DEM建模的多面函数Huber抗差算法

为了抑制采样点中粗差对数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)建模的影响,以较高精度的多面函数(multi-quadric,MQ)为基函数,由改进Huber损失函数和权重惩罚项组成目标函数,发展了MQ抗差插值算法(MQ-H)。通过优化MQ-H目标函数,采样点权重计算最终转换为方程组求解。以数学曲面为研究对象,将MQ-H计算结果与传统MQ及最小绝对偏差MQ(MQ-L)进行比较,结果表明:当采样误差服从正态分布时,MQ-H计算精度与传统MQ相当,而远高于MQ-L;当采样误差服从拉普拉斯分布时,MQ-H计算精度略高于MQ-L及传统MQ;当采样点被粗差污染时,MQ-H计算精度远高于传统MQ及MQ-L。在实例分析中,以无人遥测飞艇立体像对获取的地面离散高程点为基础数据,基于MQ-H构建测区DEM,并将计算结果与传统插值算法,如反距离加权(inverse distance weighting,IDW)、普通克里金(ordinary Kriging,OK)和专业DEM插值软件ANUDEM(Australian National University DEM)进行比较,结果表明,传统插值方法在不同程度上受采样点中异常值或偶然误差影响,而MQ-H受异常值影响较小,且能准确捕捉到地形细节信息。     

高精度DEM建模的加权径向基函数插值方法

在数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）建模过程中,经典空间插值方法均没有考虑断裂线附近的局部地形特征影响,使得断裂线局部区域高程被平滑,从而导致地形特征失真。为了解决该问题,构造了一种顾及断裂地形特征的定权方法,并以径向基函数（radial basis function,RBF）为插值算子,提出了加权径向基函数方法。首先通过捕捉每个采样点的结构张量,自适应计算采样点与待求点的距离,然后利用该距离对每个采样点赋予合适的权重,最后利用加权插值实现DEM建模。以10组国际摄影测量和遥感学会公共数据和1组山体滑坡区域的机载激光雷达点云数据为例,利用所提方法构建样区DEM,并将计算结果与标准RBF及传统插值算法（如反距离加权法、克里金法、约束不规则三角网法）进行比较。精度分析表明,不论采样点数为多少,所提方法计算精度均优于其他插值方法;对DEM山体阴影图分析表明,相较于传统插值方法,所提方法能较好地保持断裂线局部地形特征。     

一种优化高精度曲面建模的DEM构建方法

针对当前高精度曲面建模方法在基于高程散点构建DEM过程中存在形态失真的问题,提出一种顾及地表形态变化特征的模型优化方法。通过局部计算区域的坐标系旋转,重新构建了计算格网点周围点的高程之间的约束方程关系。该研究采用理论数学曲面和实地高程采样数据进行精度验证实验,结果表明,基于优化后的高精度曲面建模方法构建的DEM在平均绝对值误差、误差最大值、均方根误差等误差指标上相对反距离加权、普通克里格和样条插值等经典插值方法均有明显改善。此外通过山体阴影等方式进行比较分析,表明优化后的方法构建的DEM具有更高的形态精度。     

基于条件模拟的DEM误差曲面实现研究

为了克服DEM全局误差指标描述DEM精度的缺陷,基于条件模拟(CS)实现了DEM误差曲面的构建。构建了甘肃省董志塬某测区DEM误差曲面,并与普通Kriging(OK)插值结果进行了比较。结果表明,OK具有明显的平滑效应,而CS能准确反映DEM误差的空间波动性。DEM误差对坡度精度的影响分析表明,相比地形复杂的区域,DEM误差严重影响平坦区域的坡度精度;对测区水土流失等级划分结果的分析表明,约有70.2%的网格点的等级划分受DEM误差的影响。     

不同采样与插值方法的DEM质量分析

通过编程实现数字高程模型DEM数据采集的随机采样、规则采样和成层随机采样的3种算法;再对某一地区的格网大小为30 m×30 m的栅格格式的高程数据进行采样,使用克立金法(Kriging)、样条函数法(Spline)和距离倒数加权法(Inverse Distance Weighted)3种插值方法分别对采样数据进行插值;然后计算出平均高程值之差的绝对值、中误差和单点最大误差.通过分析发现,成层随机采样与距离倒数加权插值组合适合于对高程总体偏差要求较高的应用;规则采样与样条函数插值组合适合于对相对高程要求较高的应用.     

一种改进的移动曲面拟合DEM插值方法

针对传统曲面移动拟合法中定权方式仅以采样点与待插点的距离作为权重,而忽略采样点方向性和分布对DEM插值精度的影响问题,将Shepard加权模型引入曲面移动拟合法中进行分区定权,并在此基础上对采样点的方向性和分布进行约束,提出改进的曲面移动拟合插值方法。以湖南城市学院玉壶山作为研究对象,利用线性内插法、自然邻点插值法、曲面移动拟合法和本文方法对采样点数据进行插值生成DEM,并采用数值精度指标、等值线、坡度和坡向值以及剖面值对不同算法插值结果进行分析和评价。实验结果表明,在地貌类型为丘陵和山地的混合地区,本文方法内插出的DEM效果相对较好,DEM具有良好的连续性,能够较好地模拟出研究区的真实地形。     

插值条件下格网DEM坡度计算模型的噪声误差分析

针对目前DEM（Digital Elevation Model, DEM）数字地形分析的精度评价多数不考虑DEM误差的空间自相关性或仅仅采用经验的自相关性模型问题,本文从DEM插值入手,从理论上推导了插值条件下格网DEM邻域窗口内坡度噪声误差的空间自相关性模型以及坡度精度模型,并选取典型的插值方法和坡度差分算法,从实验角度分析了在顾及和不顾及空间自相关性两种情况下的格网DEM坡度计算模型的噪声精度,实验结果表明：坡度精度受DEM噪声误差的空间自相关性影响较大,并与DEM插值方法和坡度计算模型中的差分算法有关。     

基于规则格网的DEM插值实验

通过地形建模,将6个地形隶属函数按照101×101,112×112,126×126,144×144,168×168,201×201,257×257 7种格网密度生成6种局部地形单元的规则格网DEM;使用反距离加权(IDW)等7种插值算法,将前6种格网密度下的DEM插值成257×257规格;从原始257×257DEM中随机抽取检查点计算残差,并对残差中误差进行分析。通过分组插值实验,运用控制变量法、方差分析等方法研究地貌类型、采样密度和插值算法对DEM插值精度的影响。     

利用改进非参数估计法的DEM误差置信区间估计

为了降低误差母体分布的非正态性和较少采样数对DEM误差方差置信区间估计精度的影响,发展了改进的非参数估计法（M-NPM）。以机载激光扫描仪获取的6个不同区域的DEM数据为研究对象,基于交叉验证法分别获取了三组近似正态分布和三组非正态分布的DEM误差数据,并将其作为试验母体。从母体中随机采样,基于M-NPM获取方差置信度为95%的置信区间,借助母体进行精度验证,并与NPM结果比较。结果分析表明,当采样数小于40时,两种方法的模拟结果精度均受误差母体分布的影响,但M-NPM受影响的程度小于NPM;相比误差母体正态分布,当误差母体非正态分布时,M-NPM的估计精度明显优于NPM;无论误差母体服从何种分布,采样总量为多少,M-NPM的精度始终高于NPM,但M-NPM较高的精度是以较宽的置信区间为代价的。     

基于抗差最小二乘配置的点云内插DEM算法研究

针对传统的点云内插DEM算法存在模型误差和点云粗差等问题,提出利用抗差最小二乘配置方法进行DEM内插。该方法可将内插模型误差当作最小二乘配置中的随机信号来处理,并采用基于抗差M估计的协方差函数拟合方法,对粗差数据进行剔除或降权处理,削弱其对协方差函数拟合精度的影响,从而提高DEM内插精度。最后采用三种实验方案对比分析,实验结果表明:抗差最小二乘配置插值方法具有更高的插值精度。     

A total error-based multiquadric method for surface modeling of digital elevation models

Digital elevation model (DEM) source data are subject to both horizontal and vertical errors owing to improper instrument operation, physical limitations of sensors, and bad weather conditions. These factors may bring a negative effect on some DEM-based applications requiring low levels of positional errors. Although classical smoothing interpolation methods have the ability to handle vertical errors, they are prone to omit horizontal errors. Based on the statistical concept of the total least squares method, a total error-based multiquadric (MQ-T) method is proposed in this paper to reduce the effects of both horizontal and vertical errors in the context of DEM construction. In nature, the classical multiquadric (MQ) method is a vertical error regression procedure, whereas MQ-T is an orthogonal error regression model. Two examples, including a numerical test and a real-world example, are employed in a comparative performance analysis of MQ-T for surface modeling of DEMs. The numerical test indicates that MQ-T performs better than the classical MQ in terms of root mean square error. The real-world example of DEM construction with sample points derived from a total station instrument demonstrates that regardless of the sample interval and DEM resolution, MQ-T is more accurate than classical interpolation methods including inverse distance weighting, ordinary kriging, and Australian National University DEM. Therefore, MQ-T can be considered as an alternative interpolator for surface modeling with sample points subject to both horizontal and vertical errors.     

一等水准成果构建的中国大陆垂直运动模型研究

国家多期一等水准网成果是研究中国大陆地壳垂直运动的宝贵数据.综合利用国家三期一等水准网成果,分析中国近50年地壳垂直运动变化趋势.首先,确定水准重合点高程变化量,计算重合点变化速率;然后,基于拟合点和检核点残差分布评估常用插值方法的优劣性,确定最优建模方法;最后,构建基于水准成果的中国大陆垂直运动模型,分析各区域垂直运...     

流动重力空间插值方法比较

流动重力对于地震监测具有十分重要的指示作用,对其进行空间插值能获取其空间分布特征、弥补测站数据较少的不足。本文使用球面Kriging、反距离加权、改进的Shepard 3种方法对流动重力进行插值,从数据分布、插值点个数、插值分辨率、搜索半径（搜索点数）分析插值结果,并对结果予以验证。结果表明：①与球面Kriging、反距离加权法相比较,改进的Shepard方法对于流动重力的插值能取得较好的结果,当插值区域内流动重力样本点的变化较小、不存在异常点时,使用球面克里金插值会获得连续性好、平滑度较高的插值结果;②流动重力插值过程中要根据样本点分布特征、插值范围选取适当的分辨率;③对于地球要素插值,要充分考虑其地球物理构造性质及空间相关性和变异性。     

基于参数统计的DEM粗差探测算法

基于参数统计的DEM粗差探测算法利用双线性内插法计算某点的高程估值,并以此进行粗差检测,方法简单易行。文中以Kriging法取代原有的内插算法,使高程估值的计算更加符合实际的分布。试验证明基于半变异函数的Kriging内插法较传统方法更为准确,也使原有算法的可靠性得到进一步的提高。     

航测数据处理中的空间插值方法比较

航测数据的航线间距与采样点间距差异很大,生成等值线时需要进行空间插值.以云南省江川地区的航测数据为实验数据源,分别采用反距离权重插值(IDW)、规则样条函数插值(Regularized Spline)、张力样条函数(Tension Spline)插值和Kriging插值等4种插值方法,对航测数据进行分析与比较,从中选出...     

干热河谷冲沟DEM插值误差的空间分布研究

为了分析云南元谋干热河谷典型冲沟插值误差的空间分布特征,采用反距离加权（inverse distance weighting,IDW）、局部多项式（local polynomial interpolation,LPI）、张力样条（spline with tension,ST）、析取克里格（disjunctive Kriging,DK）以及不规则三角网（triangulated irregular network,TIN）模型方法对高程采样点进行插值,用交叉验证法、相对差系数及沟谷线差异衡量其插值精度。遴选高程误差大于1 m的误差点,用变异系数（coefficient of variation,CV）、全局Moran指数和Getis-Ord G_i*指数分析其空间格局特征。结果表明:TIN和DK精度较高,IDW精度最低;高程误差均呈聚集分布,聚集程度TIN > LPI > DK > ST > IDW;高程误差均呈空间正自相关,TIN模型插值误差的自相关程度最高;误差热点位于坡度大的区域。     

Noisy Data Smoothing in DEM Construction Using Least Squares Support Vector Machines

Since spatial datasets are subject to sampling errors, a smoothing interpolation method should be employed to remove noise during DEM construction. Although least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) have been widely accepted as a classifier, their effect on smoothing noisy data is almost unknown. In this article, the smoothness of LSSVM was explored, and its effect on smoothing noisy data in DEM construction was tested. In order to improve the ability to deal with large datasets, a local method of LSSVM has been developed, where only the neighboring sampling points around the one to be estimated are used for computation. A numerical test indicated that LSSVM is more accurate than the classical smoothing methods including TPS and kriging, and its error surfaces are more evenly distributed. The real‐world example of smoothing noise inherent in lidar‐derived DEMs also showed that LSSVM has a positive smoothing effect, which is approximately as accurate as TPS. In short, LSSVM with a high efficiency can be considered as an alternative smoothing method for smoothing noisy data in DEM construction.     

Measuring the accuracy of contour interpolated digital elevation models

Digital elevation models (DEM) are becoming increasingly important as tools in hydrological research and water resources management. Since error and uncertainty are inherently associated with spatial data, a complete evaluation of a DEM is of utmost importance before it is put into subsequent analysis. The present paper offers an innovative approach for quality assessment of contour interpolated DEMs of different resolutions. Five most frequently cited interpolation methods viz., TIN with linear interpolation, Inverse Distance Weighing, Thin Plate Spline, Ordinary Kriging and TOPOGRID were selected for gridding of contours at five different resolutions i.e., 30m, 45m, 60m, 75m and 90m. In order to compare the quality of interpolated DEMs, a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of inter-polated DEMs for their vertical, horizontal and shape accuracy were carried out. It was found that different interpolation methods produced DEMs with different levels of artifacts. The analyses of vertical accuracy suggested that the variations were not pronounced in nature. However, the quantitative comparisons for horizontal and shape accuracy showed that there was a high level of disparity with significant differences among the interpolated DEMs.     

A Robust Algorithm for Constructing Pit-Free Canopy Height Model

Due to the penetration ability of airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) into tree crowns, data pits commonly appear in lidar-derived canopy height models (CHMs). They have a seriously negative effect on the quality of tree detection and subsequent biophysical measurements. To construct a pit-free CHM, an algorithm based on robust locally weighted regression and robust z-score was presented to remove data pits. The significant advantage of the new algorithm is parameter-free, which makes it efficient and robust for practical applications. A numerical test and a real-world example were respectively employed to assess the performance of our method for CHM construction, and its results were compared with those of three classical methods including natural neighbor interpolation of the highest point method, mean and median filters. The numerical test demonstrates that our algorithm is more accurate than the other methods for generating pit-free CHMs under the presence of data pits. The real-world example shows that compared with the classical methods, our method has a better ability of data pit removal. Moreover, our method performs better than the other methods for deriving plot-level maximum tree height from CHMs. In a word, the new method shows high potential for pit-free CHM construction.     

克里金插值的多路径误差空间分布特征

针对多路径误差的空间分布特征,该文提出采用克里金插值法构建多路径误差的空间插值模型。通过采用ArcGIS中克里金插值工具构建的多路径误差的空间插值模型,较好地展现出多路径误差与测站位置、反射源距离等因素的空间分布特征。实验结果表明:对比泛克里金插值法、普通克里金插值法、简单克里金插值法3种方法构建的多路径误差插值模型,普通克里金插值法的效果最好。研究成果直观反映出在林区、多层建筑物等环境下多路径误差影响较大,还预测出未采样区域的多路径误差影响范围,该研究成果可应用于GPS观测站选址、GPS测量技术设计等领域。该文从空间分布特征的角度提出了一种新的研究多路径误差特性的思路,实现了对指定测区内的多路径误差的空间分布特征的探究。