Mapping crop phenology using NDVI time-series derived from HJ-1 A/B data

With the availability of high frequent satellite data, crop phenology could be accurately mapped using time-series remote sensing data. Vegetation index time-series data derived from AVHRR, MODIS, and SPOT-VEGETATION images usually have coarse spatial resolution. Mapping crop phenology parameters using higher spatial resolution images (e.g., Landsat TM-like) is unprecedented. Recently launched HJ-1 A/B CCD sensors boarded on China Environment Satellite provided a feasible and ideal data source for the construction of high spatio-temporal resolution vegetation index time-series. This paper presented a comprehensive method to construct NDVI time-series dataset derived from HJ-1 A/B CCD and demonstrated its application in cropland areas. The procedures of time-series data construction included image preprocessing, signal filtering, and interpolation for daily NDVI images then the NDVI time-series could present a smooth and complete phenological cycle. To demonstrate its application, TIMESAT program was employed to extract phenology parameters of crop lands located in Guanzhong Plain, China. The small-scale test showed that the crop season start/end derived from HJ-1 A/B NDVI time-series was comparable with local agro-metrological observation. The methodology for reconstructing time-series remote sensing data had been proved feasible, though forgoing researches will improve this a lot in mapping crop phenology. Last but not least, further studies should be focused on field-data collection, smoothing method and phenology definitions using time-series remote sensing data.     

基于HJ-1A/B卫星CCD数据的江汉平原农田物候探测

利用HJ-1A/B卫星CCD数据,提取2013—2015年三年江汉平原农田的归一化植被指数NDVI,构建时间序列曲线,利用小波变换对HJ-1A/B卫星所得的NDVI数据进行平滑降噪处理,结合地面调研资料,提取江汉平原农作物的物候信息。研究结果表明,HJ-1A/B卫星可用于农田物候监测,对于小区域的农田作物长势监测具有独特的优势。     

HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像的武汉市东湖水色三要素遥感研究

以武汉市东湖为研究区域,利用同步的MODIS-Terra气溶胶光学厚度数据为输入参数,采用FLAASH模型对2010年3月11日HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像进行大气校正处理,并利用多年实测数据建立叶绿素a浓度、悬浮泥沙浓度、黄色物质吸收系数三要素神经网络反演模型,对水色三要素进行反演。通过对反演结果与实测数据的对比分析可知,悬浮泥沙浓度、黄色物质吸收系数和叶绿素a浓度的平均相对误差分别为28.052%、17.628%和35.621%,表明HJ-1A/B卫星CCD传感器基本能满足II类水体水色要素的遥感监测需求。     

A novel water index for urban high-resolution eight-band WorldView-2 imagery

Land surface water mapping is one of the most important remote-sensing applications. However, water areas are spectrally similar and overlapped with shadow, making accurate water extraction from remote-sensing images still a challenging problem. This paper develops a novel water index named as NDWI-MSI, combining a new normalized difference water index (NDWI) and a recently developed morphological shadow index (MSI), to delineate water bodies from eight-band WorldView-2 imagery. The newly available bands (e.g. coastal, yellow, red-edge, and near-infrared 2) of WorldView-2 imagery provide more potential for constructing new NDWIs derived from various band combinations. Through our testing, a new NDWI is defined in this study. In addition, MSI, a recently developed automatic shadow extraction index from high-resolution imagery can be used to indicate shadow areas. The NDWI-MSI is created by combining NDWI and MSI, which is able to highlight water bodies and simultaneously suppress shadow areas. In experiments, it is shown that the new water index can achieve better performance than traditional NDWI, and even supervised classifiers, for example, maximum likelihood classifier, and support vector machine.     

全球30m分辨率多光谱影像数据自动化处理的实践与思考

全球地表覆盖遥感制图与关键技术研究项目要求对两个基准年度(2000年、2010年)全球30 m分辨率的多光谱遥感数据进行辐射处理和几何精纠正处理,为地表覆盖制图完成数据准备。数据以Landsat TM/ETM+为主,HJ-1A/B CCD数据为补充,共计2万多景影像需要进行辐射处理,有1000多景HJ-1A/B CCD影像需要几何精纠正。如此大规模的数据处理,自动化处理是必然的选择。本文介绍了HJ-1A/B CCD图像几何精纠正自动化实现中关键问题的解决方法和精度评价结果,Landsat TM/ETM+和HJ-1A/B CCD图像自动化辐射校正中关键问题的解决方法和精度评价结果,以及大规模的数据处理活动引发的一些思考。     

FY3B/MERSI数据的湖泊湿地面积提取对比分析

针对国产风云三系列中分辨率卫星快速有效地进行水体识别的问题,基于2011—2016年数据进行了辽宁省主要湖泊水库的光谱分析,提出了晴空条件和有云情况下分别采用归一化水体指数方法和通道值与归一化水体指数相结合方法进行湖泊水库的提取。结果表明:FY3B/MERSI湖泊光谱曲线具有水体光谱特征,具体表现为8通道的数据反射率最高,18通道数据反射率最低。通过与49景TM数据水体提取结果进行对比,FY3B/MERSI数据水体提取的面积精度达到85%以上,总体分类精度达到90%以上,Kappa系数在0.56~0.95之间。提出了简便、快捷的计算模型,为国产卫星数据的业务应用提供了初步方法。     

国产“环境一号”(HJ-1)卫星遥感影像桥梁提取研究

基于桥梁与水体的空间关系,结合卫星遥感影像数据包含的多光谱和形态学特征信息,提出一种有效提取国产“环境一号”(HJ-1)卫星遥感影像桥梁目标的方法.利用国产“环境一号”(HJ-1)卫星遥感影像数据进行桥梁目标提取试验.结果表明,该方法能快速、准确、有效地提取“环境一号”卫星影像中的桥梁目标,具有一定的应用价值.     

利用改进的归一化差异水体指数（MNDWI）提取水体信息的研究

在对M cfeeters提出的归一化差异水体指数(NDWI)分析的基础上,对构成该指数的波长组合进行了修改,提出了改进的归一化差异水体指数MNDWI(M odified NDWI),并分别将该指数在含不同水体类型的遥感影像进行了实验,大部分获得了比NDWI好的效果,特别是提取城镇范围内的水体。NDWI指数影像因往往混有城镇建筑用地信息而使得提取的水体范围和面积有所扩大。实验还发现MNDWI比NDWI更能够揭示水体微细特征,如悬浮沉积物的分布、水质的变化。另外,MNDWI可以很容易地区分阴影和水体,解决了水体提取中难于消除阴影的难题。     

环境一号卫星高光谱数据水体信息提取方法

环境一号卫星A星上的超光谱成像光谱仪(HSI)是中国第一个高光谱成像光谱仪.为充分利用HSI数据的高光谱特性,本文以2009年10月5日的影像为研究区,得到HSI数据影像反射率,分析水体等地类光谱特征差异及选择各地类敏感波段;利用传统指数NDVI和NDWI,构建新的基于指数的水体指数IWI,试验得出,IWI指数增加了各...     

Assessing the effects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands using HJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan,China

Urban heat islands (UHIs) have attracted attention around the world because they profoundly affect biological diversity and human life. Assessing the effects of the spatial structure of land use on UHIs is essential to better understanding and improving the ecological consequences of urbanization. This paper presents the radius fractal dimension to quantify the spatial variation of different land use types around the hot centers. By integrating remote sensing images from the newly launched HJ-1B satellite system, vegetation indexes, landscape metrics and fractal dimension, the effects of land use patterns on the urban thermal environment in Wuhan were comprehensively explored. The vegetation indexes and landscape metrics of the HJ-1B and other remote sensing satellites were compared and analyzed to validate the performance of the HJ-1B. The results have showed that land surface temperature (LST) is negatively related to only positive normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) but to Fv across the entire range of values, which indicates that fractional vegetation (Fv) is an appropriate predictor of LST more than NDVI in forest areas. Furthermore, the mean LST is highly correlated with four class-based metrics and three landscape-based metrics, which suggests that the landscape composition and the spatial configuration both influence UHIs. All of them demonstrate that the HJ-1B satellite has a comparable capacity for UHI studies as other commonly used remote sensing satellites. The results of the fractal analysis show that the density of built-up areas sharply decreases from the hot centers to the edges of these areas, while the densities of water, forest and cropland increase. These relationships reveal that water, like forest and cropland, has a significant effect in mitigating UHIs in Wuhan due to its large spatial extent and homogeneous spatial distribution. These findings not only confirm the applicability and effectiveness of the HJ-1B satellite system for studying UHIs but also reveal the impacts of the spatial structure of land use on UHIs, which is helpful for improving the planning and management of the urban environment.     

鄱阳湖HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像大气校正研究

以准同步的Terra/MODIS反演的气溶胶为辅助,采用FLAASH模型对2009-10-24鄱阳湖HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像进行大气校正处理。结果表明,大气影响可以被有效去除,在水体遥感反射率较高的红、绿波段,大气校正精度较高,平均相对误差分别为13.4%和9.8%;而在水体遥感反射率较低的近红外、蓝波段,大气校正精度较低,这可能与波段不同的信噪比和陆地邻近像元效应有关。     

GF-2影像中不同水体指数模型提取精度及稳定性分析

针对GF-2卫星影像数据的特点，选取了临夏回族自治州境内两个不同研究区域，分别采用单波段阈值法、归一化差分植被指数法（NDVI）及其他3种水体提取指数法（NDWI、SWI、MSWI）对两个研究区进行水体提取试验。通过分析比较各水体指数模型中阈值对水体提取精度和稳定性的影响，发现研究区1（城区）中单波段阈值法提取效果最高达到71.29，且稳定性较好。研究区2（山区）中MSWI方法提取精度最高为95.76，稳定性较单波段法次之。本文试验为GF-2影像在不同区域进行水体提取时选择不同模型及阈值时提供可靠的参考依据。     

基于HJ-1A-B卫星影像的污水灌区植被指数研究

污水灌区植被指数的研究对污水排放、生态保护等方面具有指导意义。利用山东省龙口市2008-2010年21个时相的中国环境与灾害监测预报小卫星(HJ-1A-B)CCD影像数据,选取易于比较的典型污水灌区和清水灌区,提取NDVI平均值,得到3年同期的数据,进行横向和纵向的量化比较。结果表明,NDVI能够动态监测植被变化,污水灌区与清水灌区内的植被指数随时间的变化趋势基本一致,但污水灌区内的植被指数呈现逐年递减的变化趋势;生活污水灌区内的植被表现出早熟现象,工业废水灌区内的植被指数是所有研究区内最低的。     

Mapping Rice Paddies in Complex Landscapes with Convolutional Neural Networks and Phenological Metrics

ABSTRACT

Rice mapping with remote sensing imagery provides an alternative means for estimating crop-yield and performing land management due to the large geographical coverage and low cost of remotely sensed data. Rice mapping in Southern China, however, is very difficult as rice paddies are patchy and fragmented, reflecting the undulating and varied topography. In addition, abandoned lands widely exist in Southern China due to rapid urbanization. Abandoned lands are easily confused with paddy fields, thereby degrading the classification accuracy of rice paddies in such complex landscape regions. To address this problem, the present study proposes an innovative method for rice mapping through combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and a decision tree (DT) method with phenological metrics. First, a pre-trained LeNet-5 Model using the UC Merced Dataset was developed to classify the cropland class from other land cover types, i.e. built-up, rivers, forests. Then, paddy rice field was separated from abandoned land in the cropland class using a DT model with phenological metrics derived from the time-series data of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The accuracy of the proposed classification methods was compared with three other classification techniques, namely, back propagation neural network (BPNN), original CNN, pre-trained CNN applied to HJ-1 A/B charge-coupled device (CCD) images of Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, China. Results suggest that the proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 93.56%, much higher than those of other methods. This indicates that the proposed method can efficiently accommodate the challenges of rice mapping in regions with complex landscapes.     

北京地区HJ-1卫星CCD数据的气溶胶反演及在大气校正中的应用

与现有的大气卫星传感器相比,环境一号卫星(HJ-1)CCD相机具有较高的空间分辨率(30m),使得在城市地区找到光谱纯像元的机率大大增加。本文提出一种基于纯像元提取的城市地区气溶胶光学厚度(AerosolOpticalDepth,AOD)反演算法,利用像元纯净指数来提取CCD影像上的纯像元,并由HJ-1A星和B星的多时相CCD观测数据结合地表双向反射率模型确定纯像元的地表反射特性,在此基础上反演AOD。与AERONET地基测量数据的对比表明,该算法具有较高精度,相关系数为0.83,线性拟合斜率为1.091,截距为0.053。基于该方法的AOD反演结果作为输入,能较大程度提高HJ-1卫星CCD影像大气校正的精度。     

A three-band semi-analytical model for deriving total suspended sediment concentration from HJ-1A/CCD data in turbid coastal waters

The accurate assessment of total suspended sediment (TSM) concentration in coastal waters by means of remote sensing is quite challenging, due to the optical complexity and significant variability of these waters. In this study, three-band semi-analytical TSM retrieval (TSTM) model with HJ-1A/CCD spectral bands was developed for the retrieval of TSM concentration from turbid coastal waters. This model was calibrated and validated by means of one calibration dataset and three independent validation datasets obtained from three different turbid waters. It was found that the TSTM model may be used to retrieve accurate TSM concentration data from highly turbid waters without the spectral slope of the model requiring further optimization. Finally, the TSM concentration data were quantified from the HJ-1A/CCD images after atmospheric correction using the dark-object subtraction technique. Upon comparing the model-derived and field-measured TSM concentration data, it was observed that the TSTM model produced <29% uncertainty in deriving TSM concentration from the HJ-1A/CCD data. These findings imply that the TSTM model may be used for the quantitative monitoring of TSM concentration in coastal waters, provided that the atmospheric correction scheme for the HJ-1A/CCD imagery is available.     

环境一号卫星CCD数据在1:250000地形图框架要素更新中的应用能力研究

探讨了采用环境一号卫星CCD多光谱数据在1∶250 000地形图框架要素更新中的应用情况,对不同框架要素在环境一号卫星CCD影像中的识别率和最小分辨率进行了比较和分析,并对环境一号卫星CCD影像的分辨能力和要素识别精度进行了分析和研究,进一步证实了采用环境一号卫星CCD数据进行1∶250 000地形图框架要素进行更新的可行性。     

多源高分辨率卫星影像监测黑臭水体的适用性研究

高分辨率卫星的幅宽一般很小,受云雨和轨道回访周期影响,单颗卫星的短时段内覆盖能力有限,因此,单一高分辨率卫星常常无法满足一定时段内的黑臭水体监测需求,需要多源卫星协同监测黑臭水体。为了分析多源高分辨率影像对黑臭水体遥感监测的适用性,本文基于地物光谱仪实测的水体遥感反射率数据,以GeoEye-1、WorldView-2、北京二号(DMC3)、高景一号SV1(SuperView-1)以及GF-PMS系列(GF-1/1B/1C/1D、GF-2、GF-6)传感器波段进行等效计算,结果表明:(1)采用反射率比值模型——BOI(Black and Odorous water Index)模型,GeoEye-1、WorldView-2、SuperView-1和GF-1/1B/1C/1D/2/6影像识别黑臭水体正确率均较高,分别为89.5%、89.5%、92.1%和92.1%。(2)BOI模型不适用于DMC3,这里采用了归一化水体指数NDWI≤0.55判别黑臭水体,识别正确率为89.5%。(3)BOI模型应用于仅有的2景同步卫星影像——GF-2影像,经实测数据验证,识别精度为83.3%,精度较高。针对通州区内的某重叠区,2016年—2021年10颗多源卫星影像协同观测的结果一致性较好,表明了多源遥感影像监测黑臭水体的适用性较好。综合考虑卫星影像空间分辨率和采购成本,给出了合理的协同观测建议。     

一种改进光谱角匹配的水体信息提取方法

快速、准确地从卫星遥感影像上获取水体信息已成为水资源调查及监测、湿地保护、洪涝灾害评估等领域的重要技术手段。本文以GF-4卫星的PMS传感器影像为数据源,提出了一种改进光谱角匹配（MSAM）的水体信息提取方法,以内蒙古中东部和长江中下游两个试验区为研究对象,对比分析了MSAM与单波段阈值法、NDWI阈值法、支持向量机和光谱角匹配等传统方法的水体信息提取结果,并进行了精度评价。试验结果表明,本文提出的MSAM方法不仅能准确地提取水体信息,而且能很好地区分水体与云阴影,对细小水体的提取也具有很好的效果。在内蒙古中部和长江中下游两个试验区的水体提取精度分别达到99.86%和98.37%,在5种水体提取方法中的精度最高,可以有效地提取水体信息。     

图像分层匹配的HJ-1A/B CCD影像自动几何精校正技术与系统实现

环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座(环境一号卫星,HJ-1A/B)自发射以来,在环境监测、灾害评估、土地资源调查等领域发挥了重要的作用。但是HJ-1A/B卫星CCD图像的2级产品(HJ-1 CCD图像)几何精度低,实际应用中需要进行几何精校正。HJ-1 CCD图像具有宽覆盖、大视场角、几何变形复杂的特点,几何精校正难度大。针对该问题,本文提出了一个以Landsat TM全球拼接图像为基准,基于Forstner算子和模板匹配的分层配准方法。该方法使用分层匹配获得的大量高精度且分布均匀的控制点构建Delaunay三角网,有效地解决了HJ-1 CCD图像的几何精校正问题。在配准技术研究的基础上,研发了HJ-1 CCD图像几何精校正系统,系统具有全球HJ-1 CCD图像的自动批量处理能力。实验结果表明,本文提出的几何精校正方法精度高,实现了环境星图像的自动批量处理。