时空立方体的抢劫案件时空特征挖掘与分析

针对抢劫犯罪发生的时空模式等相关问题,提出了基于时空立方体模型的时空特征探索方法。该方法既能从时空维度挖掘犯罪事件的特征,又以时空立方体方法宏观展示其热点时空分布,有助于城市治安辅助决策。文章以美国费城的抢劫犯罪案件为研究数据,实验结果表明,该方法能够较全面地揭示抢劫犯罪案件在时间、空间及时空分布特征:①抢劫犯罪案件存在明显的时间和空间聚类特性;②从空间分布分析,抢劫事件多分布于西费城以及费城北区;③从时序分析,1月和12月为抢劫犯罪的高发时段;以日为尺度,抢劫犯罪多发生在夜晚,这与犯罪学相关规律一致;④从时空规律分析,随着时间的推移,热点以费城北区为中心逐渐向周围扩散。本研究能为警力巡查调度、案件预测等提供辅助决策,并可推广应用到其他领域。     

时空过程对象的LULC时空演变分析算法

地理时空变化是地理学研究的重要内容之一，如何用计算机技术来表达空间数据的时空变化独具前瞻性。从揭示LULC时空演变过程和挖掘时空演变规律出发，讨论了基于地类图斑的时空演变过程类型与判定方法，并构建了一种基于地类图斑的时空变化分析算法。通过对抚仙湖流域近40年来LULC时空演变分析，验证了算法的可靠性与有效性。表明该方法可用于地表覆盖等地理要素的时空变化过程分析，能较好地揭示地理要素及其属性在时间轴上的改变过程。     

时空数据模型的研究

分析了现有的时空数据模型,包括时间——空间立方体模型、序列快照模型、基态修正模型、时空复合模型、基于事件的时空模型、面向对象的时空模型和图谱模型等,对各种模型进行了比较和深入探讨。     

一种基于对象和快照的混合地表覆盖时空数据存储模型

时空数据模型是数据库和时空数据分析研究热点之一。由于时空数据变化类型多、分析计算复杂及应用范围广,一种观点认为建立通用的时空数据模型具有高度复杂性。本文针对地表覆盖变化时空数据建库和时空分析应用需求,提出了基于对象和快照的混合时空数据模型。该模型用面向对象描述地表覆盖的斑块对象时空过程,组织管理斑块对象时空事件和空间、属性信息,同时用快照描述地表覆盖整体时空分布,组织管理栅格快照,两者通过基于时间和空间位置的逻辑关联关系形成混合模型。模型在表达对象自身变化的时空事件类型基础上,增加了不同分类对象之间互相转变的时空事件表达。该模型既可以用于对地表覆盖历史观测数据组织存储建库,又可以用于支持时空统计分析、时空演变模拟和时空数据挖掘。通过对黑龙江地区地表覆盖时空数据建库、查询检索、整体格局演变分析和斑块变化时空过程检索与表达的试验,验证了模型的有效性。     

扩展流数据立方体的GIS时空大数据组织方法

针对大数据GIS面临的大规模数据的多源异构动态性与数据存储优化等问题,本文开展大数据背景下的地理时空数据组织与模型研究,提出了一种基于流数据的可扩展立方体处理框架,在典型的流数据二维数据序列基础上,构建增加垂直方向的非结构数据立方体;结合立方体数据组织模型的定义和特征,探讨扩展关系型数据库与协同非关系型数据库的GIS时空大数据组织方法;通过扩展数据源、数据类型及数据操作等属性,突出多源异构地理时空大数据的时空关系和演变过程关系等特征,对地理时空大数据进行数据一体化组织、存储和分析;进而解决地理信息时空大数据的大体量、异构与动态性在GIS数据管理与分析方面的技术瓶颈,并且对GIS时空大数据的有效管理提供科学性方法和解决策略。     

GeoCube： 面向大规模分析的多源对地观测时空立方体

随着对地立体观测体系的建立,遥感大数据不断累积。传统基于文件、景/幅式的影像组织方式,时空基准不够统一,集中式存储不利于大规模并行分析。对地观测大数据分析仍缺乏一套统一的数据模型与基础设施理论。近年来,数据立方体的研究为对地观测领域大数据分析基础设施提供了前景。基于统一的分析就绪型多维数据模型和集成对地观测数据分析功能,可构建一个基于数据立方的对地观测大数据分析基础设施。因此,本文提出了一个面向大规模分析的多源对地观测时空立方体,相较于现有的数据立方体方法,强调多源数据的统一组织、基于云计算的立方体处理模式以及基于人工智能优化的立方体计算。研究有助于构建时空大数据分析的新框架,同时建立与商业智能领域的数据立方体关联,为时空大数据建立统一的时空组织模型,支持大范围、长时序的快速大规模对地观测数据分析。本文在性能上与开源数据立方做了对比,结果证明提出的多源对地观测时空立方体在处理性能上具有明显优势。     

微博签到数据的时空热点挖掘——以北京为例

对社交媒体位置服务大数据进行时空数据挖掘能为城市规划、商业决策、用户行为分析等应用提供决策依据。基于新浪微博签到点数据,应用Knox指数进行时空交互性检验,确定合适的时空分析尺度,并利用时空重排扫描统计方法分别在短时间尺度(时)和长时间尺度(天)下挖掘时空热点。结果表明:短时间尺度(时)和长时间尺度(天)的签到点都具有随着空间距离的增大,时空交互性逐渐增强的趋势;短时间尺度下的时空热点区域主要分布在主城区,覆盖半径集中在2~6km、时间集中在11:00—17:00,热点持续时长约为3~5h;长时间尺度下的时空热点主要集中在主城区,少量均匀分布在城外,覆盖半径集中在5~6km,时间集中在2016-02-07—2016-02-13,热点持续时长约为3~6d。     

基于时空立方体的人群异常行为检测与定位

针对视频监控系统中人群异常行为检测准确率低的问题，提出了一种基于时空立方体的人群异常行为检测与定位方法。首先利用光流法计算等间距采样的特征点光流场，然后根据光流场计算特征点的运动速度、方向和方向熵3个特征量，并分别将其统计直方图投影到对应的三维立体空间中，构建描述人群行为的时空立方体特征。同时，将图像分成多个子区域，并计算各子区域的时空立方体特征；设计基于最近邻分类和支持向量机的级联分类器，完成人群异常行为的检测与定位。结果表明，该方法比现有方法能更准确地检测视频中的异常人群。     

基于变点的时空异常模式研究

异常模式的探测具有很好的实用价值和生产指导意义,本文首先对目前国内外时空异常模式方面的研究工作做了介绍。然后基于时空变点的概念给出了时空异常的定义,在此基础上结合大气污染监测数据对基于变点的时空异常模式进行探测。     

面向地理空间信息的轨迹模型及时空模式查询

轨迹数据处理与分析是目前空间信息和数据库等相关领域的研究热点之一。本文从Stop-Move轨迹模型出发,通过集成地理空间上下文信息来建模轨迹数据,并研究轨迹时空模式的查询处理技术。首先分析Stop/Move对象与点/线/面地理空间要素之间的时空关联关系,据此提出显式表达该关联语义的地理关联轨迹模型,在此基础上利用关系-对象数据库技术,为地理关联轨迹模型设计独立于应用的关系模式,接着定义轨迹时空模式查询,并提出基于地理关联轨迹关系模式的SQL处理框架,最后以典型性检索请求为例,讨论分析位置-时间、位置-顺序和位置-关系等三类轨迹时空模式查询的纯SQL处理技术,并以样例轨迹数据验证了本文方法的可行性。     

Discovering spatial and temporal patterns from taxi-based Floating Car Data: a case study from Nanjing

Floating Car Data (FCD) refers to the trajectories of vehicles equipped with Global Positioning System-enabled devices that automatically record location-related data within a short time interval. As taxies in Chinese cities continually drive along the streets seeking passengers, FCD can easily traverse the entire street network in a city on a daily basis. Taking advantage of this situation, this study extracted passenger pickup and drop-off locations from FCD sourced from 6445 taxis over a 2-week period in Nanjing, China to discover human behavioral patterns and the dynamics behind them. In this study, road nodes are converted to the points, based on which Thiessen polygons are generated to divide the study area into small areas with the goal of exploring the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations. Moran’s I index is used to calculate the spatial autocorrelation of the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations, and hot spot analysis is used to identify statistically significant spatial clusters of hot and cold spots. The spatial and temporal patterns of FCD in the study area are investigated, and the results show that: (1) the temporal patterns show a strong daily rhythm, (2) the spatial patterns show that the number of pickup and drop-off locations gradually diminish from the downtown areas to the outer suburbs, (3) the spatiotemporal patterns exhibit large differences over time, and (4) the driving forces explored by regression models indicate that population density and transportation density are consistent with the population distribution, but per capita disposable income is not consistent with the population distribution.     

Spatiotemporal multiscale diagnosis model to proactively respond to the multi-country monkeypox virus outbreak in 2022

This research analyzes the spatiotemporal trend of 23,121 monkeypox virus cases in the multi-country outbreak that affected 82 countries from January 2022 to July 2022. The spatiotemporal trends analysis is developed using open data and GIS to model 3D bins and emerging hot spots globally (data by country) and nationally (data by region) for hardest hit countries, like the USA and Spain. The implemented methodology distinguishes between problem areas —as significant hot spots— and countries with no pattern. Results show consecutive hot spot patterns in Western Europe and high location quotients in North America. Factually, the countries with consecutive patterns record 16,494 cases, that is, 71.34% of the cases, where 7.63% of the world population live. At the national level, in the analysis of the USA and Spain, the results reveal regional differences with significative hot spots in California and on the East Coast of the USA and the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The proposed methodology facilitates the monitoring of the spatiotemporal evolution of monkeypox cases and is scalable and replicable using non-arbitrary and statistical parameters. The findings indicate problematic zones in real-time, enabling policymakers to develop focused interventions and proactive strategies to mitigate the future risk of monkeypox.     

A quantitative framework for analysing long term spatial clustering and vegetation fragmentation in an urban landscape using multi-temporal landsat data

Rapid urbanization threatens urban green spaces and vegetation, demonstrated by a decrease in connectivity and higher levels of fragmentation. Understanding historic spatial and temporal patterns of such fragmentation is important for habitat and biological conservation, ecosystem management and urban planning. Despite their potential value, Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) measures have not been sufficiently exploited in monitoring the spatial and temporal variability in clustering and fragmentation of vegetation patterns in urban areas. LISA statistics are an important structural measure that indicates the presence of outliers, zones of similarity (hot spots) and of dissimilarity (cold spots) at proximate locations, hence they could be used to explicitly capture spatial patterns that are clustered, dispersed or random. In this study, we applied landscape metrics, LISA indices to analyse the temporal variability in clustering and fragmentation patterns of vegetation patches in Harare metropolitan city, Zimbabwe using Landsat series data for 1994, 2001 and 2017. Analysis of landscape metrics showed an increase in the fragmentation of vegetation patches between 1994–2017 as shown by the decrease in mean patch size, an increase in number of patches, edge density and shape complexity of vegetation patches. The study further demonstrates the utility of LISA indices in identifying key hot spot and cold spots. Comparatively, the highly vegetated northern parts of the city were characterised by significantly high positive spatial autocorrelation (p < 0.05) of vegetation patches. Conversely, more dispersed vegetation patches were found in the highly and densely urbanized western, eastern and southern parts of the city. This suggest that with increasing vegetation fragmentation, small and isolated vegetation patches do not spatially cluster but are dispersed geographically. The findings of the study underline the potential of LISA measures as a valuable spatially explicit method for the assessment of spatial clustering and fragmentation of urban vegetation patterns.     

Mapping family connectedness across space and time

Understanding the structure and evolution of family networks embedded in space and time is crucial for various fields such as disaster evacuation planning and provision of care to the elderly. Computation and visualization can potentially play a key role in analyzing and understanding such networks. Graph visualization methods are effective in discovering network patterns; however, they have inadequate capability in discovering spatial and temporal patterns of connections in a network especially when the network exists and changes across space and time. We introduce a measure of family connectedness that summarizes the dynamic relationships in a family network by taking into account the distance (how far individuals live apart), time (the duration of individuals’ coexistence within a neighborhood), and the relationship (kinship or kin proximity) between each pair of individuals. By mapping the family connectedness over a series of time intervals, the method facilitates the discovery of hot spots (hubs) where family connectedness is strong and the changing patterns of such spots across space and time. We demonstrate our approach using a data set of nine families from the US North. Our results highlight that family connectedness reflects changing demographic processes such as migration and population growth.     

A framework for identifying spatiotemporal hot spots of speculative land transactions using prospective monitoring procedures: the case of South Korea

Abnormally high-priced transactions in urban land speculation bring detrimental effects on economy, environment, and society. Governmental agencies around the world are striving hard to monitor and control land speculation by introducing various policy objectives and tools for an efficient urban development planning. One of the major challenges in controlling land speculation is to quickly identify the spatiotemporal locations of concern (hot spots) by monitoring the spatial clustering pattern changes over time and to alert the appropriate decision-making agencies for timely policy intervention. In this paper, we introduce a framework to rapidly detect the spatiotemporal hot spots of speculative land transactions in near-real-time data by exploiting the prospective monitoring procedures. We applied this method in the city of Hwasung, Republic of Korea, as an empirical illustration and found that the locations Jeongnam, Bongdam, Mado, and Dongtan were identified as hot spots with high, concentrated transaction values. The results indicate that the proposed framework is a capable tool for capturing prospective temporal indicators and pinpointing the localities of land speculation.     

地形因子与小微地震相关度的空间异质性分析

针对传统最小二乘回归未能顾及数据的空间特性,且无法度量模型自变量与因变量相关性的空间变异特性的问题,本文提出利用地理加权回归方法分析小微地震频次与地形因子相关度的空间异质性。以四川地区的地震监测资料、DEM为实验数据,选取地形复杂度、坡度变率、坡向变率和地面曲率为自变量,地震发生频次为因变量,构建地理加权回归模型,并进行回归系数的空间变异分析。实验分析发现,地震频次与地形因子具有一定的相关性:地形复杂度与地震频次相关性最强;坡度变率、沟壑密度、剖面曲率与地震频次的相关性依次减弱;不同空间位置的地形因子和地震频次的相关性具有较明显的空间异质性。实验结果表明,地理加权回归可以有效地度量分析地震频次与地形因子相关度的空间异质性,研究结果可为地震及次生灾害的分析与预报提供辅助决策参考。     

Nighttime light data-based analysis of spatiotemporal patterns evolution and driving forces of economic development in China at prefecture level (1992–2020)

Intercity lighting data are an important resource for studying spatial and temporal patterns in regional urban development as an indicator of the intensity of urban social and economic activity. Understanding the evolutionary characteristics of the spatial pattern of regional economic development can support decision-making in regional economic coordination and sustainable development strategies. Based on a long time series of nighttime lighting data from 1992 to 2020, this study used the Theil index, Markoff transfer matrix, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial regression to analyze spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics and drivers of urban economic development in China. The study found that from 1992 to 2020, China's economic development hot spots have been concentrated in highly developed urban agglomerations namely the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta. Cold spots were mainly concentrated in the central-west and southwest of the country. The economic growth rate shows an opposite spatial pattern, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the national coordinated development strategy for regions. The Theil index for urban economic development in China shows an overall downward trend, and the overall economic disparity is mainly due to the relatively low economic development of Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, and other western provinces. Therefore, regional economic development remains significantly uneven. In China, the economic type of cities is relatively stable, and the probability of leapfrogging types is low; however, the level of cities with high resource dependence or a single economic structure easily downgrades. The level of economic development and the related socioeconomic factors of neighboring cities influence an obvious spatial spillover effect in the development of urban economies in China. The pattern of China's urban economic development is mainly affected by innovation capacity, financial support, capital investment, transportation infrastructure, and industrial structure.     

强震时空统计分析及InSAR同震形变场空间分布特征

收集整理了全球1976年至2022年初的198个强震（Mw≥7.5）信息,统计分析了强震发生的时空分布、震源深度分布和强震发震类型占比,并结合公开发表的典型强震的合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）同震形变场图,分析了强震同震形变的空间分布特征。研究表明,强震空间分布呈条带状聚集,主要位于环太平洋地震带和喜马拉雅-地中海地震带,强震大多发生在各大板块交界处,与现代大地测量观测到的地壳强应变区域重合;强震时间分布存在活跃期和平静期交替出现的现象,1976―1992年为相对平静期,1992年至今为相对活跃期,强震发生频率有逐年增加趋势;在收集的全球198个强震中,发生在海洋中的强震占大多数,陆地强震仅有44个,且绝大多数强震属于逆冲断层地震,按震源深度统计,浅源强震最多且分布广泛,占比达81.3%;InSAR卫星对地观测新技术可以捕获强震的全域同震形变场,详细呈现强震同震形变的空间范围和分布特征,其中陆地强震同震形变波及的范围主要集中在发震断层两侧附近的条带状区域,离断层越远,形变衰减越快,而且形变关于断层呈不对称性。运用全球覆盖的InSAR和全球导航卫星系统地壳形变监测技术,拼接全球不同位置的活动断层形变信息片段,有可能揭示陆地强震的全周期孕震形变过程。