RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN XIAMEN ESTUARINE HARBOR

This paper is based on the results of simulation experiments and annual observations on the effect of Cr, Cu, Hg, and Zn on diatom (Chaetoceros sp. Skelelonema costatum and Melosira sulcata) growth. Laboratory experiments reveal many physico-chemical parameters play an important role in the toxicity and accumulation of metals in organisms.. The mesotrophic .level in the water environment is related to phytoplankton growth. A higher nutrient level can have a negative impact on diatom production. Several of the above metals coexist in the investigated region and exert mainly a negative effect on growth.     

HEAVY METAL COMPLEXATION CAPACITY OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WATER

The seawater complexation capacity for heavy metals (copper, lead and cadmium )in the South China Sea was determined by anodic voltammetry and the conditional stability constants of these complexes were calculated. The data showed that the complexation capacity of the South China Sea water was greater than that of seawater in the Huanghe Estuary and the coast water of Qingdao. The sequence of complexation capacity is C(CuL)>C(PbL)>C(CdL), and the conditional stability constants were in an opposite sequence: K.(CuL) Cd and Pb were similan to those obtained by Buckley (1986) for the Atlantic Ocean water. Complexation capacity is maximum at the surface layer, decreasing with depth, reaching minimum at 750m, but increasing again near the sea bottom.     

THE REMOVAL OF Zn,Cd,Pb,AND Cu IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

The waters with salinity from 10 to 23 comprise the main removal region of ion and particulateforms of heavy metals in the Changjiang estuary.The positive correlationships between Zn,Cd,Pb,Cuand the reciprocal of transparency,COD and chlorophyll-a showed that the removal of heavy metalsclosely correlate with the distribution of suspensions,the adsorption of organic materials and theassimilation by organisms.The removal of heavy metals in the Changjiang estuary water were consistentwith the sedimentation rate of the sediments in these waters,sediment types and the distributions ofheavy metals contents in the sediments.     

DUAL FILTRATION EFFECT OF GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

Dissolved nutrients (NO3- , PO4 3- , SiO32- ) and oxygen , chlorophyll- a , pH and Eh were measured on board during a cruise in August 1988 in the Changjiang Estuary region . Heavy metals , organic matter and carbonate contents were analyzed in laboratory. The results show that geochemical processes in the Changjiang Estuary have dual filtration effect: on the one hand geochemical filtration effect, reflected by ferromanganese oxide flocculation and sedimentation , occurs near the turbidity maximum, and leads to enrichment of heavy metals in suspended matter and sedi -ments; on the other hand biogeochemical filtration , reflected by nutrients consumption , organic matter and carbonate sedimentation and enrichment of trace elements in suspended matter. occurs outside the plume water front. The biogeochemical filtration affects the environmental conditions ; the dissolved oxygen and pH increase in surface water and decrease in bottom water. The biogeochemical filtration effect outside the plume front is m     

SPATIAL—TEMPORAL VARIATION OF HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS CONTENT IN COVERING SPIL OF RECLAMATION AREA IN FUSHUN COAL MINE

Grid method is employed for sampling covering soil at the test field,which is reclamation area filled by coal mining wastes for cropland in the Fushun coal mine,Liaoning Province,the Northeast China.The soil samples are taken at different locations,including three kinds of covering soil,three different depths of soil layers and four different covering ages of covering soil.The spatial-temporal variation of heavy metal element content in reclamation soil is stud-ied.The results indicate that the content of heavy metal elements is decreasing year after year,the determinant reason why the content of heavy metal elements at 60cm depth layer is higher than that at 30cm depth layer and surface is fertiliz-er and manure application;the metal elements mainly come from external environment;there is no metal pollution coming from mother material (coal mining wastes)in plough layer of covering soil.     

CHANGE IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE RESPIRATORY ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON ASSEMBLAGES AND CULTURED ALGAE

Activities of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS), C uptake, chlorophyll and temperature were determined at a station in the center of Donghu Lake. Seasonal, fluctuations in ETS-activities ranged from 100 to 460μg O2 h-1.L-1. Production: respiration ratio (P/R) calculated from C uptake and ETS-activity, ranged from 0.2 to 6.8. The test on cultured algae ETS-activity revealed marked differences in different growth phases. ETS activity is suggested as an indicator of lake nutrient status.     

THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM AND CHROMIUM ON TWO POPULATIONS OF THE POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID CAPITELLA CAPITATA

Bioassays are important laboratory experiments in an attempt to interprete what is occurring in the field. The effect of various potential pollutants, especially heavy metals, on marine organisms has resulted in many studies in recent years. Polychaetous annelids have been one of the more commonly used test organisms because of their importance in the marine environment. Interlaboratory experiments have been conducted using the polychaetes Capitella capitata and Neanthes arenaceodentata (Pesch and Hoffman, in press) in which     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT

Analysis of material from three 55- cm long cores collected with box corer m summer of 1988 in the Changjiang Estuary region yielded data on the sedimentation rate, granulometric composition and contents of carbonates, organic matter, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb there. Subsequent study of the data led to the conclusion that there is no obvious pollution in the region based on the absolute value of the content of heavy metals, but the region is in potential danger of being polluted as seen by the obvious increase of sedimentation flux of heavy metals to and the enrichment of them on the surface sediment during the last several years, e.g. Pb increased by 10-20μg/g, Zn by about 30μg/g, Cu by 5-10μg/g and Mn by 150μg/g.A ferromanganese redox interface was found at about 40 cm depth of sediments where Fe and Mn and associated trace metals are enriched. The trace metals such as Zn, Cu have (but Pb does not) the same source, forms, displacement mechanism and geochemical behaviours as those of Fe and Mn in t     

THE EFFECT OF AMINO ACIDS ON COPPER (Ⅱ)-GOETHITE ION EXCHANGE IN SEAWATER

In seawater, aside from metal elements and suspended particles, organic substances amount to about 500-2,000 ug carbon/1[8], which is not neglegible in comparison with that of minor metal elements. But in the study of the interaction of the three constituents (metal elements, organics, and suspended particles), theeffect of organics in seawater on the surface reaction of metal element--suspended particles has usuallybeen neglected. Recent theoretical research[1,11] confirmed the importance of the effect of organics inseawater on the surface reaction of metal element--suspended particles. Generally, the effect of organicson the reaction of metal ions, especially Cu(II), on a solid surface is either promotive[2] or inhibitive[7,9]. So far the fact that organics cannot affect the surface reaction of Cu(II) ions on solids has not been reported in literature. Our experimental results showed that none of the amino acids in seawater affect Cu(II)-goethite ion exchange under certain experimental condition (such     

ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROGEN EVOLUTION PROMOTING FACTOR OF HYDROGENASE OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

A component (s-factor) with obvious promoting effect on hydrogen evolution of hydrogenase has beenisolated and extracted from a Cell=free preparation of Spirulina platensis.The effect of the s-factor in the re-action system is similar to that of Na_2S_2O_4, but is coupled with ligh. The s-factor has the maximumabsorption peak at 620 nm in the oxidized state, at 590 nm in the reduced state. The partially purifieds-factor showed two bands by SDS-PAGE and is distinctly different from phycocyanin,which has nochange of oxidized state and reduced state absorption spectra, and also has no promoting effect onhydrogenase of Spirulina platensis under the light.     

STUDY ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON IN MINNAN-TAIWAN SHOAL

Carbon assimilation rates were determined in situ in the Minnan-Taiwan Shoal with the C-14 tracer method. Seasonal variations of photosynthetic parameters of marine phytoplankton were measured together with determination of Chl a and carbon content, Experimental results indicated that the average carbon-specific carbon accumulation rate is 0.85 d~(-1), mean primary productivity is 0.55 g C (m~2d)~(-1). Temperature effect on the growth of the algae can be described by the modle of Goldman and Carpenter. Supplementation of nutrients brought up by the upwelling in summer caused the observably higher primary productivities in autumn.     

SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF CROP YIELD IN THE MIDDLE AND WEST OF JILIN PROVINCE

In this paper,spatial correlation of crop yield in the middle and west of Jilin province is analyzed by us-ing the method of geostatistics swmivarivogram,taking the NDVI of NOAA/AVHRR spectrum data as the regionalized vari-able,aiming to provide theory and practical basis for field sampling of crop yield estimation using remote sensing.The ratio of nugget variance and sill of semivariograms are 21.1% and9.7% in the west and middle regions in Jilin Province respectively.This shows that the crop yields are spatially correlated.The degree and range of correlation are far different in the different situations.In the west test region,the range is 49.9km and the sill is 0.00019 .In the middle test re-gion,the range is 16.5km and the sill is 0.00453.The dissimilarity in the western test region is larger than that in the middle one.The range in which the correlation existed of the former is far larger than the later.Different characteristics of spatial correlation of crop yield are decided by the environmental factors.Samples for crop yield estimation should be extracted according to the characteristic of spatial distribution of crop yield to promote the efficiency of sampling.     

INVESTIGATION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TRACE METALS AND HUMIC ACID IN SEAWATER

The interactions between trace metals and humic acid in seawater influence the metal species distribution and the various geochemical pathways. An approach for investigating these interactions based on stripping polarography is proposed. The basic principle is that the half-wave potentials of the stripping polarogram shift negatively with the increase of concentrations of humic acid. From the results of calculation, it may be concluded that the species of Pb-HA complex is less than 5% of total lead in seawater but has significant percentage in estuary, and that Pb-HA complex exists mainly as 1:1 form.     

THE ESTUARINE CHEMISTRY OF THE ZHUJIANG RIVER I. TRACE METAL SPECIES IN WATER PHASE

Nine chemical species of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the Zhujiang River estuary were measured by using the technique of ion-exchange, ultraviolet irradiation and anodic stripping voltammetry. According to the distribution of the nine species in percentage an estuarine chemical pattern of the metal elements Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the Zhujiang River estuary was roughly made, and it is suggested that this estuary has relatively great self purifying ability in respect to heavy metal pollution.     

THE INDUCTION AND EXTRACTION OF METALLOTHIONEINS IN ARTEMIA

A small amount of heavy metal binding protein,identified by BioRad Protein Assay,has been iso-lated from the adult brine shrimp,Artemia franciscanus.This protein has an apparent molecular weight be-tween 6000 to 9000 dalton.a UV absorption peak at 260 instead of 280 nm like most proteins;andhas high affinity towards binding with radioactive labeled ~(109)Cd.These characteristics are similarto that of metallothioneins reported for many vertebrate and invertebrate,marine and terrestrialanimals.After the brine shrimp is exposed to a small amount of Cd~(2+)for 24 h,a large amount ofmetallothionein can be isolated,showing the inducibility of this detoxifying protein in the adult Artemiain a short period of time.     

EFFECT OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE ON GROWTH OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

This study on the effect of different concentrations of germanium dioxide (GeO_2) on the specificgrowth rate (SGR), pigment contents, protein content and amino acid composition of Spirulina platensisshowed that Ge was not the essential element of this alga; that GeO_2 could speed up growth and raiseprotein content of S. platensis, and could possibly influence the photosynthesis system. The concentrationrange of GeO_2 beneficial to growth of S. platensis is from 5-100 mg/l. GeO_2 is proposed to be util-ized to remove contamination by Chlorella spp. usually occurring in the cultivation of Spirulina.     

THE EFFECTS OF RECOMBINANT EEL GROWTH HORMONE,METHYLTESTOSTERONE AND L-THYROXINE ON THE GROWTH OF REDSEABREAM,PAGROSOMUSMAJOR

The effects of recombinant eel growth hormone (reGH).methyltestosterone (MT)and L-thyroxine (T4)on the growth of red sea bream. Pagrosomus major.were investigated.Administration of reGH to fry by immersion at 2 mg 1 for 2 hevery 5 dsys resulted in significant increase in both weight and length.but the condition factor (CF) diminished relative to that of similarly treated controls over the 37day treatment period.Immersion in 0.1 mg:1 T4 also resulted in significant increase in both weight and length and higher survival rate of test fry compared to the controls. Immersion in MT had less effect on growth and high-dose resulted in high mortality.In the second study.injection of 2 μg reGH(gwk)caused a significant increase in the specific growth rate (SGR) of test red sea bream fingerlings relative to that of the controls during the 4-week treatment period and maintained the increasing trend over the post-treatment period (weeks 4-6).Injection of MT at a dosage of 1μg (gwk) resulted in a significant in-creas     

A PATH-DEPENDENT MODEL OF INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT FLOW IN A LARGE ECONOMY IN A PROCESS OF INTEGRATION

This paper meant to analyze the spatial evolution of a large country in its process of integration with the world economy in general, and, to look into the possible effect of China‘s accession into WTO on the future development of its spatial economy in particular. Through an approach of increasing returns, external economy, product differentiation and path-dependence, with foreign trade costs incurred by different regions within the large country discriminated, a model of investment and employment flow is developed as a simulation of a large country‘s process of integration with the world economy. The modeling indicates that in the process of integration, as there exist differences in foreign trade costs among different regions within the large country, either the spatial economy of the country deviates from its symmetric structure in autarky and falls into a core-periphery relationship, or the effect of industrial agglomeration is reinforced, amplified and locked in, if the agglomeration had been started. The economic gap on either the aggregate or structural basis between different regions within the large country will increase rapidly as the integration proceeds.     

EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF ALGINATES ON ADSORPTION OF DIVALENT METALS

Results of a series of experiments(on the adsorption of divalent metal ions by dried alginic acid, Na and Ca alginates of different composition and block structure) conducted in this systematic study of the effects of the composition and structure of alginates on the static adsorption equilibrium of divalent metal ions indicate that the properties of alginate adsorption to divalent metal ions are highly different, depending not only on the cations used, but also on the form and structure of the alginates. There is close correlation between the adsorption properties and the structure of the alginates. The selectivity coefficient of Na alginate for Cd-Sr ion exchange tends to increase with the increase of the M/G ratio in alginate, whereas the adsorption capacity of Ca alginate for Cu~(2+) ion decrease with the increase of the G-block or the average length of the G-block ((?)_G) and the total adsorption capacity of alginic acid is found to vary in the same order as the F_(MM)(diad frequency) in alginate in