出租车轨迹数据的频繁轨迹识别

为识别城市交通中的频繁路径,本文提出了一种出租车轨迹数据的频繁轨迹识别方法。该方法首先对轨迹数据进行轨迹压缩,以降低计算复杂度;然后基于最长公共子序列和动态时间规整算法进行轨迹相似性度量计算,利用计算得到的轨迹间相似度生成距离矩阵;最后将生成的距离矩阵结合HDBSCAN算法进行聚类得到频繁轨迹。选取厦门岛内两个区域进行试验分析,结果表明,该方法能够识别出轨迹数据集中的频繁轨迹,进而得到城市区域之间通行的频繁路径,对道路规划、路径优化与推荐、交通治理等应用提供帮助。     

大数据驱动的人类移动模式和模型研究

大数据时代的到来使得基于个体粒度的海量时空轨迹获取人类移动模式成为可能。来自不同领域的学者基于手机通话数据、公交卡刷卡记录、社交网站签到数据、出租车轨迹、银行刷卡记录等进行了人类移动模式的研究,这些研究丰富了地理信息系统的时空分析方法,为从个体角度审视人与地理环境之间的交互关系提供了一个新视角,并可以应用于交通、公共卫生等领域。总结了基于大数据的人类移动模式研究流程,归纳了人类移动模式的基本度量方法,探讨了解释所观测移动模式的模型构建方法,指出了地理环境对于移动模型建立的影响。     

利用轨迹大数据进行城市道路交叉口识别及结构提取

交叉口是城市交通路网生成、更新的重要组成部分。本文基于车辆时空轨迹大数据,提出了一种城市交叉口自动识别方法。该方法首先通过轨迹跟踪识别轨迹数据中包含的车辆转向点对;然后基于距离和角度的生长聚类方法进行转向点对的空间聚类,并采用基于局部点连通性的聚类方法识别交叉口;最后利用交叉口范围圆和转向点对提取城市各级别路网下的交叉口结构。以武汉市出租车轨迹大数据为例,对武汉市城区内189个交叉口进行了探测。试验结果表明,本文所提方法可以准确地从轨迹大数据中识别出城市交叉口及其结构。     

利用GPS轨迹二次聚类方法进行道路拥堵精细化识别

针对当前在精细识别道路拥堵时空范围方面研究的不足,提出一种利用GPS轨迹的二次聚类方法,通过快速识别大批量在时间、空间上差异较小且速度相近的轨迹段,反映出道路交通状态及时空变化趋势,并根据速度阈值确定拥堵状态及精细时空范围。首先将轨迹按采样间隔划分成若干条子轨迹,针对子轨迹段提出相似队列的概念,并设计了基于密度的空间聚类的相似队列提取方法,通过初次聚类合并相似子轨迹段,再利用改进的欧氏空间相似度度量函数计算相似队列间的时空距离,最后以相似队列为基本单元,基于模糊C均值聚类的方法进行二次聚类,根据聚类的结果进行交通流状态的识别和划分。以广州市主干路真实出租车GPS轨迹数据为例,对该方法进行验证。实验结果表明,该二次聚类方法能够较为精细地反映城市道路的拥堵时空范围,便于管理者精准疏散城市道路拥堵,相比直接聚类方法可以有效提升大批量轨迹数据的计算效率。     

北京出租车GPS轨迹数据地图匹配算法研究

由于车辆位置数据匹配到电子地图时,会出现车辆轨迹偏离实际道路的情况,为了提高出租车GPS轨迹数据匹配到地图的准确率,提出一种出租车地图匹配算法:基于GPS定位精度的距离范围和车辆行驶方向与道路方向的夹角区间确定候选路段,依据车辆的速度确定方向权重,计算距离和方向的综合权重值进行轨迹点匹配,通过最短路径算法进行行驶轨迹的选择,并采用北京市西二环周围100辆出租车24860条GPS数据进行实验验证。实验表明该匹配算法的匹配正确率可达到96.72%。其具有地图匹配的准确性。     

双比例尺交互模式的粒子系统动态可视化——以出租车数据为例

针对如何对海量、多源、高维的时空轨迹数据进行交互可控、形象直观的可视化分析这一地理信息系统(GIS)领域的热点问题,该文提出了一种出租车全球定位系统(GPS)轨迹数据的网页端三维动态可视化方法,通过空间比例尺和时间比例尺的双重控制,运用粒子系统构建了城市大尺度三维场景中GPS轨迹的模拟移动模型。实验结果表明,该方法可以直观地反映出租车轨迹的时空演变规律,具有良好的可交互性,可以通过网络平台广泛地应用到各种轨迹数据的实时监控和历史分析中,为交管部门的管理和出租车公司的车辆调度提供依据。     

车辆GPS轨迹加油行为建模与时空分布分析

车辆加油行为不仅反映了能源的消耗和补充情况,同时也是能源需求和能源配置的重要指标,传统基于小样本问卷的加油行为调查方法无法揭示城市宏观加油行为的时空分布特征。本文采用时空GPS轨迹大数据,对城市加油行为进行了描述与建模,并分析了其时空分布规律。该方法采用车辆与道路距离、平均速度、时间间隔、轨迹点间距4个指标,对加油行为进行了描述并建模;分析了在一定时间间隔采样下,加油行为轨迹4个指标的具体时空特征;最后以武汉市出租车GPS轨迹数据为例,探测并分析了武汉市出租车加油行为与时空分布规律。试验结果表明,本文方法可有效探测和分析城市加油行为,并能够揭示能源空间配置低效情况。     

出租车载客热点精细提取的改进DBSCAN算法

随着城市化水平的提高和居民公共交通出行的需求增长,要求有更精细化的聚类方法提取出租车载客的热点区域。针对基于密度聚类在出租车数据聚类中存在的问题,设计一种基于路网约束的改进DBSCAN算法。该算法通过将行程距离引入DBSCAN算法中,改进原有DBSCAN算法在出租车数据聚类中存在的精细尺度聚类参数选择和设置困难问题,弥补现有聚类算法在出租车载客热点区域提取方面的不足。利用武汉市出租车GPS轨迹数据进行的实验结果表明,在加入道路约束后,算法在出租车载客热点区域的精确提取方面具有较好的效果。     

符合认知规律的时空轨迹融合与路网生成方法

以行驶在城市大街小巷的出租车GPS时空轨迹数据为研究对象,研究了符合"感知—认知—经验"认知规律3层次的轨迹融合与路网生成方法,提出了基于Delaunay三角网的时空轨迹融合模型,实现了从GPS时空轨迹中对符合认知规律需求的路网信息的获取,并以武汉市出租车GPS轨迹为试验,实现了对武汉市出租车时空轨迹的融合与武汉市路网数据的生成,证明了该方法的有效性。     

利用GPS轨迹的转向级交通拥堵精细分析

目前,基于GPS轨迹探测城市交通状态的研究缺乏对不同行驶方向的交通拥堵精细感知。针对此问题,本文提出一种基于出租车GPS轨迹的转向级交通拥堵事件探测方法。该方法首先在分析出租车运营行为特征的基础上,采用特征聚类方法滤选出能够反映真实交通状态的有效轨迹段;然后基于滤选后轨迹分析当前道路交通运行状态,探测城市路网中轻度、中度、重度3种不同强度的交通拥堵事件;最后基于拥堵事件轨迹分析交叉口不同转向的拥堵时间、拥堵强度和拥堵距离等转向级精细交通拥堵状态。试验结果表明,本文方法不仅能有效探测路网中不同强度的拥堵事件,而且能实现交叉口转向级拥堵事件的精细分析。     

An analysis of movement patterns between zones using taxi GPS data

The discovery of zones and people's movement patterns supports a better understanding of modern cities and enables a more comprehensive strategy for urban planning. This article proposes a modified method based on previous research to simultaneously discover people's zones and movement patterns, called movement patterns between functional zones (MPFZ). The method attempts to take full advantage of taxi GPS data to identify MPFZs by merging the movement traces satisfying the merging conditions. Considering movement directions, movement numbers and the adjacent constraints that consist of spatial relationship and attribute features, the merging conditions limit the movement traces to be merged. The new MPFZs are discovered by an iteration process and are measured by the following three evaluation indices: v‐value, a‐value and c‐value, which represent coverage, accuracy and their trade‐off. Using a real‐world taxi dataset of Beijing, 24 new MPFZs are discovered, which have higher v‐, a‐ and c‐values than the unmerged MPFZs. The results of the real‐world dataset experiment show that the proposed approach is effective and efficient. The proposed method can also be applied to other types of transportation data and regions by adjusting the dataset utilized and controlling the iteration process.     

Scale-oriented temporal analysis of movement data: A series-based approach

The ubiquity of movement data has led to new research interest in aspects of temporal scale. Few of the approaches analyzing movement data have been developed specifically for scale-oriented temporal analysis. To overcome this limitation, this article proposes a series-based approach to perform scale-oriented temporal analysis of movement data. Key to the proposed approach is the construction of four types of series (one type of identical-scale series and three types of cross-scale series) based on the continuous triangular model (CTM). Two distinct research goals are derived from this: to investigate the changes in motion attributes of moving individuals across different temporal scales, and to detect the time intervals during which active events might have occurred. The results based on real football movement data show that finer changes in motion attributes can be found and more accurate time intervals can be detected through the proposed approach.     

Integration of thematic maps through GIS for identification of groundwater potential zones

The remote sensing data combined with Geographical Information System (GIS) technique has been proved to be very efficient in identification of groundwater potential of any area. In the present paper, IRS 1 A, LISS II data has been used to identify the groundwater potential zones by integrating various thematic maps generated on 1:50,000 scale. These maps are integrated after assigning weight factors to the identified features in each thematic map depending upon their infiltration capacities and the groundwater potential zones in Bhamini mandai (developmental block) of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh are demarcated. The area of investigation has been classified into seven groundwater potential zones. The present results show that integration of all attributes provides more accurate results in groundwater potential zones identification.     

Regional Groundwater Assessment of Krishna River Basin Using Integrated GIS Approach

The groundwater occurrence and movement within the flow systems are governed by many natural factors like topography, geology, geomorphology, lineament structures, soil, drainage network and land use land cover (LULC). Due to complex natural geological/hydro-geological regime a systematic planning is needed for groundwater exploitation. It is even more important to characterize the aquifer system and delineate groundwater potential zones in different geological terrain. The study employed integration of weighted index overlay analysis (WIOA) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques to assess the groundwater potential zones in Krishna river basin, India and the validation of the result with existing groundwater levels. Different thematic layers such as geology, geomorphology, soil, slope, LULC, drainage density, lineament density and annual rainfall distribution were integrated with WIOA using spatial analyst tools in Arc-GIS 10.1. These thematic layers were prepared using Geological survey of India maps, European Digital Archive of Soil Maps, Bhuvan (Indian-Geo platform of ISRO, NRSC) and 30 m global land cover data. Drainage, watershed delineation and slope were prepared from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model of 30 m resolution data. WIOA is being carried out for deriving the normalized score for the suitability classification. Weight factor is assigned for every thematic layer and their individual feature classes considering their significant importance in groundwater occurrence. The final map of the study area is categorized into five classes very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor groundwater potential zones. The result describes the groundwater potential zones at regional scale which are in good agreement with observed ground water condition at field level. Thus, the results derived can be very much useful in planning and management of groundwater resources in a regional scale.     

一种基于重排检验的时空聚类方法

融合时空邻近与专题属性相似的时空聚类是挖掘地理现象时空演化规律的重要手段。现有方法需要的聚类参数许多难以获取,影响了聚类方法的可操作性与聚类结果的可靠性。提出一种基于重排检验的时空聚类方法。首先,通过重排检验发现时空数据集中的均质子区域;进而,采用均方误差准则合并均质子区域内的时空实体生成时空簇,并通过簇内重排检验自动识别聚类合并的终止条件;最后,借助时空拓扑关系在保证结果精度的前提下发展一种快速重排检验的方法,提高了聚类方法的运行效率。通过实验和比较发现,该方法一方面可以发现不同形状、大小的时空簇,聚类质量优于经典的ST-DBSCAN方法;另一方面聚类过程中人为设置参数的主观性显著降低,提高了聚类方法的可操作性。     

Point grid map: a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points

ABSTRACT

Social, economic, and environmental statistical data associated with geographic points are currently globally available in large amounts. When conventional thematic maps, such as proportional symbol maps or point diagram maps, are used to represent these data, the maps appear cluttered if the point data volumes are relatively large or cover a relatively dense region. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points: the point grid map. In a point grid map, an input point data set is transformed into a grid in which each point is represented by a square grid cell of equal size while preserving the relative position of each point, which leads to a clear and uncluttered appearance, and the grid cells can be shaded or patterned with symbols or diagrams according to the attributes of the points. We present an algorithm to construct a point grid map and test it with several simulated and real data sets. Furthermore, we present some variants of the point grid map.     

Intelligent services for discovery of complex geospatial features from remote sensing imagery

Remote sensing imagery has been commonly used by intelligence analysts to discover geospatial features, including complex ones. The overwhelming volume of routine image acquisition requires automated methods or systems for feature discovery instead of manual image interpretation. The methods of extraction of elementary ground features such as buildings and roads from remote sensing imagery have been studied extensively. The discovery of complex geospatial features, however, is still rather understudied. A complex feature, such as a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) proliferation facility, is spatially composed of elementary features (e.g., buildings for hosting fuel concentration machines, cooling towers, transportation roads, and fences). Such spatial semantics, together with thematic semantics of feature types, can be used to discover complex geospatial features. This paper proposes a workflow-based approach for discovery of complex geospatial features that uses geospatial semantics and services. The elementary features extracted from imagery are archived in distributed Web Feature Services (WFSs) and discoverable from a catalogue service. Using spatial semantics among elementary features and thematic semantics among feature types, workflow-based service chains can be constructed to locate semantically-related complex features in imagery. The workflows are reusable and can provide on-demand discovery of complex features in a distributed environment.     

专题地图集的信息共享与多层级发布服务平台建设

针对中国出版的各种类型专题地图集,提出了分层次、多接口、开放的公众共享服务平台建设思路,开发了相应的在线发布系统,实现了专题地图集成果的一体化、多层级、多模式在线发布与共享服务。在兼顾数据的版权保护与追溯的同时,为新媒体环境下的专题地图集数字出版和一站式专题地图信息资源在线服务提供新的建设模式。     

A method for groundwater prospect zonation in data poor areas using remote sensing and GIS: a case study in Kalikavu Panchayath of Malappuram district,Kerala, India

Abstract

The present study was an attempt to delineate potential groundwater zones in Kalikavu Panchayat of Malappuram district, Kerala, India. The geo-spatial database on geomorphology, landuse, geology, slope and drainage network was generated in a geographic information system (GIS) environment from satellite data, Survey of India topographic sheets and field observations. To understand the movement and occurrence of groundwater, the geology, geomorphology, structural set-up and recharging conditions have to be well understood. In the present study, the potential recharge areas are delineated in terms of geology, geomorphology, land use, slope, drainage pattern, etc. Various thematic data generated were integrated using a heuristic method in the GIS domain to generate maps showing potential groundwater zones. The composite output map scores were reclassified into different zones using a decision rule. The final output map shows different zones of groundwater prospect, viz., very good (15.57% of the area), good (43.74%), moderate (28.38%) and poor (12.31%). Geomorphic units such as valley plains, valley fills and alluvial terraces were identified as good to excellent prospect zones, while the gently sloping lateritic uplands were identified as good to moderate zones. Steeply sloping hilly terrains underlain by hard rocks were identified as poor groundwater prospect zones.     

基于层次性邻近分析的农用地分等数据库综合

以农用地分等数据库综合为例,提出了图斑归并同时顾及几何距离和多种专题属性的层次性邻近分析方法,及基于层次性邻近分析的多边形聚合和融合方法,并以实例验证了其有效性.