式的视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线的影响规律，所揭示的规律可为山区高频大地电磁勘探外业布置与数据分析解释提供参考。     

大地构造和海陆起源的内波假说（Ⅲ）———内波动力机制及能源分析

莫霍面的起伏波动可看成壳—幔分层介质中的内波现象。引入推动地壳底部物质迁移的驱动力，用有限元数值方法模拟了莫霍面内波的运动，并探究了内波运动的动力来源及潮汐在内波生长中的作用     

DEM数据误差与地形描述误差对坡度精度的影响

数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)的数据误差和地形描述误差是两种不同性质的误差.本文以模拟实验获得的高精度DEM为数据源,分析坡度计算精度与DEM数据误差和地形描述误差的耦合关系.研究表明:DEM数据误差和地形描述误差对坡度精度影响是一个反向作用的过程.随着DEM格网的增大,数据误差的影响逐渐减小,地形描述误差的影响逐渐增大;在起伏变化地形区域,坡度误差先减小后增大,且存在一个最佳大小的格网,此时坡度误差最小.最佳格网的大小与DEM数据误差大小和地形起伏变化的复杂程度密切相关.研究结果表明,基于DEM提取坡度的误差来源与误差性质,对正确估算坡度精度具有很好的实际意义.     

山西省不同地貌形态类型区土地覆被变化的GIS分析

基于全国1:100万数字地貌数据库,全国2000、2005、2010年土地覆被数据和山西省行政区边界数据,采用土地覆被动态度、转移概率矩阵和地貌面积频度方法,分析了2000-2010年山西省基本地貌形态类型下的土地覆被变化。结果表明：（1）山西省的土地覆被类型以耕地、林地和草地为主,面积总和占省域面积的95%以上。面积变化的总体趋势是耕地和草地缩减,林地和建设用地持续增加。通过分析转移概率矩阵,表明2000-2005年和2005-2010年2个时段内,土地利用的主要转化趋势相似,即林地与草地之间大面积的相互转化,耕地、草地分别与建设用地之间的相互转化。（2）耕地和建设用地的分布,随着起伏度的增大而逐渐减小。林地分布随着起伏度的增加而逐步增大。从面积变化来看,耕地、林地和草地变化主要位于中起伏山地;水域变化主要集中在大起伏山地;建设用地变化主要分布于平原和台地;未利用地变化主要在小起伏山地。从动态度来看,耕地、草地和水域动态度,在大起伏山地地区最大;林地动态度在平原区最大;建设用地的动态度最大位于丘陵;未利用地在小起伏山地地区最大。（3）土地覆被类型之间的主要转化在地貌上也存着差异。平原地区林地的增加主要来自草地转化。台地和丘陵地区3个主要转化类型相似,2000-2005年主要是林地向草地退化,2005-2010年主要是林地和草地的相互转化。在小起伏山地地区,主要是草地和林地之间的相互转化,但草地转化为林地的面积较林地向草地的转化多。中起伏和大起伏山地地区主要以草地和耕地向林地的转化为主,也有较高比例的建设用地转化为林地。封山育林和退耕还林主要是在起伏较大的山地地区,毁林主要发生在地形平缓地区。     

The Nippon/Norway Svalbard Meteor Radar: First results of small-scale structure observations

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Turbulent diffusion in a shearing oscillatory flow

The diffusion in a shearing oscillatory flow from an instantaneous surface point source is considered. An analytical solution is obtained by Fourier transform. The results show that, for three dimensional diffusion in an oscillatory flow with constant shear, the distribution of the contaminant follows the multivariate Gaussian distribution rule. When the frequency is very high, or the time very short, the shear does not influence the diffusion. For moderate values of time, there are fluctuations with longitudinal variance. For large values of time the longitudinal variance increases as t, and the peak concentration decreases as t^−1.5, which are faster than those in a flow without shear, but much slower than those in a steady flow, where the longitudinal variance increases as t³ and the peak concentration decreases as t^−2.5. The contaminant patch is elongated in the longitudinal direction of the shear flow and moves back and forth with the water motion. Contribution No. 1306 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica. Received July 12, 1985     

Effects of Second-Order Sum- and Difference-Frequency Wave Forces on the Motion Response of a Tension-Leg Platform Considering the Set-down Motion

This paper presents a study on the motion response of a tension-leg platform (TLP) under first- and second-order wave forces, including the mean-drift force, difference and sum-frequency forces. The second-order wave force is calculated using the full-field quadratic transfer function (QTF). The coupled effect of the horizontal motions, such as surge, sway and yaw motions, and the set-down motion are taken into consideration by the nonlinear restoring matrix. The time-domain analysis with 50-yr random sea state is performed. A comparison of the results of different case studies is made to assess the influence of second-order wave force on the motions of the platform. The analysis shows that the second-order wave force has a major impact on motions of the TLP. The second-order difference-frequency wave force has an obvious influence on the low-frequency motions of surge and sway, and also will induce a large set-down motion which is an important part of heave motion. Besides, the second-order sum-frequency force will induce a set of high-frequency motions of roll and pitch. However, little influence of second-order wave force is found on the yaw motion.     

板内块体现今刚性运动模型研究

应用欧拉矢量方法,建立了板内块体运动模型。根据运动模型,应用全国ＧＰＳ地壳运动监测网２期观测结果,计算了我国大陆板内块体的现今运动量。ＧＰＳ计算结果与板内块体运动的地质结果比较,二者的可比性反映了我国大陆板内块体在全球板块运动影响下的总体运动趋势。     

基于强震记录的唐山5.1级地震强地面运动特征及局部场地效应分析

利用京津冀地区214个强震台捕获的2020-07-12唐山市古冶区5.1级地震加速度波形记录,统计分析记录数量随震中距变化的特征,绘制峰值加速度等值线图。将近场6个土层台记录的线弹性反应谱与我国抗震设防反应谱进行比较,采用传统谱比法分析近场局部土层对地震动的放大作用。将观测的谱加速度与国内常用的几种地震动预测模型进行对比,计算其归一化残差,研究中、远场局部场地条件对地震动幅度和主要作用周期的影响,给出各周期谱加速度的空间展布,并结合场地环境分析中场地震动被显著放大的原因。     

Numerical evaluation of longitudinal motions of Wigley hulls advancing in waves by using Bessho form translating-pulsating source Green’S function

In the framework of 3D potential flow theory, Bessho form translating-pulsating source Green’s function in frequency domain is chosen as the integral kernel in this study and hybrid source-and-dipole distribution model of the boundary element method is applied to directly solve the velocity potential for advancing ship in regular waves. Numerical characteristics of the Green function show that the contribution of local-flow components to velocity potential is concentrated at the nearby source point area and the wave component dominates the magnitude of velocity potential in the far field. Two kinds of mathematical models, with or without local-flow components taken into account, are adopted to numerically calculate the longitudinal motions of Wigley hulls, which demonstrates the applicability of translating-pulsating source Green’s function method for various ship forms. In addition, the mesh analysis of discrete surface is carried out from the perspective of ship-form characteristics. The study shows that the longitudinal motion results by the simplified model are somewhat greater than the experimental data in the resonant zone, and the model can be used as an effective tool to predict ship seakeeping properties. However, translating-pulsating source Green function method is only appropriate for the qualitative analysis of motion response in waves if the ship geometrical shape fails to satisfy the slender-body assumption.     

Contrast between the climatic states of the warm pool in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean

Based on the analysis of Levitus data, the climatic states of the warm pool in the Indian Ocean (WPIO) and in the Pacific Ocean (WPPO) are studied. it is found that WPIO has a relatively smaller area, a shallower bottom and a slightly lower seawater temperature than those of WPPO. The horizontal area at different depths, volumes, central positions, and bottom depths of both WPIO and WPPO show quite apparent signals of seasonal variation. The maximum amplitude of WPIO surface area’s seasonal variation is 58% larger over the annual mean value. WPIO’s maximum volume variation amplitude is 66% larger over the annual mean value. The maximum variation amplitudes of the surface area and volume of WPPO are 20.9% and 20.6% larger over the annual mean value respectively. WPIO and WPPO show different temporal and spatial characteristics mainly due to the different wind fields and restriction of ocean basin geometry. For instance, seasonal northern displacement of WPIO is, to some extent, constrained by the basin of the Indian Ocean, while WPPO moves relatively freely in the longitudinal direction. The influence of WPIO and WPPO over the atmospheric motion must be quite different.     

基于活塞作用下的管内气流脉动特性

【目的】研究气流管路中活塞运动对气流的扰动机理,探讨机械能转化成脉动能的转化规律及效率。【方法】建立活塞对管内气流作用的物理与数学模型,运用数值模拟方法研究不同工况下的活塞运动对匀速气流的扰动特性,分析不同进口气流速度、活塞运动振幅及频率对匀速气流的扰动规律。【结果与结论】活塞往复运动能有效使管路内匀速气流产生脉动。管路内气流脉动振幅及频率不受其进口速度的影响。活塞运动振幅与气流脉动振幅呈线性关系,随着活塞振幅的增加脉动传导效率逐渐下降,脉动传导效率均在80%以上,效率最高可达99.20%。气流脉动与活塞运动同频率变化。     

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地球运动对海平面变化的控制——从地质系统论的观点分析海平面变化之主因

从地球运动的客观规律来看,地球气候发展的趋向是向冷的方向发展,这与大气由于CO_2的增加而引起的增温相矛盾。两者如起同等作用,则意味着海平面不会发生太大的变化。但是由于活动构造影响,使海岸带上升或下降,可使局部地方海平面有较大幅度的变化。因此,研究“地动”比研究“水动”似有更重要的意义。