《地震大地测量学》专著即将面世

<正>1966年邢台大地震后,防震减灾成为我国的国家任务,现代大地测量学应用于世界科学难题——地震预测探索;与地震学、构造地质学、岩石力学和复杂动力系统理论相交融,开拓了现今大陆地壳运动与变形动力学(10~(-2)s~10~2 a)研究新领域,逐步成长为一门地学前沿交叉新兴学科——地震大地测量学(Earthquake Geodesy)。50年后,由武汉大学出版社出版的《地震大地测量学》专著即将面世。     

储层砂岩波阻抗及拉梅常数实验研究

地层条件下应用岩石物理参数测试系统(MTS)测试了岩石纵横波速度,结合已研究成果,根据实验数据和计算结果总结了波阻抗和拉梅常数与不同地层条件的关系,得到地表条件下岩样(饱气)的波阻抗随岩石孔隙度的增加而减小。同一个岩样(饱水)的波阻抗随着模拟地层深度的增加而增加。在各自相对应的模拟地层深度条件下,饱水岩样的纵波阻抗和拉梅常数值均明显大于饱气岩样的数值,但横波阻抗变化很小。     

谈早前寒武纪侵入岩定位、变形、变质的同期性

依据鲁西地区早前寒武纪花岗质侵入岩普遍具有塑性流变特征和退化变质特征，以及变质作用和变形作用相协调等现象，认为岩体的侵位与变形、变质是同一期构造岩浆作用形成的，是岩浆就位后逐渐冷凝过程中，在持续应力作用下发生的，与后期的地质构造作用无关；固态岩石只能发生脆性变形和局部的脆韧性变形。并从热力场、动力场和化学场的变化趋势对变形、变质作用的制约因素作了简要分析。     

佳木斯地块东部二叠纪锦山花岗杂岩体的成因及其地质意义

报道了佳木斯地块东部锦山花岗杂岩体的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年结果、全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素特征,确定了花岗质岩石的形成时代、源区性质及其地球动力学背景,同时也为中亚造山带东段的构造演化提供重要线索。花岗岩的锆石主要呈自形—半自形晶,发育显著的震荡生长环带,w(Th)/w(U)值在0.12~1.20之间,显示其典型的岩浆成因。测年结果表明这些花岗质岩石形成于早—中二叠世(260~278 Ma)。地球化学特征显示:花岗质岩石w(SiO2)值为66.75%~70.10%,w(Na2O)值为4.40%~5.23%,w(K2O)值为0.77%~2.80%,w(K2O)/w(Na2O)值为0.18~0.61,A/CNK值为0.97~1.14;这些岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba和K),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti和Hf)。锆石原位Hf同位素分析显示,花岗岩的εHf(t)值介于-0.8~7.7之间,两阶段Hf模式年龄介于953~1 578Ma之间。该区花岗质岩石属于偏铝质—弱过铝质的低钾—中钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,原始岩浆起源于中—新元古代增生的下地壳物质的部分熔融。结合区域研究资料,研究区内早—中二叠世花岗岩就位于活动大陆边缘环境,其形成可能与佳木斯地块东侧古大洋板块的西向俯冲作用有关。     

论我国相对地应力测量动态基线间的比例关系

本文论述并计算了相对地应力测量附加应力值动态基线与观测值动态基线间的动态比例因子Ω值,指出该值的异变可作为震前应力异常的重要指标之一。 计算结果表明:Q值的相对稳定范围通常是5.0×10~(-3)±1.0×10~(-4)bar/μh;若出现Ω值异常时,有可能是附加应力的变化日趋加剧或所积能量急待释放的一种反映。     

内蒙古巴林右旗晚侏罗世巴彦琥硕花岗岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素组成

巴彦琥硕花岗岩采自内蒙古巴林右旗北部,其主要岩性为中细粒花岗岩、细粒二长花岗岩。通过地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素分析研究,探讨巴彦琥硕花岗岩成因及其地质意义。锆石U-Pb年代学研究结果表明,巴彦琥硕花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为150 Ma,形成于晚侏罗世。岩石学和地球化学研究表明:SiO2质量分数不低于71.3%,Al2O3不低于12.15%,w(K2O)+w(Na2O)值为7.74%~8.29%,w(K2O)/w(Na2O)值为0.88~1.57,Sr质量分数为(61.7~197.5)×10-6,Y为(17.3~33.2)×10-6,w(Sr)/w(Y)值低,为1.77~3.56,巴彦琥硕花岗岩属低锶高钇型岩石;岩石轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,w(La)N/w(Yb)N值为3.06~10.89,显示出明显的Eu负异常。锆石Hf同位素分析显示εHf(t)值介于6.1~12.3之间,显示源区亏损的特征。考虑到侏罗世—白垩世期间太平洋板块对中国东部边缘的俯冲作用,巴林右旗北部晚侏罗世巴彦琥硕花岗岩的形成受太平洋板块俯冲作用影响,形成于挤压向伸展体制转换的过渡期。     

流褶层及韧变带研究

流褶层与韧变带是地壳拉伸变形，顺层固态流变作用下的产物。流褶层是以原始层理为变形面或再经递进变形的褶皱变形岩层或岩石共生组合层位。韧变带具明显的层控性，受岩石成分和应变程度控制，不同环境和不同成分岩石的韧变带具有相异的组合型式和变形机制，井具有一定的递变规律。流褶层和韧变带可分属不同层位，但流褶层可实现向韧变带的转化。     

一种可能的非稳态流变的超糜棱岩

辽宁省四道沟金矿床的黑色超糜棱岩为丹东韧性剪切带早期强烈活动的产物,它相当于前人划分的所谓“含石墨绢云石英片岩”、“石墨片岩”类。这类岩石发育了特征的黑色滑面构造。研究表明,黑色滑面的物质构成并非石墨,而是一些以绢云母成分为基础的黑色极细粒似玻璃物质,它们的形成可能反映了岩石快速滑动变形的结果。因此,这类超糜棱岩的流变学性质不是典型的稳态流变,面属于非稳态流变。黑色超糜棱岩本身即可能为一种非稳态流变的超糜棱岩。     

地热学岩石圈厚度计算方法综述

地热学岩石圈厚度体现了长时间尺度上的岩石圈热学作用,可以反映地球深部动力学过程。介绍了地热学岩石圈厚度的计算方法,探讨了这种方法的参数选取和影响因素,并对比了地热学岩石圈厚度与其他类型岩石圈厚度的差异及其原因。结果表明:地热学岩石圈厚度的计算结果受地壳分层结构、岩石生热率、岩石热导率以及地表热流的影响;地质历史时期内的地壳分层结构要结合岩石学、岩石地球化学等领域最新研究成果得出;地表热流较低(42mW·m-2)时,岩石圈地幔生热率对计算结果的影响非常显著,岩石圈地幔生热率变化0.02μW·m-3,地热学岩石圈厚度计算结果最高变化40km,岩石圈地幔热导率每变化0.2W·(m·K)-1,地热学岩石圈厚度变化15km;地表热流为60mW·m-2时,岩石圈地幔生热率每变化0.02μW·m-3,地热学岩石圈厚度变化3km,岩石圈地幔热导率每变化0.2W·(m·K)-1,地热学岩石圈厚度变化5km;地表热流增高1mW·m-2,地热学岩石圈厚度约增加3km;地热学岩石圈厚度与岩石学、地震学岩石圈厚度略有差异,其差异取决于流变边界层的厚度。     

天然变形岩石中的白云母压象

天然变形岩石中白云母压象见于丹东市四道沟金矿区元古宙变质沉积岩,即变质长石石英砂岩的糜棱岩中。在白云母压象中,相邻两组裂理交角约为60°,其中一组裂理平行于白云母光轴面,另外两组则与光轴面斜交。白云母压象形成于韧性剪切带初始活动阶段,时间上早于石英中广泛的亚晶化及动态重结晶作用阶段,其形成的温度、压力条件大致相当于下部绿片岩相,即温度在300—400℃左右,压力0.2—0.5GPa,形成时应变速率参考值不小于10~(-13)S~(-1)。     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.