安徽省气象局将采用徕卡设备建立GPS气象监测网络

徕卡测量系统有限公司于2005年11月8日成功赢得安徽省气象局的招标项目，该项目将建立1个数据中心和在分布全省各地的气象台站内新建10个GPS气象监测站。该项目旨在建立一套可以买时运行的GPS／PWV分析处理系统和电离层监测系统，更好地研究大气水汽演变机理，掌握大气水汽分布与天气气候变化的规律，掌握电离层变化及分布状况，可提高天气预报准确率及防灾减灾气象服务能力，满足社会对气象服务以及防灾减灾的新需求。     

用GPS观测反演大气中水汽的含量

介绍用GPS测量提取水汽的原理和过程，讨论如何提高其精度和实时性，并提出构造三维水汽分布的方法。通过用GPS观测量反演大气的影响，从而提取大气中水汽的含量，这对气象研究和天气预报有很好的作用。     

地基GPS大气水汽监测及在气象业务应用中的关键技术

通过对地基GPS大气水汽监测及在气象业务应用中的关键技术研究,建立地基GPS资料处理、传输和业务应用平台,并对GPS水汽产品进行了检验对比,揭示地基GPS水汽资料在降水、暴雨等灾害性天气预报中的预报预警指标。     

ECMWF资料的边界层伸缩水汽加密算法

针对欧洲中期数值天气预报中心(ECMWF)数据在研究小区域气象时空间分辨率较低的问题,研究了基于边界层伸缩的空间水汽加密思想,建立了基于ECMWF的空间水汽、地表气压和地表温度的加密模型。该模型可依据加密区域DEM分辨率实现任意密度的加密结果。利用美国GPSIPW示范网络中夏季连续两个月的GPS水汽观测值和地表实测气象数据进行了实验,结果表明,该模型结果较ECMWF原始数据,在空间水汽、地表气压和地表温度的精度上均有较大提高。     

地基GPS数据结合MODIS数据的大气水汽反演研究

大气中的水汽不仅是影响地球天气变化的重要因素,更是多项气象研究中的重要参数,正确确定大气中水汽的含量,对研究降水与气候、灾害性天气预报、全球气候变化等具有十分重要的作用。本文详细地介绍了基于地基GPS以及基于MODIS数据的大气水汽含量反演方法,并利用天津测区的GPS数据与MODIS数据反演的大气水汽含量进行对比分析,得到了两种方法都具有反演大气水汽含量的结论。     

GPS水汽含量自动处理系统的研究及应用

随着北京全球定位系统(GPS)综合网的建设,以及地基GPS水汽反演技术的不断成熟,建立实时GPS数据下载和水汽自动处理系统,可提供气象科学研究所需的数据资料,为地基GPS气象学的业务化提供技术支持。本文介绍地基GPS反演水汽的基本原理及北京市GPS综合网的水汽含量自动处理系统,并利用该系统对2004年7月10日北京的一次强降水过程的大气水汽含量进行了反演。结果表明:在暴雨发生前3~4小时左右,GPS测量的气柱水汽含量在两小时内突增了6-7mm,很好地预示了其后的降水过程。可见该系统反演的全天候大气水汽场,可为准确监测和预报突发性强降水提供有意义的指标。     

基于区域CORS网的高精度近实时GPS气象研究

利用了武汉CORS网及周边多个IGS跟踪站的观测数据,模拟了一个近实时GPS气象监测系统,完善了GPS水汽反演数据处理策略。     

GPS/MET中水汽转换参数本地化研究与时空特性分析

随着全球定位系统(GPS)的高速发展,它在测绘科研领域的应用范围不断扩大,在GPS气象方向,可以通过地基GPS技术计算得到水汽转换参数,从而计算大气可降水量.使用本地化的水汽转换参数能有效提高GPS水汽反演的精度.本文利用中国西南地区2015-2018年12个探空站点数据,计算得到中国西南地区的年、季度、月和每日水汽转换参数,实现了水汽转换参数本地化研究.分析发现,在一定范围内,水汽转换参数Π随着站点高度的增加而逐渐增加,且我国西南地区的水汽转换参数Π的时空分布具有明显的气候分布特点和纬度地带性.     

利用GPS可降水量校正MODIS近红外水汽数据

针对MODIS近红外水汽产品精度不足以及地基GPS技术解算的大气可降水量地理分布不连续的问题,提出一种利用地基GPS可降水量来校正MODIS水汽产品从而得到区域性连续分布的高精度可降水量的方法。利用GAMIT软件和地基GPS数据解算出IGS站点的大气水含量,建立GPS可降水量与MODIS近红外水汽产品的回归分析模型得到最终的校正结果。通过与实测气象站数据对比分析可知,所提方法有效地结合了MODIS和地基GPS两种遥感水汽技术的优点,能够得到高精度、地理分布连续的大气可降水量,研究结果可为实时天气预报、气候监测等工作提供参考。     

基于水汽密度比例因子的三维水汽层析算法

针对传统水汽密度层析方法的缺点,设计并实现了一种基于水汽密度比例因子的三维水汽层析算法,提高了观测数据的利用率。利用香港CORS网的实测GPS和气象数据,并结合研究区域内45004探空站的探空数据,验证了该算法用于实测数据的可行性及精度,并分析了不同天气对层析新算法的影响。试验结果表明:该算法在观测数据的利用率上远大于传统层析方法,以探空数据为参考基准,RMS、水汽廓线相关系数和误差分布均优于传统方法。此外,降水天气对层析结果影响要比无降水天气的影响大。     

香港实时GPS水汽监测系统的若干关键技术

香港已经建成实时GPS水汽监测系统。主要介绍实时估计可降水分中的几个关键技术问题,如梯度模型、干分量模型的标定、湿分量至可降水分的区域性转换参数计算,以及预报卫星星历中粗差的探测方法等。最后,采用双差网解和非差精密单点定位两种数据处理方法,分别计算可降水份,并进行比较。     

GPS/PWV在台风"玛莉亚"袭闽期间的变化特征研究

可降水量（PWV）表征大气中的水汽含量，本文利用福建省卫星导航定位基准服务系统（FJCORS）的GPS观测资料反演得到可降水量（GPS/PWV），通过与实测的高精度探空PWV资料进行对比发现，其相关系数达到0.98，与探空结果具有较好的一致性；平均偏差在1.10 mm以内，表明GPS/PWV资料具有较高的精度。在此基础上分析2018年第8号台风“玛莉亚”登陆福建前后的GPS/PWV变化特征及其与实际降水量的关系，结果表明，GPS/PWV资料能够很好地反映台风期间水汽的时空动态传输过程，并与降水之间具有良好的对应关系。     

基于GPS和MODIS数据的大气可降水量反演算法研究

基于高精度的PWVGPS与MODIS近红外三通道比值透射率间的关系建立MODIS大气可降水量新反演算法以提高反演精度。利用美国Kansas州和Oklahoma州2009年4月～9月间17期的MODIS数据和对应的SuomiNet网PWVGPS数据进行研究,发现Kaufman和Gao Bo-Cai算法反演的PWVMODIS系统性地偏低于PWVGPS,存在较大的反演误差。以高精度的PWVGPS为标准水汽值,研究PWVGPS与MODIS近红外第19波段的三通道比值透射率间的关系,建立了MODIS大气可降水量新反演算法,并利用研究区数据进行试验验证,结果表明新算法可大幅提高PWVMODIS的反演精度。     

GPS-PWV estimation and validation with radiosonde data and numerical weather prediction model in Antarctica

Three permanent GPS tracking stations in the trans Antarctic mountain deformation (TAMDEF) network were used to estimate precipitable water vapor (PWV) using measurement series covering the period of 2002–2005. TAMDEF is a National Science Foundation funded joint project between The Ohio State University and the United States Geological Survey. The TAMDEF sites with the longest GPS data spans considered in this research are Franklin Island East (FIE0), the International GNSS Service site McMurdo (MCM4), and Cape Roberts (ROB1). For the experiment, PWV was extracted from the ionosphere-free double-difference carrier phase observations, processed using the adjustment of GPS ephemerides (PAGES) software. The GPS data were processed with a 30 s sampling rate, 15-degree cutoff angle, and precise GPS orbits disseminated by IGS. The time-varying part of the zenith wet delay is estimated using the Marini mapping function, while the constant part is evaluated using the corresponding Marini tropospheric model. Previous studies using TAMDEF data for PWV estimation show that the Marini mapping function performs the best among the models offered by PAGES. The data reduction to compute the zenith wet delay follows the step piecewise linear strategy, which is subsequently transformed to PWV. The resulting GPS-based PWV is compared to the radiosonde observations and to values obtained from the Antarctic mesoscale prediction system (AMPS). This comparison revealed a consistent bias of 1.7 mm between the GPS solution and the radiosonde and AMPS reference values.     

Estimation and evaluation of real-time precipitable water vapor from GLONASS and GPS

The revitalized Russian GLONASS system provides new potential for real-time retrieval of zenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) in order to support time-critical meteorological applications such as nowcasting or severe weather event monitoring. In this study, we develop a method of real-time ZTD/PWV retrieval based on GLONASS and/or GPS observations. The performance of ZTD and PWV derived from GLONASS data using real-time precise point positioning (PPP) technique is carefully investigated and evaluated. The potential of combining GLONASS and GPS data for ZTD/PWV retrieving is assessed as well. The GLONASS and GPS observations of about half a year for 80 globally distributed stations from the IGS (International GNSS Service) network are processed. The results show that the real-time GLONASS ZTD series agree quite well with the GPS ZTD series in general: the RMS of ZTD differences is about 8 mm (about 1.2 mm in PWV). Furthermore, for an inter-technique validation, the real-time ZTD estimated from GLONASS-only, GPS-only, and the GPS/GLONASS combined solutions are compared with those derived from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at colocated GNSS/VLBI stations. The comparison shows that GLONASS can contribute to real-time meteorological applications, with almost the same accuracy as GPS. More accurate and reliable water vapor values, about 1.5–2.3 mm in PWV, can be achieved when GLONASS observations are combined with the GPS ones in the real-time PPP data processing. The comparison with radiosonde data further confirms the performance of GLONASS-derived real-time PWV and the benefit of adding GLONASS to stand-alone GPS processing.     

Experiment on driving precipitable water vapor from ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consistency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumulating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

顾及双差残差反演GPS信号方向的斜路径水汽含量

给出了顾及GPS双差残差反演斜路径水汽SWV的解算流程;然后详细给出了双差残差到非差残差的转化算法,并对算法进行了改进;最后利用并址的GPS和WVR实测数据对反演SWV算法进行了验证,结果证实改进的反演算法能以优于4 mm精度近实时估算SWV值,与目前国际研究精度在同一量级。     

联合地基GPS和空基COSMIC掩星的可降水量研究

基于2010年1～2月的COSMIC掩星气象观测数据和IGS地面跟踪站数据进行了统计分析,利用现有可获取的地面CORS网络和中国区域IGS跟踪站联合COSMIC掩星事件进行了处理分析,研究并设计了基于网络的大气可降水量估计服务系统。     

Experiment on Driving Precipitable Water Vapor from Ground-Based GPS Network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consis- tency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumu- lating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

可降水份的误差分析

分析了由无线电探空数据计算可降水份中逼近误差和观测误差的影响 ,利用香港的无线电探空资料计算出逼近误差和观测误差的影响分别为 0 .5mm和 1 .2mm ,两者的综合影响为 1 .3mm。