电脑制图中如何处理水系与境界色带的关系

随着计算机技术在测绘领域的广泛应用,以及制图软件的不断开发和完善,电脑制图正逐步取代传统的手工制作地图的方法,使地图的成图时间大大地缩短了,也使地图的表达方式更加丰富多样,色彩效果更加美观悦目,从而更增强了地图的艺术性。我们知道,水系在普通地图上是非常重要的要素,被看作是控制其它内容的骨架。境界则是一个区域范围和另一个区域范围之间的界线,如国界、省界、县界等。为了增强区域范围的明显性,我们常常在地图上将境界符号配合色带来表示。在很多地方,两个区域范围之间是以河流或河流的主航道为分界线的,也就是我…     

历史地图编辑设计探讨——编制吉林省地图集历史沿革图后记

历史地图既能表示制图区域的空间地理信息,又能反映历史时空对比信息,展现制图区域历史上各朝代的疆域范围及社会发展状态.运用地图语言,直观描述历史变迁,日渐成熟的计算机制图技术能提高编制历史地图的准确性,历史专题内容表现方式也更加丰富多彩.本文通过对编制吉林省地图集中历史沿革图幅的总结归纳,对应用计算机技术编制历史地图的相关问题进行了探讨.     

利用GIS数据进行地图制图表达与更新

地理信息与制图信息的表达方式之间既有区别又有联系。为了实现两种信息的一体化表达,从制图的角度出发,设计了一种基于单要素的制图数据模型,并在此基础上提出了一种地图制图表达方法;最后以该制图表达方法为基础,给出了制图信息的增量式更新方法。     

三维地图的机助制图试验

作者指出三维地图正在逐渐得到广泛使用,其原因是:1.许多制图物体具有三维表面,而就制图手段而言,三维地图能显示所表示物体的本来面目。2.从地图感受论来说,用透视方法制成的地图能较好地符合人们对实在的观察,因此这种地图具有更多的直观性而读者能便于获得具体印象。其次这种地图易于用机助制图方法制作。本文中指出若干不同题材的三维地图例子。是在美国北达科他州立大学地理系实验室用 IBM 370/158计算机和 Calcomp 自动绘图机用机助制图方法完成的。     

地图制图综合概述（续）

制图综合的方式制图综合的方式主要有:地图图形的概括,地图内容的选取,制图物体数量特征的概括,制图物体质量特征的概括,以集合图形代替单个地物符号。一、地图图形的概括 1.什么是地图图形地图图形是指制图物体(或现象)在地图上的形状。地形图上的地图图形有三类:①线状地物图形;②轮廓地物图形;③等高线图形。 2.概括地图图形的目的     

数字地图制图学中理论和方法的不足

数字制图技术似乎已经弥补了传统制图过程中固有的缺陷,例如从三维到二维的几何转换等。同时,数字地图的表达已经扩展到能适应空间数据日益增长的复杂性。标准地图正受到更大量的类似地图表达方式或直观图形信息的冲击。用户可以实现现实与虚拟现实的任意漫游。然而制图理论和方法的发展大大落后于制图技     

制图综合的知识表示

从知识表示方面分析了制图综合的理论，介绍了地图综合的知识表示和地图综合专家系统的基本原理和方法．阐述了基于规则和模型的制图综合知识表示和数据组织形式，提出了制图综合专家系统的设计方案。     

面向模型的大比例尺制图综合框架设计与实现

模型综合作为制图综合的一部分 ,是通过改变地图内部目标关系的表达方式 ,使地图的表达更简单 ,进而使综合更方便。结合交互式制图综合软件AutoMap ,介绍了面向模型综合的系统设计框架和具体实现 ,并着重从地图目标的空间关系、几何属性和语义关系 3个方面来分析模型综合。     

地图上中国边界的演变、形成及其表示方法探讨

在前人研究的基础上,结合长期的编图实践工作,从历史地理角度系统地梳理地图边界问题,探讨地图上中国边界的演变、形成规律及其表示方法。指出地图上中国边界的演变规律以及不同历史阶段的地图上中陶边界的表示方法和制图依据,中国版图确立后的中国边界和表示方法,现在的中国边界与历史上中国边界之间的关系,《中国国界线标准画法样图》发布...     

面向服务的动态制图服务系统关键技术探讨

首先分析了传统专题地图制图技术在测绘信息化发展过程中呈现的弊端；然后基于目前迅速发展的WebGIS技术，研究了基于Web服务的在线制图技术，就在线地图制图中的符号构建、制图服务模型、数据服务等方面提出了基于在线地图的交互式自定义制图；最后设计开发了基于Web服务的交互式制图系统，实现了面向普通用户的在线订阅式制图和面向专业用户的在线定制式制图。实践表明，该系统动态专题制图功能灵活，表达方式多样，传播效率高，能满足不同专业背景用户的制图需求。     

Remapping Fictional Worlds: A Comparative Reconstruction of Fictional Maps

ABSTRACT

This article presents a quantitative analysis of fictional maps and their relation to historic maps from different periods. Fictional maps are maps of imaginary territories. This type of map is now common in fiction, but they arose relatively late, in the second half of the nineteenth century, and are considered an independent branch of cartography today. They stand out through the way they are published because they are component parts of books and not independent cartographic works, and therefore their creators are not cartographers but rather the authors of these books. Fictional maps are mostly subordinate to the story, but they serve to give a sense of historical authenticity and draw the reader into the story. Without networks of coordinates and with labels such as ‘the end of the world’, they are spatially indeterminate, but they establish a connection between the fictional landscape and its identity. This study deals with 89 fictional maps from recent children’s and young adult literature. First we present a historical overview of these works and fictional maps, and then a cartographic analysis of fictional maps. We examined seventy-seven books with fictional maps and evaluated the maps according to five groups of standard cartographic elements: natural elements, built elements, toponyms, mathematical elements, and explanatory elements. We discuss the differences between cartographic representation of fictional maps and historic maps, and build a cartographic model based on the frequency of cartographic elements to put fictional maps into historic and geographical contexts.     

制图知识库驱动的数据库自动制图方法

随着测绘地理信息技术的快速发展,地图制图工艺发生了重大变化,基于地理空间数据库的自动化制图成为主流。尽管基于GIS(geographic information system)软件配图方式的自动制图技术逐渐成熟,并且在一定程度上满足了电子地图快速发布的需求,但地图制图领域中的高质量地图制图工艺和技术方法的改进仍然进展缓慢,人工依然承担大量重复的低效率的制图工作。本方法以制图知识库为驱动、基于制图软件平台开发自动制图系统,在保持软件原有制图工艺特点和功能不被改变的前提下,对专业制图软件的制图功能进行扩展,实现了制图软件中GIS数据库的全要素的自动化制图,减少地图制图工作量,实现高质量地图制图的自动化,极大提高制图效率。     

交互式地图绘制与SVG格式文档的生成

针对当前地图网络传输和地图网络制图的发展态势,开展了地图符号系统数据结构方面的研究,描述了绘图系统的类层次结构,建立了简单的交互式地图绘制系统;探讨了地图符号的串行化和反串行化问题,并针对SVG的特性及语法,研究了SVG格式地图文档的生成。     

Analysing Product-Specific Behaviour to Support Process Dependent Updates in a Dynamic Spatial Updating Model

A scale‐independent database that allows derived maps to be dynamically updated from a centrally maintained data source is an appealing alternative to traditional map revision techniques, which by today's standards are costly and inefficient. This paper presents a dynamic spatial updating model that supports automated updating of non‐standard maps in a scale‐independent database‐centric map production environment. Maps derived from the database are not separate data sets, but rather active views of the database. Each derived map is displayed in a unique way by implementing cartographic operations at the map level. While the operations applied require user involvement for strategic cartographic decisions, and algorithmic initiation and control, the technique allows geographic data to be processed cartographically without affecting the geometric integrity of the database. Each time a derived map is opened it retrieves the spatial data (and updates) from the database and applies the unique cartographic representation methods that persist on the individual derived maps. Database updates are automatically triggered to cartographic products, as process dependent updates, according to their individual product‐specific behaviour. This paper investigates product‐specific behaviour (product multiplicities) and the cartographic processing requirements to support dynamic spatial updating techniques in an object‐oriented map publishing environment. These techniques are implemented in an off‐the‐shelf software environment using ArcGIS.     

以直角方式转折的面状要素图形简化方法

讨论了面状要素图形轮廓简化的一些规则以及面的空间知识获取方法,结合以直角方式转折的面状要素图形轮廓的特点,重点讨论了其图形渐进式简化方法。     

The Use of Mental and Sketch Maps as a Tool to Evaluate Cartography Teaching Effectiveness

The paper describes mental maps and their use in teaching process. The survey conducted among students of geodesy and cartography resulted in 124 sketches. They were analysed from the point of view of cartographic methodology and used methods of presentation. The different elements and methods were counted and helped in evaluation of teaching process effectiveness, showing changes in students’ knowledge of certain rules of cartographic language and design and their applications. As the survey was conducted in relation to courses taught, the results are of great value in increasing the quality of cartographic content of these courses and teaching methods.     

Influential Visual Design Parameters on TV Weather Maps

Abstract

Information transformation on television weather maps (TVWMs) is influenced by visual elements for a broad range of viewers. This research emphasizes the cartographic aspects of TVWMs through evaluating their visual variables. Currently defined visual variables including basic, dynamic and motion variables are investigated and some suggestions are made to improve their application on TVWMs. The rates of the represented visual information within different frames and the related standard deviation are proposed as measures to improve the performance of the ‘duration’ dynamic variable. The concept of ‘visual expressions’ is introduced, and their applications at the organisational level of map design are discussed. Such expressions (including background, boundary, spatial order, zoom and overview maps) are examined as tools for ‘user orientation’ in particular, and their role as dominant parameters in TVWMs’ cartographic communication is considered. Their incorporation in TVWMs of a number of global news channels is evaluated. Firstly, the concepts of visual design parameters are utilized as a foundation for an analytical evaluation, then an empirical evaluation is carried out based on a statistical investigation of a sample of TV viewers. The resulting ranking order and correlation coefficients for each of the elements shows a firm agreement, corroborating views on the importance and proficiency of the visual elements in communicating weather information. As a result, TVWMs of well-known global TV channels (BBC, Euronews, France24, PressTV) are ranked with respect to the effectiveness of their designs.     

基于GIS的静态图式表达方法与制图表达方法的对比分析

针对GIS生成的地图产品脱离GIS地理空间数据,割裂地理要素与地图对象完整性,导致输出地图产品更新困难。结合制图单位实际生成需求,研究GIS静态图式表达和GIS制图表达;基于GIS制图模板和GIS符号库,采用C#+ArcEngine编程技术,实现GIS专题制图系统。系统具有GIS静态图式渲染功能和GIS制图表达功能,并以某区域专题制图项目为例,对比分析不同方式专题制图效果。结果表明基于地理空间数据规则的地图制图表达技术能够兼顾GIS和地图制图对数据的不同要求,可快速完成地图制作,部分解决传统上必须通过大量人工编辑才能够完成的制图任务,一定程度提高工作效率。     

LOD技术与制图综合在多尺度地图适时显示中的应用研究

多尺度地图适时显示是电子地图可视化过程中的瓶颈问题,在这一领域人们已经探索出不少行之有效的方法。本文将一种三维场景复杂程度控制技术———LOD技术,结合传统的制图综合技术,用于电子地图可视化。通过对地理要素分类建立LOD模型,其中地理要素的分类方法,以及LOD层次参数的设定,综合算法的选取等提出一些理论依据,旨在为电子地图可视化提供一个标准和数学依据。并已通过《深圳市龙岗电子地图集》制作项目的实践,初步实践了这一技术结合。     

Generating and mapping population density surfaces within a geographical information system

Abstract

The spatially discontinuous choropleth map is a poor representation of the underlying continuous distribution of population density. A possible alternative is to derive dasymetric maps at a fine spatial resolution by making use of satellite imagery in a geographical information system. However, there are cartographic problems when these maps are displayed and further processing is needed in order to obtain approximations to a continuous density surface. Isarithmic maps of these density surfaces retain a high degree of spatial accuracy while providing pleasing and highly adaptable presentations.

The methods used to generate dasymetric and isarithmic maps are readily implemented in most raster based geographical information systems. For example, the classification of remotely sensed imagery, the subsequent processing and integration of data, and most of the cartographic display, were all undertaken in this work using the low cost IDRISI GIS that operates on standard IBM PC compatible hardware.