面向对象影像多尺度分割最大异质性参数估计

多尺度分割是遥感影像分析的关键步骤,影像分割过程中的尺度参数选择直接关系到面向对象影像分析的质量和精度。首先,总结了面向对象影像分析中尺度概念的内涵,分析遥感影像空间和属性两大基本特征,依据空间统计和光谱统计获得理论上最优的空间尺度分割参数、属性尺度分割参数。其次,运用了基于谱空间统计的高分辨率影像分割尺度估计方法,分析了分形网络演化多尺度分割与影像谱空间统计特征的关系,进而将基于谱空间统计的面向对象影像分析尺度参数应用于分形网络演化多尺度分割算法中,最后,对其参数的合理性进行验证。研究采用高空间分辨率IKONOS和SPOT 5影像数据,选择建筑实验区和农田实验区进行空间和光谱特征统计,以进一步估计分割中的最佳尺度参数。使用分形网络演化方法对图像进行分割,利用监督分类对本文提出的尺度估计方法进行验证,验证结果表明尺度估计方法可以一定程度上保证后续的面向对象影像分类的精度。不同于以往分割后评价的尺度选择方法会需要大量的运算量,本文方法不需要先验知识的参与,且在分割前就可以自适应地估计出相对较为合适的尺度参数,提高了面向对象信息提取的自动化程度。     

Object-based crop classification using multi-temporal SPOT-5 imagery and textural features with a Random Forest classifier

In this study, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach was developed to classify field crops using multi-temporal SPOT-5 images with a random forest (RF) classifier. A wide range of features, including the spectral reflectance, vegetation indices (VIs), textural features based on the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and textural features based on geostatistical semivariogram (GST) were extracted for classification, and their performance was evaluated with the RF variable importance measures. Results showed that the best segmentation quality was achieved using the SPOT image acquired in September, with a scale parameter of 40. The spectral reflectance and the GST had a stronger contribution to crop classification than the VIs and GLCM textures. A subset of 60 features was selected using the RF-based feature selection (FS) method, and in this subset, the near-infrared reflectance and the image acquired in August (jointing and heading stages) were found to be the best for crop classification.     

面向对象的无人机遥感影像岩溶湿地植被遥感识别

以广西桂林会仙喀斯特国家湿地公园为研究区，以无人机航摄影像为数据源，综合利用面向对象的影像分析技术、随机森林算法、阈值分类方法和Boruta全相关特征变量选择算法进行岩溶湿地植被的遥感识别。结果表明：针对不同特征变量对岩溶湿地遥感识别的贡献率而言，光谱特征（DOM > DSM） > 纹理特征（DOM > DSM） > 几何特征 > 上下文变量；两个航摄影像数据集的总体分类精度都在85%以上，Kappa系数也高于0.85。本文研究结果对基于高空间分辨率无人机可见光影像的岩溶湿地植被遥感识别在特征变量选择、分割参数选择及方法选择方面具有一定的借鉴意义。     

面向对象的多尺度加权联合稀疏表示的高空间分辨率遥感影像分类

针对高空间分辨率遥感影像中的地物具有多尺度特性,以及各个尺度的对象特征对地物分类精度的影响具有较强的尺度效性,并结合面向对象影像分析方法和多尺度联合稀疏表示方法在高空间分辨率遥感影像分类中的各自优点,提出了一种面向对象的多尺度加权稀疏表示的高空间分辨率遥感影像分类算法。首先,采用多尺度分割算法获得多尺度分割结果并提取对象的多尺度特征;然后,根据影像对象的多尺度分割质量测度计算各尺度的对象权重,构建面向对象的多尺度加权联合稀疏表示模型;最后,采用2个国产GF-2高空间分辨率遥感数据集和1个高光谱-高空间分辨率航空遥感数据集（WashingtonD.C.数据）验证该算法的有效性。试验结果表明,与SVM、像素级稀疏表示、单尺度和多尺度对象级稀疏表示和深度学习等算法相比较,本文算法获得了较高的OA和Kappa分类精度,提高了各个尺度地物的分类精度,有效抑止了地物分类结果中的椒盐噪声现象,同时保持大尺度地物的区域性和小尺度地物的细节信息。     

融合光谱及形态学信息的对象级空间特征提取方法

针对传统的高分辨率遥感影像分割方法仅利用光谱特征或者形态学特征的弊端,提出了一种融合光谱信息和形态学信息的多尺度分割算法。该算法首先利用差分多尺度形态学序列特征与影像光谱特征构造光谱-形态学特征集,然后利用Hausdorff距离计算相邻像素的边权值并构造图模型,利用最小生成树Kruskal算法完成影像的初始分割,最后结合分形网络进化的区域异质性准则完成区域合并。在该分割结果的基础上,提出了面向对象的灰度共生矩阵特征和面向对象的像元形状指数特征。实验结果显示,所提出的分割方法在效果和效率上均优于eCognition 8.0和Meanshift算法,并且对象级灰度共生矩阵特征和对象级像元形状指数特征明显优于传统的像素级特征。     

Object-based classification of hyperspectral data using Random Forest algorithm

This paper presents a new framework for object-based classification of high-resolution hyperspectral data. This multi-step framework is based on multi-resolution segmentation (MRS) and Random Forest classifier (RFC) algorithms. The first step is to determine of weights of the input features while using the object-based approach with MRS to processing such images. Given the high number of input features, an automatic method is needed for estimation of this parameter. Moreover, we used the Variable Importance (VI), one of the outputs of the RFC, to determine the importance of each image band. Then, based on this parameter and other required parameters, the image is segmented into some homogenous regions. Finally, the RFC is carried out based on the characteristics of segments for converting them into meaningful objects. The proposed method, as well as, the conventional pixel-based RFC and Support Vector Machine (SVM) method was applied to three different hyperspectral data-sets with various spectral and spatial characteristics. These data were acquired by the HyMap, the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX), and the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral sensors. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more consistent for land cover mapping in various areas. The overall classification accuracy (OA), obtained by the proposed method was 95.48, 86.57, and 84.29% for the HyMap, the APEX, and the CASI data-sets, respectively. Moreover, this method showed better efficiency in comparison to the spectral-based classifications because the OAs of the proposed method was 5.67 and 3.75% higher than the conventional RFC and SVM classifiers, respectively.     

融合像素—多尺度区域特征的高分辨率遥感影像分类算法

针对基于像素多特征的高分辨率遥感影像分类算法的"胡椒盐"现象和面向对象影像分析方法的"平滑地物细节"现象,提出了一种融合像素特征和多尺度区域特征的高分辨率遥感影像分类算法。(1)首先采用均值漂移算法对原始影像进行初始过分割,然后对初始过分割结果进行多尺度的区域合并,形成多尺度分割结果。根据多尺度区域合并RMI指数变化和分割尺度对分类精度的影响,确定最优分割尺度。(2)融合光谱特征、像元形状指数PSI(Pixel Shape Index)、初始尺度和最优尺度区域特征,并对多类型特征进行归一化,最后结合支持向量机(SVM)进行分类。实验结果表明该算法既能有效减少基于像素多特征的高分辨率遥感影像分类算法的"胡椒盐"现象,又能保持地物对象的完整性和地物细节信息,提高易混淆类别(如阴影和街道,裸地和草地)的分类精度。     

A Tool Assessing Optimal Multi-Scale Image Segmentation

Image segmentation to create representative objects by region growing image segmentation techniques such as multi resolution segmentation (MRS) is mostly done through interactive selection of scale parameters and is still a subject of great research interest in object-based image analysis. In this study, we developed an optimum scale parameter selector (OSPS) tool for objective determination of multiple optimal scales in an image by MRS using eCognition software. The ready to use OSPS tool consists of three modules and determines optimum scales in an image by combining intrasegment variance and intersegment spatial autocorrelation. The tool was tested using WorldView-2 and Resourcesat-2 LISS-IV Mx images having different spectral and spatial resolutions in two areas to find optimal objects for ground features such as water bodies, trees, buildings, road, agricultural fields and landslides. Quality of the objects created for these features using scale parameters obtained from the OSPS tool was evaluated quantitatively using segmentation goodness metrics. Results show that OSPS tool is able determine optimum scale parameters for creation of representative objects from high resolution satellite images by MRS method.     

A local approach to optimize the scale parameter in multiresolution segmentation for multispectral imagery

The results obtained using the object-based image analysis approach for remote sensing image analysis depend strongly on the quality of the segmentation step. In this paper, to optimize the scale parameter in a multiresolution segmentation, we analyse a high-resolution image of a large and heterogeneous agricultural area. This approach is based on using a set of agricultural plots extracted from official maps as uniform spatial units. The scale parameter is then optimized in each uniform spatial unit. Intra-object and inter-object heterogeneity measurements are used to evaluate each segmentation. To avoid subsegmentation, some oversegmentation is allowed, but is attenuated in a second step using the spectral difference segmentation algorithm. The statistical distribution of the scale parameter is not equal in all land uses, indicating the soundness of this local approach. A quantitative assessment of the results was also conducted for the different land covers. The results indicate that the spectral contrast between objects is larger with the local approach than with the global approach. These differences were statistically significant in all land uses except irrigated fruit trees and greenhouses. In the absence of subsegmentation, this suggests that the objects will be placed far apart in the space of variables, even if they are very close in the physical space. This is an obvious advantage in a subsequent classification of the objects.     

Comparing object-based and pixel-based classifications for mapping savannas

The development of robust object-based classification methods suitable for medium to high resolution satellite imagery provides a valid alternative to ‘traditional’ pixel-based methods. This paper compares the results of an object-based classification to a supervised per-pixel classification for mapping land cover in the tropical north of the Northern Territory of Australia. The object-based approach involved segmentation of image data into objects at multiple scale levels. Objects were assigned classes using training objects and the Nearest Neighbour supervised and fuzzy classification algorithm. The supervised pixel-based classification involved the selection of training areas and a classification using the maximum likelihood classifier algorithm. Site-specific accuracy assessment using confusion matrices of both classifications were undertaken based on 256 reference sites. A comparison of the results shows a statistically significant higher overall accuracy of the object-based classification over the pixel-based classification. The incorporation of a digital elevation model (DEM) layer and associated class rules into the object-based classification produced slightly higher accuracies overall and for certain classes; however this was not statistically significant over the object-based using spectral information solely. The results indicate object-based analysis has good potential for extracting land cover information from satellite imagery captured over spatially heterogeneous land covers of tropical Australia.     

一种面向对象的遥感影像城市绿地提取方法

针对目前面向对象方法在高分辨率遥感影像中提取绿地专题信息的特点,以及受到城市区域范围尺度限制因素的影响,本文提出一种利用高分辨率遥感影像提取城市区域范围绿地专题信息的方法,结合影像分割、影像面向对象模板统计和基于多阀值的模糊分类技术的优势,林地、密草地和疏草地专题信息被提取出来.研究中提出利用基于面向对象多尺度分割算法...     

GF-2影像城市地物分类方法探讨

GF-2影像具有较高的分辨率和丰富的光谱、几何及纹理信息。为了深入探索GF-2影像城市地物分类方法，本文以四川省隆昌县城为研究区，提出了一种基于最优尺度和规则的面向对象分类法。在影像分割的基础上，通过构建评价函数，并结合最大面积法选取最优尺度，进而构建分层体系，提取影像的光谱、几何及纹理特征建立规则并分类，且将其与单尺度下的面向对象和基于像素分类法进行对比分析。结果表明，本文方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为93.33%和0.92。     

面向对象规则和支持向量机的天宫一号高光谱影像分类

传统的高光谱分类方法通常基于单一像元的光谱或纹理特征,很少考虑地物空间结构信息与空间相关特征.本文将面向对象规则与基于像元的分类进行融合,利用对象的空间结构特征和光谱特征进行混合分类,旨在克服像元层次分类的不足.本文尝试性的提出了两种混合分类方法:(1)基于分形网络演化的多尺度分割支持向量机分类(2)基于多层分水岭分割的SVM分类,并将这两种方法应用到天宫一号高光谱数据上.结果表明:基于面向对象规则的混合分类方法有效地提高了分类精度,不仅能够改善同谱异物现象,而且解决分类结果中地物破碎的问题.     

Mapping irrigated agriculture in complex landscapes using SPOT6 imagery and object-based image analysis – A case study in the Central Rift Valley,Ethiopia –

Irrigation infrastructure development for smallholder farmers in developing countries increasingly gains attention in the light of domestic food security and poverty alleviation. However, these complex landscapes with small cultivated plots pose a challenge with regard to mapping and monitoring irrigated agriculture. This study presents an object-based approach to map irrigated agriculture in an area in the Central Rift Valley in Ethiopia using SPOT6 imagery. The study is a proof-of-concept that the use of shape, texture, neighbour and location information next to spectral information is beneficial for the classification of irrigated agriculture. The underlying assumption is that the application of irrigation has a positive effect on crop growth throughout the field, following the field's borders, which is detectable in an object-based approach. The type of agricultural system was also mapped, distinguishing smallholder farming and modern large-scale agriculture. Irrigated agriculture was mapped with an overall accuracy of 94% and a kappa coefficient of 0.85. Producer's and user's accuracies were on average 90.6% and 84.2% respectively. The distinction between smallholder farming and large-scale agriculture was identified with an overall accuracy of 95% and a kappa coefficient of 0.88. The classifications were performed at the field level, since the segmentation was able to adequately delineate individual fields. The additional use of object features proved essential for the identification of cropland plots, irrigation period and type of agricultural system. This method is independent of expert knowledge on crop phenology and absolute spectral values. The proposed method is useful for the assessment of spatio-temporal dynamics of irrigated (smallholder) agriculture in complex landscapes and yields a basis for land and water managers on agricultural water use.     

面向对象的三亚珊瑚礁底质信息提取

珊瑚礁对于海洋生态环境研究具有重要意义,通过分析珊瑚礁底栖物质的分布及健康状况,可以对珊瑚礁生态环境进行评估。本文提出了一种基于面向对象的图像分类方法,通过试验确定不同地貌的最优分割尺度,其中陆地和深海的最优分割尺度为150,各类底栖物质的最优分割尺度为30。以Sentinel-2A卫星遥感影像为例,提取海南三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区的珊瑚礁底栖物质,并使用混淆矩阵对提取结果进行精度评估。结果表明,底栖物质提取总体分类精度为87.91%,Kappa系数为0.83。面向对象分类方法可有效结合珊瑚礁底栖物质的纹理特征和光谱特征,并充分利用遥感影像不同波段的组合特性,可为三亚珊瑚礁保护管理提供方法支撑。     

区域多尺度马尔可夫随机场的遥感影像分类

多尺度分析技术广泛应用于高分辨率遥感影像的特征提取和建模。分解层数受制于影像的大小,下采样小波变换实现的影像多尺度表达难以描述大范围的空间模式,导致分类结果出现"胡椒盐"现象;面向对象的影像分析技术虽避免了"胡椒盐"现象,但由于仅利用了单尺度的的特征,也难以描述影像多层次的空间模式,导致分类精度较低。为改善分类结果中的"胡椒盐"现象和提高分类精度,提出了一种结合区域多尺度遥感影像分割和马尔可夫随机场的分类方法。首先,获得原始影像过分割区域,依据区域内亮度均值以及区域间的共享边界长度信息,提取影像低频和高频特征,采用该低频特征波段代替原始影像,重复分割与特征波段提取过程,形成影像的区域多尺度表达。然后,以原始图像为初始尺度,以分割区域为处理单元,以更细尺度分类结果为标记场先验,以当前高频特征建立特征场,逐层分类、投影,获得最终尺度分类结果。合成纹理影像和多光谱遥感影像的实验表明:相比于小波域多尺度建模方法和单尺度区域建模方法,本文提出的方法可以有效提高分类精度,并避免"胡椒盐"现象的产生。     

Object-based image analysis through nonlinear scale-space filtering

In this research, an object-oriented image classification framework was developed which incorporates nonlinear scale-space filtering into the multi-scale segmentation and classification procedures. Morphological levelings, which possess a number of desired spatial and spectral properties, were associated with anisotropically diffused markers towards the construction of nonlinear scale spaces. Image objects were computed at various scales and were connected to a kernel-based learning machine for the classification of various earth-observation data from both active and passive remote sensing sensors. Unlike previous object-based image analysis approaches, the scale hierarchy is implicitly derived from scale-space representation properties. The developed approach does not require the tuning of any parameter—of those which control the multi-scale segmentation and object extraction procedure, like shape, color, texture, etc. The developed object-oriented image classification framework was applied on a number of remote sensing data from different airborne and spaceborne sensors including SAR images, high and very high resolution panchromatic and multispectral aerial and satellite datasets. The very promising experimental results along with the performed qualitative and quantitative evaluation demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach.     

A multi-band approach to unsupervised scale parameter selection for multi-scale image segmentation

Image segmentation is one of key steps in object based image analysis of very high resolution images. Selecting the appropriate scale parameter becomes a particularly important task in image segmentation. In this study, an unsupervised multi-band approach is proposed for scale parameter selection in the multi-scale image segmentation process, which uses spectral angle to measure the spectral homogeneity of segments. With the increasing scale parameter, spectral homogeneity of segments decreases until they match the objects in the real world. The index of spectral homogeneity is thus used to determine multiple appropriate scale parameters. The performance of the proposed method is compared to a single-band based method through qualitative visual interpretation and quantitative discrepancy measures. Both methods are applied for segmenting two images: a QuickBird scene of an urban area within Beijing, China and a Woldview-2 scene of a suburban area in Kashiwa, Japan. The proposed multi-band based segmentation scale parameter selection method outperforms the single-band based method with the better recognition for diverse land cover objects in different urban landscapes.     

一种改进的基于最小生成树的遥感影像多尺度分割方法

影像分割是遥感影像面向对象信息提取的基础步骤。基于多特征、多尺度及考虑空间关系的遥感图像分割是主流研究方向。本文基于eCognition软件的多尺度分割思想,引入基于图论的最优化理论,提出了基于最小生成树分割和最小异质性准则的多尺度分割方法。该方法采用相干增强各向异性扩散滤波和最小生成树分割得到初始分割结果,通过最小异质性合并准则同时考虑多波段光谱特性区域形状参数进行区域合并,实现多尺度的影像分割。本次研究选取两景试验影像,对本文方法和eCognition软件的多尺度分割方法开展了目视比较和定量指标评价,结果表明,本文提出的方法是一种有效的影像分割方法,在光谱差异较小区域的细分方面优于eCognition方法。     

面向对象影像分类中基于最大化互信息的特征选择

高分辨率影像面向对象分割后产生了大量的光谱、形状以及纹理特征,如何抽取出最佳特征子集是遥感影像识别的重要问题.本文利用最大化互信息统计独立准则抽取最优特征子集,提高了面向对象遥感影像分类精度.基本过程包含以下3个方面:首先,利用eCoginition软件对高分辨遥感影像进行对象分割;然后,基于互信息最大关联、最小冗余准则(mRMR)获取优选的特征子集;最后,基于支持向量机分类器完成影像分类.以福建省漳州市QuickBird数据为例的实验表明,该方法能够有效提高遥感影像的分类精度,平均误分率降低了约4%.