瞬变电磁法三维模拟计算研究进展

瞬变电磁法应用于矿产资源、环境工程等领域。目前主流的瞬变电磁三维正演模拟方法包括积分方程法、有限差分法、有限体积法和有限元法。随着观测环境的复杂化以及探测精度要求的提高,有必要研究瞬变电磁法高精度三维模拟计算,以便推动数据处理解释方法的进步。本文系统介绍了瞬变电磁三维正演计算研究进展,分析了准静态差分方程的构建和发射源的加载及边界的处理等有限差分法的关键技术,厘定出空间和时间离散以及大型线性方程组的求解等有限元法的难题。瞬变电磁数值模拟今后的发展方向是深入开展近源情况下受场源效应、复杂地形、极化效应等影响的三维模拟,以及特殊场情况下的多源多分量响应计算,为瞬变电磁法精细探测提供理论支撑。     

无界单元在地下水流计算中的应用

在人为选定的模拟无限边界的有限位置处设置无界单元。在该单元上配置带有衰减特征的线性插值函数,进而可建立按有限元法或不规则网格有限差分法解算地下水流问题所需要的单元刚度矩阵。该单元刚度矩阵可很容易地进入总刚度矩阵。无界单元的应用较好地解决了地下水流数值模拟中无限边界不易确定的问题。计算实例表明本方法具有较高的精度。     

复杂起伏地表的POD数值模拟

对油气勘探和大地测量中的复杂起伏地表采用POD方法进行数值模拟.从大量的观测数据中提取出标准正交的基函数,用这些基函数对起伏地表进行拟合.模型试验表明:这种方法是高效可行的,可广泛应用于数据压缩、图像处理、信号分析和流体的优化控制中.     

动网格在非饱和饱和界面数值模拟中的应用研究进展

为了探讨结构和非结构动网格技术在地下水非饱和-饱和数值模拟领域未来的发展趋势, 总结了非饱和-饱和耦合数值模拟研究现状, 介绍了动网格技术原理及运动边界结构和非结构网格的变形方法, 综述了动网格技术在非饱和-饱和分界面的应用现状及存在的不足, 探讨了相关研究的未来发展趋势。综合分析表明: 结构动网格和非结构动网格均存在其固有优缺点, 结构、非结构混合网格以及多种动边界处理方法的结合使用在非饱和-饱和耦合数值模拟研究中具有重要的应用价值。在模拟潜水面的变动时, 可将多种网格变形方法结合使用, 当潜水面位置和形状变动较小时, 采用弹簧法更新网格; 当潜水面位置变化较大但形状变化较小时, 采用重叠结构动网格技术或铺层法更新网格; 当潜水面形状变动较大时, 则采用网格重构法更新网格, 从而更精确地模拟非饱和-饱和分界面的变化和移动。相关研究为场地非饱和带土壤与饱和带地下水协同防治工作提供了科学指导。      

泥石流数值模拟方法研究进展

泥石流作为一种多相混合介质,所包含的物理过程和动力学特征非常复杂。针对泥石流问题的数值模拟方法随着数值计算方法和物理计算模型的发展而发展,基于物理过程的数值模拟方法为探究泥石流复杂物理现象背后的机理提供了一种有效手段。回顾了求解泥石流动力问题的数值模拟方法,从连续介质计算方法、离散介质计算方法和混合介质计算方法3个方面分析了不同数值模拟方法的特点和适用情况,介绍了在泥石流分析中常用的数值模拟软件及其特点,展望了求解泥石流动力学问题的数值模拟方法的发展趋势。结果表明:传统的基于网格的计算方法已有长足发展和较长的应用历史,相对比较成熟,但是在处理大变形、快速运移的自由表面流问题时,存在网格容易畸变等问题;基于粒子的计算方法在处理上述问题时无需网格的划分和维护,易于确定自由表面位置和多相间的界面,但存在边界条件处理困难等问题;混合介质计算方法在较小尺度范围内对固体颗粒物质与液相相互作用机理进行探讨时具有重要作用。     

面波频散反演的数值模拟

大量的数值模拟表明,SVD和LSQRD在面波频散网格反演两步法中的应用效果都很好.但SVD可以用分辨矩阵、信息矩阵和协方差矩阵对解估计进行数学上客观有效的评价;而对于大型稀疏方程组的求解,LSQRD确是一种内存需求小、计算速度快以及分辨抗噪能力都较强的算法 .在现有计算机运算速度较快、内存可以扩充较大的条件下,实测数据量不很大时,应采用SVD算法进行线性反演.     

基于 GPU 和 CPU 协同并行的三维各向异性介质地震波场正演模拟

莺歌海盆地中深部地层具有多套超低速层、异常高压、垂向裂隙发育等特点,使得介质具有各向异性,地 震波场特征复杂,正演模拟是研究波场特征和观测系统优化的主要手段之一,而海上震源子频带宽、主频高,要求 正演模拟网格剖分小,导致计算量大.为此,发展了基于 GPU 和 CPU 协同并行的海上三维各向异性介质正演模 拟方法,通过将模型分割并分配到不同进程上和任意选择并行计算的方向和?个方向上并行计算的进程个数,不 仅可以减小?个进程上内存消耗,而且减少计算时间.简单３D模型的正演模拟验证了该方法可极大地提高计算 效率,复杂构造各向异性介质模型中的模拟炮集记?的偏移成像结果验证了方法的可靠性,可适用于任意各向异 性介质地震波场正演模拟.      

解扩散方程初边值问题的数值边界元积分方程法

在应用中(如数值天气预报等),经常需要对时空偏微分方程进行数值求解,通常大多采用有限差分计算或有限元法,虽然它们是应用得最广的数值解法(如差分方法),但也有某些局限和不足,本文提出了一种边界元积分方程法。作为示例,我们对扩散方程的初边值问题进行了基本原理和方法的讨论,其基本思想是通过积分变换,消除对时间的依赖性,再在变换空间中,用边界元法对积分后的方程进行数值处理,最后用数值逆变换以完成该问题的数值求解,本方法可对更为复杂的依赖于时间的方程进行类似处理,它具有不同于传统有限差分法和有限单元法特点的优越性,可供有关工作者解初边值问题试用和参考。     

蘑菇状火山岩模型的二维地震正演模拟分析

为了研究蘑菇状火山岩储层的地震响应特征,根据地质资料构建蘑菇状火山岩地质模型,分别采用物理模拟和数值模拟方法对蘑菇状火山岩模型进行正演模拟。结果表明,蘑菇状火山岩的地震响应特征总体趋势一致,即火山岩上部外形为蘑菇头状,与其结构形态类似;火山岩下部产生"蘑菇无根"现象,在细节上存在差异。物理模拟方法得到的地震波信息更加丰富,且在模拟过程中地震波的传播方式更符合地下实际情况;数值模拟方法没有噪音干扰,资料品质好,且可以得到波场快照信息。两种正演模拟方法具有互补性,为研究复杂地质情况下的火山岩地震响应特征提供更好的支持。     

基于CPML边界条件的水下地质雷达数值模拟

水下的地质雷达探测与常规的地质雷达探测具有显著的不同点。文中对CPML吸收边界条件的公式进行推导,并通过数值模拟对均匀介质以及非均匀介质中吸收边界条件的吸收效果进行了验证,数值模拟的波场快照证明了CPML吸收边界条件在水下的地质雷达数值模拟中具有很好的吸收效果。通过对水平层状介质模型以及倾斜层状介质模型开展数值模拟,并结合实际探测的雷达图像,证明地质雷达对于水下地层的探测能够取得良好的效果;通过对空洞体位于不同深度时的数值模拟,证明了地质雷达对于水下的空洞探测也能对其位置及规模进行较为准确的判断。这为水下地质灾害的探测提供了理论依据及指导。     

Comparison of finite difference and pseudo-spectral methods in forward modelling based on metal ore model of random media

With more applications of seismic exploration in metal ore exploration,forward modelling of seismic wave has become more important in metal ore.Finite difference method and pseudo-spectral method are two im-portant methods of wave-field simulation.Results of previous studies show that both methods have distinct ad-vantages and disadvantages:Finite difference method has high precision but its dispersion is serious;pseudo-spectral method considers both computational efficiency and precision but has less precision than finite-diffe-rence.The authors consider the complex structural characteristics of the metal ore,furthermore add random media in order to simulate the complex effects produced by metal ore for wave field.First,the study introduced the theories of random media and two forward modelling methods.Second,it compared the simulation results of two methods on fault model.Then the authors established a complex metal ore model,added random media and compared computational efficiency and precision.As a result,it is found that finite difference method is better than pseudo-spectral method in precision and boundary treatment,but the computational efficiency of pseudo-spectral method is slightly higher than the finite difference method.     

Time domain Rankine-Green panel method for offshore structures

To solve the numerical divergence problem of the direct time domain Green function method for the motion simulation of floating bodies with large flare, a time domain hybrid Rankine-Green boundary element method is proposed. In this numerical method, the fluid domain is decomposed by an imaginary control surface, at which the continuous condition should be satisfied. Then the Rankine Green function is adopted in the inner domain. The transient free surface Green function is applied in the outer domain, which is used to find the relationship between the velocity potential and its normal derivative for the inner domain. Besides, the velocity potential at the mean free surface between body surface and control surface is directly solved by the integration scheme. The wave exciting force is computed through the convolution integration with wave elevation, by introducing the impulse response function. Additionally, the nonlinear Froude-Krylov force and hydrostatic force, which is computed under the instantaneous incident wave free surface, are taken into account by the direct pressure integration scheme. The corresponding numerical computer code is developed and first used to compute the hydrodynamic coefficients of the hemisphere, as well as the time history of a ship with large flare; good agreement is obtained with the analytical solutions as well as the available numerical results. Then the hydrodynamic properties of a FPSO are studied. The hydrodynamic coefficients agree well with the results computed by the frequency method; the influence of the time interval and the truncated time is investigated in detail.     

求解二阶线性常微分方程的一个显式差分格式

在求解常微分方程的方法中,有限差分法是使用最广泛的方法之一。考虑一个二阶线性常微分方程的边值问题,利用有限差分法,建立了一个具有二阶精度的显式差分格式。首先,通过讨论该显式差分格式的系数矩阵,证明了该显式差分格式解的存在性。然后,通过定义的3种不同范数之间的关系,证明了显式差分格式解的收敛性和稳定性。最后,通过计算机编程对实例的计算,验证了该显式差分格式的数值结果具有二阶精度,并且该显式格式数值结果绘制的图形稳定、光滑,与解析结果吻合较好。     

求解二阶线性常微分方程的一个显式差分格式

在求解常微分方程的方法中,有限差分法是使用最广泛的方法之一。考虑一个二阶线性常微分方程的边值问题,利用有限差分法,建立了一个具有二阶精度的显式差分格式。首先,通过讨论该显式差分格式的系数矩阵,证明了该显式差分格式解的存在性。然后,通过定义的3种不同范数之间的关系,证明了显式差分格式解的收敛性和稳定性。最后,通过计算机编程对实例的计算,验证了该显式差分格式的数值结果具有二阶精度,并且该显式格式数值结果绘制的图形稳定、光滑,与解析结果吻合较好。     

STUDY ON METHOD OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NONLINEAR RANDOM WAVES

This new method can simulate the nonlinear random wavcs processes by computer if the higherorder moments of the probability distribution of the sea surface elevation reflecting the nonlinearity ofthe sea wave are given. Compared with other methods, this method has greater accuracy andflexibility, wider application and faster simulation. Statistical analysis of the sea surface elevationdistribution of the simulated wave process showed obviously the Gram-Charlier series can be used to depictthe distribution of the sea surface elevation.     

Modeling of low-frequency seismic waves in a shallow sea using the staggered grid difference method

Elastic waves in the seabed generated by low-frequency noise radiating from ships are known as ship seismic waves and can be used to detect and identify ships.To obtain the propagation characteristics of ship seismic waves,an algorithm for calculating seismic waves at the seafl oor is presented based on the staggered-grid fi nite diff erence method.The accuracy of the algorithm was tested by comparison with analytical solutions.Numerical simulation of seismic waves generated by a low-frequency point sound source in a typical shallow sea environment was carried out.Using various source frequencies and locations in the numerical simulation,we show that the seismic waves in the near fi eld are composed mostly of transmitted S-waves and interface waves while transmitted P-waves are weak near the seafl oor.However,in the far fi eld,the wave components of the seismic wave are mainly normal modes and interface waves,with the latter being relatively strong in the waveforms.As the source frequency decreases,the normal modes become smaller and the interface waves dominate the time series of the seismic waves.     

Finite water depth effect on wave-body problems solved by Rankine source method

Finite water depth effect for wave-body problems are studied by continuous Rankine source method and non- desingularized technique. Free surface and seabed surface profiles are represented by continuous panels rather than a discretization by isolated points. These panels are positioned exactly on the fluid boundary surfaces and therefore no desingularization technique is required. Space increment method is applied for both free surface source and seabed source arrangements to reduce computational cost and improve numerical efficiency. Fourth order Runge-Kutta iteration scheme is adopted on the free surface updating at every time step. The finite water depth effect is studied quantitatively for a series of cylinders with different B/T ratios. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model are validated by comparison with published numerical results and experimental data. Numerical results show that hydrodynamic coefficients vary for cylinder bodies with different ratios of B/T. For certain set of B/T ratios the effect of finite water depth increases quickly with the increase of motion frequency and becomes stable when frequency is relatively large. It also shows that water depths have larger hydrodynamic effects on cylinder with larger breadth to draft ratios. Both the heave added mass and damping coefficients increase across the frequency range with the water depths decrease for forced heave motion. The water depths have smaller effects on sway motion response than on heave motion response.     

3D numerical simulation in acoustic-elastic coupled media with staggered-grid finite-difference method

Acoustic-elastic coupled media is often encountered in most marine explorations, and accurate simulation of acoustic-elastic coupled media is of great significance. At present, the study of acoustic-elastic coupled media still assumes that the solid of the acoustic-elastic coupled media is isotropic, but this assumption is not in accordance with the actual situation. In this paper, we derive the solid media of acoustic-elastic coupled media from isotropic media to anisotropic media, and propose an acoustic-elastic coupled medium based ontransverse isotropic media with vertical symmetric axes(VTI) to improve the accuracy of forward modeling. Based on the relationship between the Thomsen parameter and the coefficient matrix of the anisotropic elastic wave equation, we transform the Thomson parameter into a velocity model with anisotropic properties. We use a staggered grid finite difference method to simulate the propagation of a wavefield in a three-dimensional acoustic-elastic coupled media. We obtain the snapshots of the wave field when the solid of the acoustic-elastic coupled media is an isotropic medium and a VTI media. When the solid of the acoustic-elastic coupled media is considered VTI media, we can observe the qP wave and qS wave that cannot be observed in the isotropic medium from the wave field snapshot. We can also find that the seismic records obtained by the method we use are more realistic. The algorithm proposed in this paper is of great significance for high-precision ocean numerical simulation.     

致密砂泥岩区气层的反射特征及识别

本文针对X地区含气砂岩与泥岩波阻抗差异不大、振幅变弱、视频率增高、波形分叉合并、断续和下拉等异常特征,采用综合识别的方法圈定了天然气储集体的范围,并对其应用效果进行了验证。     

土地利用信息的多元分析提取

由遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS)获取、处理、分析空间信息,已成为研究资源环境的重要技术手段。在土地利用信息提取中,我们先后应用了传统目视解译方法、人机交互解译方法、计算机自动分类方法、多源信息复合分析等方法。本文在分析现有各种方法优缺点的基础上,提出了“综合自动分类方法”,并以北京市密云县为例,对土地利用信息进行了提取。分析表明:综合自动分类方法在分类结果的客观性、科学性、实用性等方面,具有一定的优势。