差分码偏差对QZSS单点定位的影响

为探究差分码偏差(DCB)对准天顶卫星系统(QZSS)伪距单点定位(SPP)的影响，推导了QZSS伪距单点定位时间群延迟(TGD)和DCB改正模型，并选取6个MGEX (Multi-GNSS Experiment)测站连续7 d的观测数据按照两种不同方案进行实验.结果表明：DCB产品月稳定度较好，无明显波动，各颗卫星月稳定度优于0.2 ns，与TGD互差值优于2.5 ns;TGD/DCB改正对SPP精度影响为米级，经TGD/DCB改正后水平方定位精度可从4～9 m提升至3～6 m，高程方向可从7～9 m提升至5～7 m，提升率为10%～46%.可见DCB改正对单点定位精度影响较大，在定位解算中不可忽略.     

顾及TGD与DCB改正的单点定位研究

TGD是调制导航电文中的一个时延差参数,它反映了L1P（Y）信号与L2P（Y）信号内部时延间的差异,对于单频导航用户,必须进行TGD改正。DCB是一表征不同测距码间差异的参数,利用DCB参数可以将L1C／A码测距精度提升到L。P（Y）码水平。本文评估了TGD与DCB参数的量级,利用IGS站数据,分析了二者对GPS单点定位的影响,结果表明：进行TGD改正后,三维定位精度有平均约1．5m的提高,平均改善率为27．3％;在TGD改正的基础上进行DCB改正后,三维定位精度有平均约0．1m的提高,平均改善率为2．59／6．     

基于球谐函数区域电离层模型建立

利用GPS双频观测数据建立高精度、准实时的区域电离层总电子含量(TEC)模型是电离层研究的一个重要手段。文中探讨IGS观测站数据结合4阶球谐函数建立区域电离层格网模型的方法,并对硬件延迟(DCB)和TEC建模结果的可靠性进行分析,结果表明,DCB解算精度在0.4ns以内,TEC内外精度优于1.4TECU(1TECU=1016电子数/m2)和1.5TECU,满足导航定位中电离层改正的需要。     

顾及卫星PCO改正的BDS-3卫星差分码偏差精确估计EI北大核心CSCD

精确的差分码偏差改正信息是实现全球导航卫星系统多频数据精密应用的基础,而现有DCB参数估计方法及数据产品中并未考虑天线相位中心偏移的误差影响。以BDS-3为例,本文在分析BDS-3卫星PCO变化特性及其对DCB估值理论影响的基础上,推导了DCB参数中的PCO误差经验校正方法,同时提出了顾及PCO误差改正的DCB参数估计方法。利用国际GNSS服务组织全球分布的BDS-3基准站数据,实现了PCO改正前后C2I-C6I/C1P-C5P两类DCB参数的精确估计,并在BDS-3 C2I/C1P单频标准单点定位中开展定位验证。结果表明,PCO改正前后的卫星DCB差异最大可达0.60 ns,引起不同类型卫星间的DCB差异最大可达1.17 ns,DCB参数中的PCO误差对BDS-3定位应用的影响不可忽略。与未改正PCO误差的DCB产品对应的定位结果相比,基于PCO-estimated-DCB和PCO-corrected-DCB两种方案的BDS-3 SPP精度增益相当,在水平与高程方向定位精度分别提升了5.7%和6.8%。     

BDS卫星端DCB不同表达对单点定位精度的影响

考虑到北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的B1B2,B1B3及B2B3之间硬件延迟(DCB)值存在一个闭合差,分析BDS卫星端DCB改正公式不同表示方法在3种采样率下对定位精度的影响,分别进行了伪距定位和精密定位解算。结果表明,不同采样率的DCB改正后SPP下精度改善在m级,提高10%~80%;动态PPP下精度改善在dm~m级,提高50%~90%。改正公式的不同DCB表示方法对精度影响在cm量级,在SPP中可忽略该误差,动态PPP中建议取DCB改正均值作为最终改正值。     

GPS和GLONASS组合的全球实测电离层TEC建模

根据高精度卫星导航和电离层活动监测的需要,利用全球238个GPS基准站的双频实测数据,通过建立球谐函数模型的同时解算电离层电子含量以及GPS与GLONASS卫星DCB及其相应的接收机DCB;将其结果与CODE、IGS分析中心的结果进行比较分析,表明该方法建立的模型是可靠的,其GPS和GLONASS卫星DCB相对于CODE精度优于0.1ns,相对于IGS精度优于0.2ns,其GPS测站DCB和GLONASS测站DCB相对于CODE和IGS精度优于1ns,垂直总电子含量相对CODE和IGS精度优于3TECU,组合结果精度高于组合前。     

全球定位系统的新进展(讲座) 第2讲 导航电文新增参数及相应的算法——从导航电文的变化看GPS系统的进展

介绍了GPS现代化实施后调制在L2C码和L5码上的导航电文CNAV中地球定向参数EOP、卫星导航定位系统之间的时间差参数GGTO、微分改正参数DC和卫星星历参数等新增的参数,以及这些参数相应的算法。     

北斗三号卫星差分码偏差稳定性分析及其对单点定位的影响

差分码偏差（differential code bias,DCB）是影响电离层监测和导航定位精度的重要因素之一,建立DCB改正模型对高精度定位有重要意义。针对北斗三号卫星的广播星历和精密星历钟差参数时间基准不统一的问题,首先介绍了多星座实验（multi-GNSS experiment,MGEX）发布的DCB产品的估计方法,给出了部分DCB产品的精度评估和分析结果;然后提出了北斗三号卫星单频和双频伪距单点定位以及双频精密单点定位的DCB改正模型;最后利用5个MGEX测站连续5 d的实测数据分别进行了DCB改正前后的定位实验。结果表明,MGEX发布的DCB产品均具有较高的稳定性,经卫星DCB改正后,单频和双频伪距单点定位的定位精度分别提高了48%~85%和71%~91%,双频静态精密单点定位的收敛时间减少了56%~83%。     

基于L5的GPS电离层折射误差改正

在分析电离层折射误差模型以及双频改正模型的基础上,在原有的双频数据处理方法之下,利用GPS现代化中新增的L5频率与原有的L1、L2频率进行新的双频组合,再利用双频组合解算来得出电离层折射误差,以取得双频最优改正值,进而即可对GPS的电离层折射误差进行有效的改正。同时,简单介绍利用三频观测值改正电离层折射误差二阶项的方法。这些方法的使用均可提高GPS电离层折射误差的改正精度,从而提高GPS的定位精度,扩大其应用的深度与广度。     

GPS电离层延迟Klobuchar模型与双频数据解算值的比较与分析

电离层延迟是影响GPS绝对定位的最主要因素,但由于电离层本身的不稳定性,加上目前对其物理特性的了解还有一定的模糊性,还只能采用精度有限的经验模型对其进行描述.对于GPS实时绝对定位,GPS系统的广播星历提供了Klobuchr模型的8个系数,可以用于单频接收机的电离层延迟改正;对于双频接收机,可以利用L1,L2,C1,P2进行计算得到电离层延迟值,但应考虑到卫星发射信号时产生的两频率间的硬件延迟TGD的影响.本文采用双频伪距求得电离层延迟值,用广播星历中各颗卫星的TGD参数进行改正,再根据L1和L2双频相位值求得的历元间的电离层延迟的变化采用Hatch类滤波递推模型对其进行平滑,从而求得较准确的对应于各个历元的电离层延迟值,将其作为真值与Klobuchar模型计算值进行比较,从而研究Klobuchar模型的精度和特点,并与IGS的后处理Klobuchar模型系数求得的电离层结果进行对比分析.对双频数据计算电离层延迟的算法进行详细研究,给出Klobuchar模型的具体计算过程,用位于武汉、北京和上海的IGS跟踪站的观测数据进行实际验证和算例分析,最后给出结论.     

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals

The successful launch of five new-generation experimental satellites of the China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, namely BeiDou I1-S, I2-S, M1-S, M2-S, and M3-S, marks a significant step in expanding BeiDou into a navigation system with global coverage. In addition to B1I (1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1269.520 MHz) signals, the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites are also capable of transmitting several new navigation signals in space, namely B1C at 1575.42 MHz, B2a at 1176.45 MHz, and B2b at 1207.14 MHz. For the first time, we present an initial characterization and performance assessment for these new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites and their signals. The L1/L2/L5 signals from GPS Block IIF satellites, E1/E5a/E5b signals from Galileo satellites, and B1I/B2I/B3I signals from BeiDou-2 satellites are also evaluated for comparison. The characteristics of the B1C, B1I, B2a, B2b, and B3I signals are evaluated in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, and double-differenced carrier-phase and code residuals. The results demonstrate that the observational quality of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals is comparable to that of GPS L1/L2/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a/E5b signals. However, the analysis of code multipath shows that the elevation-dependent code biases, which have been previously identified to exist in the code observations of the BeiDou-2 satellites, seem to be not obvious for all the available signals of the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. This will significantly benefit precise applications that resolve wide-lane ambiguity based on Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combinations and other applications such as single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) based on the ionosphere-free code–carrier combinations. Furthermore, with regard to the triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, it is found that different from the BeiDou-2 and GPS Block IIF satellites, no apparent bias variations could be observed in all the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites, which shows a good consistency of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals. The absence of such triple-frequency biases simplifies the potential processing of multi-frequency PPP using observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. Finally, the precise relative positioning results indicate that the additional observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can improve ambiguity resolution performance with respect to BeiDou-2 only positioning, which indicates that observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can contribute to precise relative positioning.     

Calculation and accuracy evaluation of TGD from IFB for BDS

With the development of new global navigation satellite system applications, the demand of high accurate positioning navigation timing (PNT) service becomes urgent. For precise PNT, the timing group delay (TGD) is regarded as an important parameter in the satellite navigation message. Instead of using the absolute receiver hardware delay, a method based on receiver inter-frequency bias (IFB, i.e., differential receiver hardware delay between different frequencies) calibration is presented to deal with the rank deficiency of a calculation matrix and to reduce jumps in TGD solutions in BDS. The double-differenced pseudorange obtained from a pair of zero baseline receivers is used to evaluate the IFB calibration accuracy. The estimated precision of TGD is evaluated and compared with GPS TGD provided by IGS. In order to ensure the quality of assessment, a method based on the difference of dual-frequency ionospheric delay is proposed to compare the accuracy of the estimated TGD and broadcast TGD. Finally, the effect of TGD on the user equivalent range error is analyzed. The analysis result shows that for BDS IGSO satellites, the precision of TGD1, which is the differential hardware delay between B1 (1561.098 MHz) and B3 (1268.52 MHz) frequencies, is better than 0.5 ns, and for GEO and MEO satellites the TGD1 is better than 1 and 2 ns, respectively. The precision of TGD2 of all satellites, which is the differential hardware delay between B2 (1207.14 MHz) and B3 frequencies, is better than 0.5 ns. The accuracy analysis result reveals that the proposed TGD estimation method can provide better results when compared with the broadcast data.     

Apparent clock variations of the Block IIF-1 (SVN62) GPS satellite

The Block IIF satellites feature a new generation of high-quality rubidium clocks for time and frequency keeping and are the first GPS satellites transmitting operational navigation signals on three distinct frequencies. We investigate apparent clock offset variations for the Block IIF-1 (SVN62) spacecraft that have been identified in L1/L2 clock solutions as well as the L1/L5-minus-L1/L2 clock difference. With peak-to-peak amplitudes of 10?C40?cm, these variations are of relevance for future precision point positioning applications and ionospheric analyses. A proper characterization and understanding is required to fully benefit from the quality of the new signals and clocks. The analysis covers a period of 8?months following the routine payload activation and is based on GPS orbit and clock products generated by the CODE analysis center of the International GNSS Service (IGS) as well as triple-frequency observations collected with the CONGO network. Based on a harmonic analysis, empirical models are presented that describe the sub-daily variation of the clock offset and the inter-frequency clock difference. These contribute to a better clock predictability at timescales of several hours and enable a consistent use of L1/L2 clock products in L1/L5-based positioning.     

BDS-3新频点单点定位研究

针对目前有关北斗卫星导航系统（BDS-3）中MEO卫星（BDS-3M）增加的B1C、B2a新频点单点定位研究较少的现状,本文开展了基于新频点B1C、B2a的双频单点定位试验,结合国际GNSS监测评估系统（iGMAS）5个跟踪站连续10 d的数据,对BDS-3的新频点进行数据质量分析、双频伪距单点定位（SPP）和双频静态精密单点定位（PPP）研究,并与GPS的L1、L2频点和BDS-3的B1I、B3I频点进行对比。试验结果表明：在伪距单点定位方面,BDS-3新信号在E、N、U 3方向的精度分别优于10、12、11 m,低于GPS的L1、L2双频伪距单点定位和BDS-3的旧频点双频伪距单点定位精度;在精密单点定位方面,BDS-3新频点在收敛速度方面略低于GPS的收敛速度,BDS-3新信号在E、N、U 3方向都能达到分米级精度。     

Group delay variations of GPS transmitting and receiving antennas

GPS code pseudorange measurements exhibit group delay variations at the transmitting and the receiving antenna. We calibrated C1 and P2 delay variations with respect to dual-frequency carrier phase observations and obtained nadir-dependent corrections for 32 satellites of the GPS constellation in early 2015 as well as elevation-dependent corrections for 13 receiving antenna models. The combined delay variations reach up to 1.0 m (3.3 ns) in the ionosphere-free linear combination for specific pairs of satellite and receiving antennas. Applying these corrections to the code measurements improves code/carrier single-frequency precise point positioning, ambiguity fixing based on the Melbourne–Wübbena linear combination, and determination of ionospheric total electron content. It also affects fractional cycle biases and differential code biases.     

Characteristics of inter-frequency clock bias for Block IIF satellites and its effect on triple-frequency GPS precise point positioning

GPS Solutions - The latest generation of GPS satellites, termed Block IIF, provides a new L5 signal. Multi-frequency signals open new prospects for precise positioning and fast ambiguity resolution...     

北斗与GPS在桥梁变形监测中的对比分析

目前我国北斗导航系统已经完成第二阶段区域系统的建设,利用北斗导航定位技术进行桥梁变形监测是今后发展的必然趋势。本文分析了北斗定位技术在桥梁变形监测中的的优势,并与GPS定位技术作对比分析,结果表明:在监测区域内,北斗二号的可见卫星数要略多于GPS可见卫星数,卫星几何精度因子略低于GPS,数据质量与GPS相当,相对定位精度略优于GPS,平面定位精度在1~2 cm,水平定位精度在5~6 cm。     

GPS,Galileo, QZSS and IRNSS differential ISBs: estimation and application

Knowledge of inter-system biases (ISBs) is essential to combine observations of multiple global and regional navigation satellite systems (GNSS/RNSS) in an optimal way. Earlier studies based on GPS, Galileo, BDS and QZSS have demonstrated that the performance of multi-GNSS real-time kinematic positioning is improved when the differential ISBs (DISBs) corresponding to signals of different constellations but transmitted at identical frequencies can be calibrated, such that only one common pivot satellite is sufficient for inter-system ambiguity resolution at that particular frequency. Recently, many new GNSS satellites have been launched. At the beginning of 2016, there were 12 Galileo IOV/FOC satellites and 12 GPS Block IIF satellites in orbit, while the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) had five satellites launched of which four are operational. More launches are scheduled for the coming years. As a continuation of the earlier studies, we analyze the magnitude and stability of the DISBs corresponding to these new satellites. For IRNSS this article presents for the first time DISBs with respect to the L5/E5a signals of GPS, Galileo and QZSS for a mixed-receiver baseline. It is furthermore demonstrated that single-frequency (L5/E5a) ambiguity resolution is tremendously improved when the multi-GNSS observations are all differenced with respect to a common pivot satellite, compared to classical differencing for which a pivot satellite is selected for each constellation.     

基于GPS双频原始观测值的精密单点定位算法及应用

本文提出一种基于GPS双频原始观测值的PPP算法,与基于消电离层组合观测值的传统PPP算法不同,新算法通过参数化站星视线方向的电离层延迟以消除其对PPP估值的不利影响;该新算法可以有效避免观测值组合过程所引起的观测数据噪声以及多路径效应被放大的不利影响;同时在利用扩展卡尔曼滤波模型进行未知参数的递归估计过程中,通过对大气延迟参数引入符合实际的约束,可以加快滤波收敛,提高参数估值的可靠性;视线方向电离层延迟可与其他未知参数同时估计得到,进而便于利用PPP技术进行精密电离层研究;此外,对于可能的模型误差（如码观测值粗差、相位观测值周跳等）,基于DIA的质量控制策略以消除或削弱其对参数估值的不利影响。利用实测数据对新算法在静态、低动态以及高动态定位应用方面的精度进行检验,结果表明,静、动态定位结果的外符合精度可分别达到1~2 cm和7~8 cm,验证了新算法的可行性和有效性。