高分六号影像在内陆水体叶绿素a反演中的应用潜力分析

GF-6 WFV影像具有宽覆盖、高时空分辨率、高光谱分辨率等特点,目前在农业和林业遥感领域都有一定应用,但是在水质遥感中的应用潜力还缺乏系统的评估。本文以潘家口和大黑汀水库为研究区,采用2019年9月24—25日获取的潘家口和大黑汀水库叶绿素a浓度、实测遥感反射率和准同步GF-6 WFV影像,构建了潘家口和大黑汀水库叶绿素a浓度经验反演模型,探索GF-6 WFV在内陆水体叶绿素a浓度遥感监测中的应用潜力。研究结果表明,基于GF-6 WFV模拟光谱构建的潘家口和大黑汀水库叶绿素a浓度经验模型决定系数均在0.90以上,GF-6 WFV影像在水体叶绿素a遥感监测中具有应用潜力,尤其是新增的黄波段和红边波段1,有助于提高GF-6 WFV影像叶绿素a浓度遥感监测能力;GF-6 WFV影像大气校正误差降低了叶绿素a浓度遥感监测精度,GF-6 WFV影像水体大气校正精度有待改进,以提升GF-6 WFV影像水质遥感监测能力。     

星载高光谱Hyperion数据在海滩涂调查应用中的分析

以江苏苏北地区为研究区,较系统地分析了目前世界上星载传感器中光谱分辨率最高的EO-1卫星Hyperion数据的基本特点和处理方法,研究了将图像的灰度值转变为辐射能量值和反射率的方法和步骤,并选取了15类典型地物,进行了样本采集、辐射亮度和反射率反演,最后对典型地物的光谱曲线进行综合分析研究,并概括了苏北沿海滩涂典型地物的基本光谱特征。     

Spatial distribution of penetration depth in Taihu Lake (China) during spring and autumn

In the context of remote sensing, sunlight penetration depth is the depth above which 90% of the diffusely reflected irradiance from a water body surface originates. Model algorithms to simulate water quality variables such as chlorophyll a, dissolved organic matter, suspended matter, and Secchi depth are sensitive to the variations of this variable. The penetration depth for Taihu Lake in China, a shallow and turbid lake, was calculated by using a multiple scattering model, and in situ optical measurements were carried out during May and October 2010. The results show that: 1) the penetration depth generally increased from west to east during spring and from southeast to northwest during autumn, reflecting the prevailing wind direction and; 2) there was strong dependence of the penetration depth on the concentration of suspended matter.     

Effects of normalized difference vegetation index and related wavebands’ characteristics on detecting spatial heterogeneity using variogram-based analysis

Spatial heterogeneity is widely used in diverse applications, such as recognizing ecological process, guiding ecological restoration, managing land use, etc. Many researches have focused on the inherent scale multiplicity of spatial heterogeneity by using various environmental variables. How these variables affect their corresponding spatial heterogeneities, however, have received little attention. In this paper, we examined the effects of characteristics of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and its related bands variable images, namely red and near infrared (NIR), on their corresponding spatial heterogeneity detection based on variogram models. In a coastal wetland region, two groups of study sites with distinct fractal vegetation cover were tested and analyzed. The results show that: 1) in high fractal vegetation cover (H-FVC) area, NDVI and NIR variables display a similar ability in detecting the spatial heterogeneity caused by vegetation growing status structure; 2) in low fractal vegetation cover (L-FVC) area, the NIR and red variables outperform NDVI in the survey of soil spatial heterogeneity; and 3) generally, NIR variable is ubiquitously applicable for vegetation spatial heterogeneity investigation in different fractal vegetation covers. Moreover, as variable selection for remote sensing applications should fully take the characteristics of variables and the study object into account, the proposed variogram analysis method can make the variable selection objectively and scientifically, especially in studies related to spatial heterogeneity using remotely sensed data.     

一种基于FY3D/MERSI2的AOD遥感反演方法

针对目前国产卫星对气溶胶遥感监测应用较少的情况,本研究综合暗象元和SARA算法优势,基于FY-3D MERSI2数据构建了一套气溶胶光学厚度(Aerial Optical Depth, AOD)快速遥感反演方法。首先,引入了传统暗象元算法中的地表反射率经验关系,然后利用AERONET长时间序列的地基观测数据,构建了红波段和蓝波段气溶胶光学厚度、不对称因子和单次散射率之间的关系,最后利用MOD04和AERONET的AOD产品对研究反演结果进行了验证和评估分析。结果发现：① 本研究反演的AOD不仅保持了与MODIS的气溶胶产品空间分布的一致性,而且合理地呈现了AOD的高值分布,改进了MOD04气溶胶产品在云和亮目标方面反演缺失问题;② 利用AERONET地基观测结果对本研究获取的MERSI2的AOD反演结果进行了对比分析,发现二者具有较高的线性相关性,蓝波段AOD线性相关系数超过0.85;③ 利用MERSI2数据完整地捕捉到了2018年3月9—14日京津冀及周边区域的一次重污染过程中气溶胶时空分布变化情况,这也说明了FY3D卫星具备良好的气溶胶遥感监测能力,为我国灰霾监测和预警提供参考依据。本研究对大力发展国产卫星在大气环境遥感的应用有重要参考意义。     

A Method for Retrieving Water-leaving Radiance from Landsat TM Image in Taihu Lake, East China

The visible and infrared bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) can be used for inland water studies. A method of retrieving water-leaving radiance from TM image over Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province of China was investigated in this article. To estimate water-leaving radiance, atmospheric correction was performed in three visible bands of 485nm, 560nm and 660nm. Rayleigh scattering was computed precisely, and the aerosol contribution was estimated by adopting the clear-water-pixels approach. The clear waters were identified by using the Landsat TM middle-infrared band (2.1μm), and the water-leaving radiance of clear water pixels in the green band was estimated by using field data. Aerosol scattering at green band was derived for six points, and interpolated to match the TM image. Assuming the atmospheric correction coefficient was 1.0, the aerosol scattering image at blue and red bands were derived. Based on a simplified atmospheric radiation transfer model, the water-leaving radiance for three visible bands was retrieved. The water-leaving radiance was normalized to make it comparable with that estimated from other remotely sensed data acquired at different times, and under different atmospheric conditions. Additionally, remotely sensed reflectance of water was computed. To evaluate the atmospheric correction method presented in this article, the correlation was analyzed between the corrected remotely sensed data and the measured water parameters based on the retrieval model. The results show that the atmospheric correction method based on the image itself is more effective for the retrieval of water parameters from Landsat TM data than 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) code based on standard atmospheric and aerosol models.     

中国海岸带土地利用遥感制图及精度评价

土地利用遥感制图结果是支撑全球气候变化和区域可持续发展等领域科学研究不可或缺的重要基础数据,而制图精度方面的评价信息则决定土地利用遥感制图结果的完整性、可靠性、可用性、可控性和可传播性。本文概述2000、2005、2010和2015年多时相中国海岸带土地利用遥感制图的数据源和技术方法,针对2010年和2015年制图结果,基于Google Earth高分影像通过目视判读获得精度评价所需的参考数据,进而建立混淆矩阵并评估制图的精度。结果表明：① 2010和2015年中国海岸带土地利用遥感制图结果的总体精度分别为95.15%和93.98%,Kappa系数分别为0.9357和0.9229,表明2个时相遥感制图结果的精度总体较好;② 中国海岸带土地利用遥感制图结果的精度水平存在较为显著的区域差异,2010年时相江苏沿海区域的精度最高,2015年时相津冀沿海区域、上海市、海南省和台湾省的精度均比较高,2个时相均以福建省沿海区域的精度最低;③ 中国海岸带土地利用遥感制图结果的精度水平存在显著的类型差异,总体上,耕地、林地、草地和滨海湿地的分类精度较高,而建设用地、内陆水体和人工咸水湿地的分类精度则相对较低,未利用土地则是错分最严重的类型;④ 耕地与林地之间、建设用地与草地之间相互误分比较显著,内陆水体容易被错分为耕地、林地和建设用地,人工咸水湿地容易被误分为耕地和建设用地,未利用土地容易被误分为耕地,这些都是未来时期数据持续更新过程中应该重视的问题。本文有望为海岸带土地利用变化遥感监测和科学研究提供必要的支持。     

Performance evaluation of operational atmospheric correction algorithms over the East China Seas

To acquire high-quality operational data products for Chinese in-orbit and scheduled ocean color sensors, the performances of two operational atmospheric correction(AC) algorithms(ESA MEGS 7.4.1 and NASA Sea DAS 6.1) were evaluated over the East China Seas(ECS) using MERIS data. The spectral remote sensing reflectance R_(rs)(λ), aerosol optical thickness(AOT), and ?ngstr?m exponent(α) retrieved using the two algorithms were validated using in situ measurements obtained between May 2002 and October 2009. Match-ups of R_(rs), AOT, and α between the in situ and MERIS data were obtained through strict exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis of R_(rs)(λ) showed a mean percentage difference(MPD) of 9%–13% in the 490–560 nm spectral range, and significant overestimation was observed at 413 nm(MPD72%). The AOTs were overestimated(MPD32%), and although the ESA algorithm outperformed the NASA algorithm in the blue-green bands, the situation was reversed in the red-near-infrared bands. The value of α was obviously underestimated by the ESA algorithm(MPD=41%) but not by the NASA algorithm(MPD=35%). To clarify why the NASA algorithm performed better in the retrieval of α, scatter plots of the α single scattering albedo(SSA) density were prepared. These α-SSA density scatter plots showed that the applicability of the aerosol models used by the NASA algorithm over the ECS is better than that used by the ESA algorithm, although neither aerosol model is suitable for the ECS region. The results of this study provide a reference to both data users and data agencies regarding the use of operational data products and the investigation into the improvement of current AC schemes over the ECS.     

Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery over turbid coastal waters using active and passive remote sensing

This paper demonstrates an atmospheric correction method to process MODIS/Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) ocean color imagery over turbid coastal waters with the aid of concurrent CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization) aerosol data, assuming that there exists "nonturbid" water in the study area where MODIS aerosol optical properties can be retrieved accurately. Aerosol properties from CALIOP measurements were obtained and related to those from MODIS. This relationship, combined with CALIOP aerosol data, was extended to turbid water to derive MODIS aerosol properties, where atmospheric correction using MODIS data alone often fails. By combining MODIS and CALIOP data, aerosol signals were separated from the total signals at the satellite level, and water-leaving radiances in turbid waters were subsequently derived. This method was tested on several MODIS/Aqua ocean color images over South China turbid waters. Comparison with field data shows that this method was effective in reducing the errors in the retrieved water-leaving radiance values to some extent. In the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary, this method did not overestimate the aerosol effects as severely, and provided far fewer negative water-leaving radiance values than the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) default methods that used MODIS data alone.     

太湖水质参数MODIS的遥感定量提取方法

本文利用MODIS数据的可见光、近红外波段和准实时的地面采样数据,分别利用线性回归模型和神经网络模型反演了太湖的叶绿素a和悬浮物浓度.结果表明,利用MODIS数据的波段组合(M2/M8)和(M2/M9)可估算太湖的叶绿素a浓度;而MODIS数据的波段组合(M12/M17)、(M13/M17)及MODIS(M4)波段能定量估算太湖的悬浮物浓度,但估算精度仍不能满足实际需要.因此,构建了一个以MODIS可见光及近红外波段为输入,以太湖水质参数为输出的2层BP神经网络模型反演太湖的水质参数,大大提高了反演精度.     

基于自组织网络的黄河口浑浊模式研究

传统浑浊度时空变化模式研究依靠野外观测实验,需要投入大量人力物力,模型适用范围亦非常有限。本文利用自组织网络（SOM）,直接从长时序遥感影像中提取典型浑浊模式,分析浑浊度年内、年际变化特征。以黄河河口附近海域为研究区,提取出近15年的6类典型浑浊模式。典型特征显示,研究区内主要有2个浑浊区,位于渤海湾西部和南部,以及河口外和莱州湾西北部;6类模式中四类以年为周期过渡更替,冬春季浑浊度较高,夏秋季浑浊度较低;多年浑浊模式逐渐由中浑浊向清澈模式变化,整体浑浊度有降低趋势。浑浊水体分布主要受河口潮流、环流等海洋动力和风浪影响,结合研究区气象观测数据分析,海面风浪变化是造成浑浊模式更替的主要原因,黄河入海泥沙影响范围仅局限于河口口门周边。利用统计参数分析和2007年各月悬浮泥沙浓度反演结果比较,评价SOM分类效果,结果表明SOM提取的模式间具有显著差异,一定程度上能够代替经验模型反映区域浑浊特征。SOM神经网络能够从长时序遥感影像中直接提取浑浊水体典型分布模式,分析海岸带地区水体浑浊度变化的时空特征,对了解复杂水体泥沙输运及优化水资源利用具有重要应用价值。     

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区海岸要素的IKONOS图像地学分析

海岛 ,特别是一些面积小的岛屿 ,处于复杂的环境中 ,具有陆地与海洋的多种尺度特征。 IKONOS卫星遥感图像是现有遥感信息中空间分辨率最高的卫星数据之一 ,因此是海岛详细探测、大比例尺遥感分析的重要信息源。南麂列岛作为国家级海洋自然保护区 ,素有“贝藻王国”之称 ,具有典型性和示范性。本文是利用 IKONOS卫星遥感图像研究南麂列岛岸线特征、人工构筑物与近海目标以及土地覆盖的初步成果。结果表明它对细小目标的探测具有很大的潜力。     

Depth inversion in coastal water based on SAR image of waves

Wave-number spectrum technique is proposed to retrieve coastal water depths by means of Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） image of waves. Based on the general dispersion relation of ocean waves the wavelength changes of a surface wave over varying water depths can be derived from SAR. Approaching the analysis of SAR images of waves and using the general dispersion relation of ocean waves, this indirect technique of remote sensing bathymetry has been applied to a coastal region of Xiapu in Fujian Province, China. Results show that this technique is suitable for the coastal waters especially for the near-shore regions with variable water depths.     

从增强型水体指数分析遥感水体指数的创建

本文对新近提出的增强型水体指数(EWI)进行了分析和讨论,分别用经过大气校正和未经大气校正的两种影像来对该指数作了验证,并与改进的归一化差值水体指数(MNDWI)进行比较。结果表明该指数在经过大气校正的影像中对水体的增强和提取效果不理想,许多水体影像特征不但未能得到增强,反而受到抑制而被漏提。显然,该指数在创建时忽略了大气因素的影响。另外,该指数在构建上重复选择近红外和中红外波段也是造成提取效果不理想的原因之一。因此,为了创建正确的水体指数,避免水体增强和提取结果的偶然性和不确定性,水体指数的创建必须用经过大气校正的影像进行验证,而构建指数的波段也要避免不合理的重复选择,这样才能使所创建的指数具有更广的适应性。     

卫星热遥感技术在地震预测中应用研究进展

已有的研究结果表明。许多强地震前存在热异常。异常的表现形式是多种多样的，异常的时空分布与异常区的地质构造、地理环境、季节、天气等因素有关。内陆地区的地震前常产生热红外异常，而沿海地区的地震前则更容易出现潜热通量异常。红外辐射可以通过卫星红外通道的传感器观测到。而潜热通量可以使用微波遥感观测资料计算或红外遥感与地面观测资料联合反演。应用卫星遥感技术研究地震前的热异常虽然目前仍然存在许多问题，但随着技术的进步和研究工作的深入，应该能在地震预测中发挥重要作用。     

Study on the Correlation Between Chlorophyll Maximum and Remote Sensing Data

Based on the in situ optical measurements in the Bohai Sea of China, which belongs to a typical case-2 water area, we studied the characteristics of DCM （deep chlorophyll maximum） such as its spatial distribution, vertical profile, etc. We found that when the depth of the chlorophyll maximum is comparatively small, even in turbid coastal water regions, there is always a good correlation between the concentrations of chlorophyll maximum and the satellite-received signals in blue-green spectral bands; the correlation is even better than that between the surface chlorophyll concentrations and the satellite-received signals. The strong correlation existing even in turbid coastal water regions indicates that an ocean color model to retrieve the concentration of DCM can be constructed for coastal waters if a comprehensive knowledge of the vertical distribution of chlorophyll concentration in the Bohai Sea of China is available.     

光学遥感大气订正方法与软件应用分析

本文首先介绍了常见的若干大气订正方法,对于海色遥感,高光谱遥感,机载图像、多角度图像,考虑其特殊性,并介绍了其大气订正的新进展;接着分析了几个当前发行的大气订正软件或者模块;最后,我们提出了大气订正中存在的问题和发展方向。     

海岸工程变化的BJ-1遥感监测分析

 海岸工程对海岸带经济发展和生态环境影响很大。随着海岸工程建设迅猛的发展,采用遥感的方法对海岸工程变化进行遥感监测显得尤为重要。本文以北京一号小卫星(BJ-1)资料为数据源,利用多种变化监测的方法对天津港和曹妃甸港区2006年和2010年的海岸工程变化进行监测。结果显示,波段替换法与SVM分类相结合的方法在2个重点研究区域精度最高,其总体精度和Kappa系数分别为92.35%和0.7902;面向对象的方法精度和稳定性其次,其总体精度和Kappa系数分别为91.77%和0.7732。     

南极遥感动态监测影像处理关键技术分析

从多源多时相遥感数据用于南极动态监测的影像获取与处理关键技术人手,针对南极过轨的卫星情况,分析了可获取的卫星影像的种类;研究分析南极在控制点缺乏以及控制点布设困难的情况下,采用无控制及稀少控制的几何纠正方法;研究分析南极遥感影像中高分辨率遥感数据光谱的使用及融合方法,为实现南极冰雪环境的动态监测提供了技术基础性分析.     

基于Landsat TM和ENVISAT ASAR数据的鄱阳湖湿地植被生物量的反演

作为湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,湿地生物量是衡量生态系统健康状况的关键指标。由于光学遥感对植被垂直分布探测的局限,使得植被指数反映生物量变化的灵敏度下降。利用C波段SAR反演生物量时,对于低中等生物量,含水量高的湿地地表的后向散射对总雷达后向散射的影响会在雷达图像上出现类似光学遥感中"异物同谱"的现象。本文用光学遥感中NDVI、RVI和DVI三种植被指数对生物量变化的敏感性,利用改进的MIM-ICS模型,对湿地植被各散射分量进行模拟分析,建立符合湿地植被类型的各散射分量模拟数据库,以LandsatTM和Envisat ASAR交替极化数据为基础,选择植被指数DVI=0.45为阈值,将湿地植被分割为低叶片密度植被区和高叶片密度植被区,分别应用统计回归模型和半经验微波散射模型,对两个区域植被生物量进行反演。最后,得到整个鄱阳湖湿地生物量为2.1×10⁹kg。研究表明,对于生物量动态范围较大的地区,采用光学和雷达遥感相结合可以有效地提高湿地植被生物量反演的精度,克服光学遥感探测植被垂直分布能力有限和雷达遥感受背景影响大的不足。