使用 Shape文件进行最短路径的分析与跟踪

以Dijkstra算法为基础,通过对Shape文件操作,实现最短路径的分析和动态跟踪,从而给用户提供一个可视的结果.     

多模态时空大数据可视分析方法综述

时空大数据可视分析是近年国际大数据分析与数据可视化领域研究的热点前沿,也是全空间信息系统的核心研究内容之一。本文针对时空大数据多源、多粒度、多模态和时空复杂关联的特点,按照描述性、解释性和探索性3个层次分类归纳了现有时空大数据可视分析方法,论述了时空大数据可视分析中多模态特征筛选、新型人机交互分析以及探索性可视推理等技术难点和主要发展动态。研究表明,以数据可视化为主的描述性可视分析研究相对成熟,以可视环境下交互式挖掘分析实现问题诊断为主的解释性可视分析已成为当前大数据分析的焦点,而面向复杂问题协同决策的探索性可视分析方法则是大数据分析有待突破的重要发展方向。     

面向飞行器可视导航的复杂空地环境动态3维表示模型

针对飞行器可视导航中复杂空地环境时空要素统一精准表示的难题,本文提出了面向飞行器可视导航的复杂空地环境动态3维表示的GIS数据模型和相应的时刻数据存储结构,并用UML图进行了描述。该模型综合考虑了复杂空地环境要素多维、动态、边界模糊等特点,刻画了多维动态时空数据在空间、时间、尺度、语义四个方面的特征及其相互关系。最后,以某机场的空地环境数据的组织、分析和可视化为例,验证了该模型的实用性。     

远海远域移动平台条件下GNSS卫星授时性能评估

相较于在陆地静止条件下的卫星授时性能,在远海远域的移动平台条件下更易受到可视卫星条件和空间电磁环境所带来的影响. 在东西伯利亚海域测试点、航行最北测试点、北冰洋返航点、白令海测试点、日本海测试点,利用高性能铯原子钟作为卫星接收机的参考外频标进行授时试验.从授时误差抖动、可视卫星数和频率准确度等方面分析了远海远域动态全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)多系统授时性能,试验结果可作为在北半球重要航道及极地海域测试区域授时性能评估的重要依据. 试验结果表明:所有测试点GNSS平均可视卫星数保持在10颗以上,单向授时时差抖动保持在±20 ns以内,输出频率准确度可达到10?13量级.      

地理空间可视分析及其研究方向综述

介绍了可视分析的概念和内涵,分析了可视分析与可视化、地理空间可视分析等概念的关系。研究了地理空间可视分析的概念和内涵,在此基础上提出了地理空间可视分析的5个重要研究方向:面向可视分析的地理空间数据转换;多维地理空间数据的深层可视化表达和分析;地理空间可视分析推理;地理空间数据的协同可视分析和决策;地理空间数据可视分析工具的设计和评估。     

城市天空可视因子对地表热环境的影响分析

针对城市热岛效应的各类影响因素,该文主要关注城市三维形态与城市热环境的关系,并研究这种关系因建筑高度、密度、季节而变化的原因.作为重要的城市结构参数,天空可视因子能够较好地描述建筑物的三维形态,并可以表征有效太阳辐射吸收强度.因此,该文结合建筑物高度数据集和半球模型计算天空可视因子,并利用Landsat-8热红外波段和辐射传输模型反演地表温度,然后分析了天空可视因子与地表温度在不同季节的相关性.选择地表异质性较高的北京核心建成区作为研究区,并按照不同建筑高度和密度选择4个实验区.实验结果表明,天空可视因子与地表温度的关系存在季节差异,冬季两者的相关性更强.通过对4个实验区的定量分析可知,实验区a中天空可视因子与地表温度夏季是正相关,冬季是非线性关系;实验区b和c中是两者的关系正相关;而实验区d中无明显相关趋势.所以,建筑物的高度与密度对天空可视因子与地表温度的关系有显著影响,并且这种关系随季节变化而不同.     

基于多视图协同的时空数据可视分析方法

针对时空数据可视分析中存在的问题,提出了由可视分析模型(VAM)和交互协同模型(ICM)组成的多视图协同可视分析模型,将可视分析过程划分为数据变换、数据分析、可视映射和可视绘制4个过程;以可视分析过程中的参数作为协同主题,利用观察者模式,实现关联视图在交互过程中的协同一致;设计了Web环境下,基于"图数协同"和"图图协同"交互模式的多视图协同可视分析架构;构建了犯罪时空数据可视分析原型系统,并利用系统分析了福州市扒窃案的时空分布规律,对涉案价值较高的扒窃案进行了犯罪模式分析。     

GPS-RTK/UWB紧组合精密动态定位性能分析

为克服GPS-RTK定位在复杂环境下由于信号遮挡,可视卫星数量不足等原因无法获取厘米级高精度定位结果的不足,研究将超宽带(UWB)短距离高精度定位系统与实时动态(RTK)进行紧组合来提高复杂环境下动态定位的精度. 依据UWB定位原理,给出了GPS-RTK/UWB紧组合数学模型,详细介绍了数据处理流程. 滑轨动态实验结果表明,观测环境良好时,GPS-RTK/UWB紧组合与GPS相比能进一步提升固定率和动态定位精度;在截止高度角为40°的情况下,模糊度固定率从20.93%显著提升到93.96%,N、E方向定位精度提升至厘米级,U方向定位精度提升至分米级,仍能满足一定的工程需要.      

插件式GIS应用框架的设计与实现

应用框架已经成为软件开发中一种非常实用的编程规范和设计架构.采用了C#插件式应用开发,并利用ArcGISEngine提供的一套完备的嵌入式GIS组件库和工具库,完成了插件式GIS应用框架的核心即框架宿主程序及各功能插件的设计与实现,以及插件式GIS应用框架平台的设计与实现;采用了动态插件加载配置的开发技术优势,通过可视...     

《空间可视分析方法和应用》出版

[本刊讯]由武汉大学资源与环境学院应申、李霖教授编写的《空间可视分析方法和应用》近日由测绘出版社出版。该书以基于人类视觉和空间尺度的可视分析作为研究对象,丰富和完善了空间分析的理论和方法;同时将可视分析引入到空间监视、地形分析、景观分析、城市规划等不同领域,详细分析和探讨了其在不同领域的具体方法和应用。内容包括空间可视分析理论、平面可视分析理论、三维空间可视分析理论、可视分析在景观分析中的应用、空间可视分析与城市空间布局、可视分析与多尺度。全书既有较全面的理论阐述,又有较具体的实例说明,形成了一套有关…     

Mapping 3D visibility in an urban street environment from mobile LiDAR point clouds

ABSTRACT

Visibility determination is a key requirement in a wide range of national and urban applications, such as national security, landscape management, and urban design. Mobile LiDAR point clouds can depict the urban built environment with a high level of details and accuracy. However, few three-dimensional visibility approaches have been developed for the street-level point-cloud data. Accordingly, an approach based on mobile LiDAR point clouds has been developed to map the three-dimensional visibility at the street level. The method consists of five steps: voxelization of point-cloud data, construction of lines-of-sight, construction of sectors of sight, construction of three-dimensional visible space, and calculation of volume index. The proposed approach is able to automatically measure the volume of visible space and openness at any viewpoint along a street. This approach has been applied to three study areas. The results indicated that the proposed approach enables accurate simulation of visible space as well as high-resolution (1 m × 1 m) mapping of the visible volume index. The proposed approach can make a contribution to the improvement of urban planning and design processes that aim at developing more sustainable built environments.     

增量法地形可视计算与分析

DEM在表达地形时具有水平等距网格和垂直高差的特点,根据DEM表达地形的特点,利用双增量地形可视计算方法,以水平方向矢量叉乘增量计算来判断点的可视性,采用垂直方向高程增量的谷地凹处盲区测试,根据地形高程的变化来消除不可视点,该算法思路清晰、计算复杂度低。同时重点分析该算法在地形的部分区域和不同特征地形上的特点,指出该算法在起伏山地和沟谷地形中的优势;横向上与ArcGIS功能模块进行比较,可视计算速度大大提高。     

Visibility Analysis with the Multiscale Implicit TIN

Visibility analysis is now a key function of many geographical information systems. It is also one of the most contentious tools, as it is notoriously prone to error. The paper will demonstrate the versatility of the Multiscale Implicit Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) for the application of intervisibility analysis at multiple resolutions. This approach allows for the integration of three-dimensional (3D) topographic features with the terrain surface. The multiscale TINs are derived from generalising digital contours at a variety of lateral tolerances. The models' performances are evaluated from an extensive field study undertaken in the South Wales valleys. Results suggest that the accuracy of intervisibility analysis is very dependent upon the availability of good quality 3D topographic data. In our study, such data were shown to improve visibility performance by more than 44% over its bare-earth TIN equivalent. Interestingly, generalisation of the TINs had very little effect on visibility performance. In addition, a Monte Carlo approach to sensitivity analysis was found to be detrimental to the accuracy of visibility prediction in the full terrain and topographic models. However, this probable approach can improve intervisibility performance by up to 18% on a bare-earth TIN. The range of these visibility modelling scenarios demonstrate the flexibility of the Multiscale Implicit TIN for digital surface modelling.     

Application of the Fisher's “Horizon Viewshed” to a proposed power transmission line in Nozzano (Italy)

Visibility algorithms have progressed very little since early GIS software, and today the typical approach is still based on the simple binary logic (visible – not visible). Specialized packages, such as Esri's 3DAnalyst, provide tools able only to identify the cells from which an observer can see the evaluated target object. This technical note presents an experimental approach to combining different Esri tools into a model in order to return the visibility analysis based on the Fisher's “horizon viewshed” approach (Fisher, 1996 ). The latter consists in evaluating whether an object in the landscape rises above the skyline or remains below it. The model has been applied to study the visual impact of an High Voltage Power line in the area of Nozzano Castle, Lucca (Italy).     

Airborne LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Derived Vegetation Obstruction Factors for Visibility Models

Research presented here explores the feasibility of leveraging vegetation data derived from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for visibility modeling. Using LiDAR and TLS datasets of a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) dominant ecosystem, tree canopy and trunk obstructions were isolated relevant to a discrete visibility beam in a short‐range line‐of‐sight model. Cumulative obstruction factors from vegetation were compared with reference visibility values from digital photographs along sightline paths. LiDAR‐derived tree factors were augmented with single‐scan TLS data for obstruction prediction. Good correlation between datasets was found up to 10 m from the terrestrial scanner, but fine scale visibility modeling was problematic at longer distances. Analysis of correlation and regression results reveal the influence of obstruction shadowing inherent to discrete LiDAR and TLS, potentially limiting the feasibility of modeling visibility over large areas with similar technology. However, the results support the potential for TLS‐derived subcanopy metrics for augmenting large amounts of aerial LiDAR data to significantly improve models of forest structure. Subtle LiDAR processing improvements, including more accurate tree delineation through higher point density aerial data, combined with better vegetation quantification processes for TLS data, will advance the feasibility and accuracy of data integration.     

北斗二号对北斗三号伪距单点定位精度影响分析

针对当前BDS-2/BDS-3组合定位性能,基于国际GNSS服务(IGS)跟踪站对BDS-2/BDS-3的组合定位实测数据,分析了北斗二号(BDS-2)不同类型卫星对北斗三号(BDS-3)卫星B1I、B3I与B1I/B3I双频组合伪距单点定位精度的影响. 经研究发现,BDS-2不同类型星座卫星都能有效改善BDS-3卫星可见数与卫星空间几何构型,地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星、中圆地球轨道(MEO)卫星使BDS-3单频和双频伪距单点定位精度的提升在20%以内,而全部BDS-2卫星使BDS-3单频和双频伪距单点定位精度的提升在30%以内,整体提升关系为:BDS-2全部卫星>IGSO卫星>GEO卫星>MEO卫星.      

A Structural Perspective on Visibility Patterns with a Topographic Surface

A topographic surface can be modeled as a graph, a visibility graph in terms of how each point location is visible to every other. This paper demonstrates various structural properties of visibility patterns with a topographic surface from a graph perspective, which could be important for landscape planning. This paper illustrates the fact that the visibility graph with a topographic surface is a small‐world. This finding implies that the average visual separation between any two point locations with a surface is very short (i.e. a small separation), and the visible locations to a given location have a high possibility of being visible to each other (i.e. a high clustering level). Additionally we show that the visibility graph exhibits an exponential distribution rather than a power law distribution, i.e. it is not scale‐free, in contrast to many other real world networks.     

Using Reverse Viewshed Analysis to Assess the Location Correctness of Visually Generated VGI

With the increased availability of user generated data, assessing the quality and credibility of such data becomes important. In this article, we propose to assess the location correctness of visually generated Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) as a quality reference measure. The location correctness is determined by checking the visibility of the point of interest from the position of the visually generated VGI (observer point); as an example we utilize Flickr photographs. Therefore we first collect all Flickr photographs that conform to a certain point of interest through their textual labelling. Then we conduct a reverse viewshed analysis for the point of interest to determine if it lies within the area of visibility of the observer points. If the point of interest lies outside the visibility of a given observer point, the respective geotagged image is considered to be incorrectly geotagged. In this way, we analyze sample datasets of photographs and make observations regarding the dependency of certain user/photo metadata and (in)correct geotags and labels. In future the dependency relationship between the location correctness and user/photo metadata can be used to automatically infer user credibility. In other words, attributes such as profile completeness, together with location correctness, can serve as a weighted score to assess credibility.     

GIS技术在景观视觉分析中的应用

探索应用地理信息系统空间分析技术,通过三维数字高程模型修正模拟规划在建大型建筑群的“地形”表面,并对观察点和目标点之间视觉的通视、可视域分析,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,形象直观分析评价未来重庆科技馆的景观视觉效果,     

光电测距仪精测尺频率校准方法与仪器的研究

本文介绍现今光电测距仪精测频率测量的六种测量原理，方法及相应的测量仪器－EFC系列光电测距仪频率校准仪．