SBAS星历改正数及UDRE参数生成算法分析

星基增强系统(satellite based augmentation system,SBAS)通过地球同步轨道卫星实时播发导航卫星星历改正数和完好性参数,以提升用户定位精度和完好性。采用最小方差法解算GPS星历改正数,利用卡方统计进行改正数完好性检核,并依据星历改正数方差-协方差信息计算SBAS用户差分距离误差(user differential range error,UDRE)和信息类型28(message type 28, MT28)等完好性参数。利用中国区域27个监测站的实测数据,首先以国际GNSS服务组织的精密轨道和钟差产品为参考解算星历改正数,结果表明,钟差改正精度优于0.1 m,轨道改正精度优于0.4 m;然后解算广播星历改正数,并生成UDRE和MT28参数,广播星历残余误差卡方检验值均小于告警门限,保证了改正数的完好性;最后利用生成的改正数进行SBAS定位解算,得到定位结果的水平精度优于0.7 m,垂直精度优于1.0 m,对比GPS单点定位,所提算法的水平和垂直方向精度分别提升了30%和40%。     

MSAS系统在中国区域服务性能评估与分析

为了提高GNSS卫星导航系统服务性能,美国、欧洲各国、日本、印度、俄罗斯、韩国、中国已经建立或者即将建立独立的星基增强系统,通过提供广播星历差分与完好性增强信息,满足高精度高完好性用户使用需求。针对日本MSAS系统在中国区域SBAS增强服务性能不稳定的问题,在理解SBAS增强信息内容和处理流程的基础上,对分布在不同位置的日本两个站(GMSD、MIZU)和中国中东部区域3个站(天津、上海、武汉)的数据进行测试,采用GPS单点定位、MSAS增强单点定位和MSAS双频精密单点定位3种模式进行增强效果的评估和分析。结果表明,在中国区域采用MSAS电离层改正参数效果不佳,距离越远,精度改善程度越差。只采用轨道和钟差改正信息,较单点定位可实现10%的精度提升,精密单点定位可实现60%的精度提升,但需数十分钟的收敛时间,本文也给出了多方面的解决方法。     

北斗广播星历偏差分析及改正

以后处理精密轨道钟差为参考,分析了2014年2月至2016年10月北斗广播星历误差及空间信号精度,分析结果表明,北斗广播星历存在偏差,最大超过2m。在此基础上,基于广域差分改正数,采用18个MGEX站不同频点及频点组合连续97d的数据对以上广播星历偏差进行了进一步验证。验证结果表明,不同卫星的伪距观测残差存在与广播星历偏差一致的系统性偏差。比较后处理给出的TGD和广播星历给出的TGD参数的偏差(dTGD),发现dTGD与基于广域差分参数的BEB的相关系数达到0.89,这表明经广域差分参数改正后的星历偏差可能是由广播电文中的TGD偏差造成。将北斗广播星历偏差改正到TGD参数上,分析对用户定位的影响。结果表明,经改正后,双频用户在N、E、U 3个方向单点定位精度分别提高14.9%、28.4%、15.5%,其定位残差也明显得到改善。     

机载GPS载波伪距单点精确观测定位技术仿真算法分析

为了测试载波伪距单点定位的定位精度,本文建立了GPS载波伪距单点定位的无电离层组合观测方程,设计开发了GPS载波伪距单点定位程序,读取广播星历文件和观测值文件,完成卫星位置计算,最后输出观测文件中GPS卫星的坐标文件、观测文件中连续观测到的卫星坐标文件以及坐标值及改正坐标文件,逐个实现各个函数模块的功能,为实际精确定位工程提供理论基础。     

SBAS监测站构成及部署方法分析

星基增强系统(SBAS)可以增强全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）的定位精度和完好性服务等性能,满足以民航用户为主的服务需求．地面监测站是SBAS的重要组成部分,其构成、布局、数据质量等对星基增强系统的服务性能具有重要的影响．因此,本文以美国WAAS和欧洲EGNOS实测数据为基础,对地面监测站的构成及分布,监测站天线分布、监测站数据质量以及多路径相关性进行了详细的分析,总结出适用SBAS系统地面监测站构成及部署的通用方法,为SBAS监测站建设的实施途径提供参考．      

IGS实时服务的车载动态伪距差分定位精度分析

IGS于2013年4月正式发布针对GPS/GLONASS广播星历的实时改正数产品,进一步扩展了实时精密定位的应用领域。目前对IGS实时改正数的研究主要集中在精密单点定位、GPS气象等方面,还没有动态差分定位方面的研究。本文首先分析了IGS实时轨道和时钟改正数的精度,然后对其用于车载动态伪距差分定位的精度进行了研究。试验结果表明,IGS实时轨道精度可以达到5 cm,时钟精度在0.5 ns以内;使用IGS实时服务的车载动态伪距差分定位平面精度可以达到亚米级,高程精度优于1.5 m。     

综合伪距相位观测的北斗导航系统广域差分模型

我国区域北斗卫星导航系统为用户提供开放服务和授权服务两种服务方式,其中授权服务主要提供一维等效钟差改正数和完好性信息,实现更高精度的服务性能。北斗卫星导航系统提供的实时差分信息是基于CNMC平滑后的伪距观测数据计算,其精度受到残余伪距噪声的限制。为提升系统广域差分服务性能,本文提出了一种广域差分新模型。该模型综合了伪距及相位观测数据,并新增了轨道改正数。模型中经相位平滑的伪距观测值用于定义钟差改正数和轨道改正数的基准,而相位历元间差分观测值用于计算约束差分改正数的高精度相对变化。论文分析了数据采样率、测站个数等因素对新模型的影响,并采用中国区域内的观测站数据对新模型进行精度验证。试验结果表明:(1)基于新广域差分模型的GEO卫星UDRE指标相对原有模型提升了27%,IGSO卫星指标提升了35%,MEO卫星指标提升了24%;(2)基于新的广域差分模型,用户在南北、东西、高程方向的伪距定位精度分别提升了23%、32%和52%,实现了北斗系统用户导航定位三维定位精度优于1m的指标。     

各种星历在相位平滑伪距单点定位中的对比分析

随着IGS星历产品的种类和精度不断提高,精密单点定位对星历有了更多的选择。本文对IGS星历和广播星历进行了精度对比,同时介绍了相位平滑伪距的原理,着重通过对伪距单点定位和相位平滑伪距单点定位与广播星历I、GU星历和IGS最终星历的组合对国内IGS跟踪站(shao)进行单点定位的分析,证明了伪距平滑后的定位精度有了明显的提高,使用IGU星历比广播星历定位精度也有所提高。     

GPS/GLONASS组合标准单点定位性能分析

利用广播星历及伪距进行单历元单点定位,通过精度比较分析,得出GPS定位精度优于GLONASS,组合系统优于单系统;同时给出了初步的定权方案。     

分区综合改正:服务于北斗分米级星基增强系统的差分改正模型

针对分米级星基增强服务的需求,提出一种满足用户基于相位观测值进行单站定位的分区综合改正模型。该模型利用参考站网的观测数据,实时计算参考站对每颗卫星伪距和相位观测值的综合改正数,并将综合改正数按照分区的方式编排到广播电文并广播给用户使用。本文介绍了模型的原理,并分析了参数播发频度、用户站与分区中心距离等因素对用户定位的影响。建立基于分区综合改正数的星基增强数据处理系统,采用分布于中国不同区域的北斗观测站数据对系统性能进行评估。结果表明,双频用户动态定位平均10 min内收敛至误差小于1 m,平均平面精度能达到15 cm,高程精度达到20 cm。     

SBAS orbit and satellite clock corrections for precise point positioning

The quality of real-time GPS positions based on the method of precise point positioning (PPP) heavily depends on the availability and accuracy of GPS satellite orbits and satellite clock corrections. Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) provide such corrections but they are actually intended to be used for wide area differential GPS with positioning results on the 1-m accuracy level. Nevertheless, carrier phase-based PPP is able to achieve much more accurate results with the same correction values. We applied SBAS corrections for dual-frequency PPP and compared the results with PPP obtained using other real-time correction data streams, for example, the GPS broadcast message and precise corrections from the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales and the German Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt. Among the three existing SBAS, the best results were achieved for the North American wide area augmentation system (WAAS): horizontal and vertical position accuracies were considerably smaller than 10 cm for static 24-h observation data sets and smaller than 30 cm for epoch-by-epoch solutions with 2 h of continuous observations. The European geostationary navigation overlay service and the Japanese multi-functional satellite augmentation system yield positioning results with biases of several tens of centimeters and variations larger by factors of 2–4 as compared to WAAS.     

Virtual differential GPS based on SBAS signal

In order to access the satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) service, the end user needs access to the corresponding geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites that broadcast the augmentation information for the region. This is normally not a problem for aviation and maritime applications, because an open sky is typically available for such applications. However, it is difficult to access the GEO satellites directly at high latitudes for land applications because of the low elevation angles to the GEO satellites (e.g., 4–22° in Finland to the European geostationary navigation overlay services [EGNOS] GEO satellites). Results from a driving test of 6,100 km in Finland show that the EGNOS GEO satellites can be accessed in only 51.8% of the driving routes. Furthermore, it is also difficult to access the GEO satellites from city canyons, because the high buildings block the GEO signals. This article presents a solution to solve this problem by creating virtual differential GPS (DGPS) reference stations using the SBAS signal in space (SIS). The basic concept is to convert the SBAS signal to Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) signals, and broadcast the converted RTCM signals over the wireless Internet using the Internet radio technology. Therefore, access to the SBAS service will not be limited by low elevation angles to the GEO satellites because the converted RTCM data streams are disseminated over the wireless Internet. Furthermore, the SBAS service can then be accessed via a legacy DGPS receiver. Two test cases have been carried out with the prototype system developed by the Finnish Geodetic Institute. The test results showed that the positioning accuracy of the virtual DGPS solution was about 1–2 m at 95%, which was similar to that of the standard WAAS/EGNOS solution. The positioning accuracy was not degraded, compared to that of the standard wide area augmentation system–European geostationary navigation overlay services (WAAS/EGNOS) solution, as long as the distance between the rover receiver and the virtual DGPS reference station was less than 150 km. A preliminary driving test of 400 km carried out in southern Finland showed that the availability of the virtual DGPS solutions was 98.6% along the driving route.     

GPS导航电文核心定位参数发展演变分析

文章总结了GPS空间信号接口控制文件的发展历程,对比了现有3种导航电文类型的电文结构及播发方式, 详细分析了星历参数、钟差参数及完好性参数等核心定位参数的发展演变特点和改进效果. 结果表明:GPS新型导航电文采用增加核心定位参数和减小量化单位的方法,提高了广播星历和钟差产品的精度. 增加两个参数后,地面星历拟合位置误差均方根(RMS)平均值由0.137 m减小为0.025 m. 为适应高精度星历拟合模型,距离量化单位也减小至毫米量级. 通过减小卫星钟差参数的量化单位,预报1 h钟差误差RMS由0.097 m减小至0.042 m.      

中国GPS增强系统性能分析及技术发展

本文提出了一种GPS卫星导航增强系统技术性能分析方法,即利用IGS提供的高精度GPS星历、卫星钟差数据和电离层数据作为外符和检测标准,检验增强系统提供的卫星星历改正数据、卫星钟差改正数据和电离层改正数据的精度。通过实测数据分析表明,我国GPS卫星导航增强系统目前的服务性能与国外同类系统具有一定的差距,主要的技术薄弱环节在于GPS卫星的精密定轨与钟差解算技术。     

GPS广播星历误差及对单点定位的影响

利用国际GPS地球动力学服务(International GPS service(IGS)for geodynamics)提供的广播星历和精密星历数据,分析GPS广播星历的轨道精度及变化规律。广播星历的轨道精度一般在5 m左右,且明显表现出周期性变化规律。另外,从单点定位的原理出发分析了GPS广播星历误差对单点定位精度的影响。     

The ionospheric impact of the October 2003 storm event on Wide Area Augmentation System

The United States Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for civil aircraft navigation is focused primarily on the Conterminous United States (CONUS). Other Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) include the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the Japanese Multi-transport Satellite-based Augmentation System (MSAS). Navigation using WAAS requires accurate calibration of ionospheric delays. To provide delay corrections for single frequency global positioning system (GPS) users, the wide-area differential GPS systems depend upon accurate determination of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along radio links. Dual-frequency transmissions from GPS satellites have been used for many years to measure and map ionospheric TEC on regional and global scales. The October 2003 solar-terrestrial events are significant not only for their dramatic scale, but also for their unique phasing of solar irradiance and geomagnetic events. During 28 October, the solar X-ray and EUV irradiances were exceptionally high while the geomagnetic activity was relatively normal. Conversely, 29–31 October was geomagnetically active while solar irradiances were relatively low. These events had the most severe impact in recent history on the CONUS region and therefore had a significant effect on the WAAS performance. To help better understand the event and its impact on WAAS, we examine in detail the WAAS reference site (WRS) data consisting of triple redundant dual-frequency GPS receivers at 25 different locations within the US. To provide ground-truth, we take advantage of the three co-located GPS receivers at each WAAS reference site. To generate ground-truth and calibrate GPS receiver and transmitter inter-frequency biases, we process the GPS data using the Global Ionospheric Mapping (GIM) software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This software allows us to compute calibrated high resolution observations of TEC. We found ionospheric range delays up to 35 m for the day-time CONUS during quiet conditions and up to 100 m during storm time conditions. For a quiet day, we obtained WAAS planar fit slant residuals less than 2 m (0.4 m root mean square (RMS)) and less than 25 m (3.4 m RMS) for the storm day. We also investigated ionospheric gradients, averaged over distances of a few hundred kilometers. The gradients were no larger than 0.5 m over 100 km for a quiet day. For the storm day, we found gradients at the 4 m level over 100 km. Similar level gradients are typically observed in the low-latitude region for quiet or storm conditions.     

卫星星历误差对GPS定位精度的影响与分析

分析了广播星历误差对GPS单点定位精度的影响，通过引入精密星历处理某机载GPS数据检验了广播星历误差对GPS单点定位的影响程度；理论推导了广播星历误差对单基站差分GPS数据的影响及规律，同时通过引入精密星历差分处理某机载GPS数据对广播星历误差的影响程度及规律进行了验证。