神舟四号飞船微波辐射计定标和检验（Ⅱ）——微波辐射计地物参数反演及其检验

针对神舟四号飞船微波辐射计(RAD)特殊入射角、频率的特点,开发了海面和大气参数的反演算法。然后用这个算法模拟RAD不同通道的亮温。最后用发射后重新定标的亮温结合国外大洋浮标、小岛上的气象探空数据以及其他星载微波辐射计产品,对RAD反演算法进行改进,最后给出海面温度、风速和大气水汽含量的反演的结果,并且对这些结果进行了检验。     

两种星载微波辐射计被动亮温数据的交叉定标

针对两种不同星载微波辐射计在长时间序列的变化探测研究中存在时空间差异问题,应用时空匹配交叉定标方法,选取亚马逊雨林作为高亮温地面观测目标和格陵兰地区为低亮温地面观测目标,采用原始轨道扫描数据对微波成像仪和先进微波扫描辐射计的时空上相匹配的5通道水平和垂直极化亮度温度数据进行交叉定标。研究结果表明,校正决定系数都在0.99以上,均方根误差均小于1.3K,定标系数精确度高,匹配数据拟合程度非常好。精确的交叉定标系数,对于我国FY3号以及后续卫星等微波定标参数确定、同国外卫星的长时间序列衔接以及数据质量的评估等具有重要意义。     

机载L波段主被动一体化微波探测仪辐射计定标

遥感试验是进行遥感原理的验证、遥感模型与反演方法的发展、遥感产品的真实性检验,推动卫星计划的论证实施及其观测在地球系统科学中应用的重要途径。在闪电河流域水循环与能量平衡遥感综合试验中,利用机载L波段主被动一体化微波探测仪开展了以土壤水分为首要目标的大型航空遥感试验。其中,被动探测部分即微波辐射计采用微带天线,辅以机械扫描方式进行多角度成像观测。为有效支撑微波辐射计数据的处理及定量反演,必须对机载微波辐射计进行实时定标,本文采用分步定标法进行辐射亮温的定标,即在实验室对定标链路中的噪声源进行定标,得出对应的辐射亮温;飞行试验中,利用该两个参考点得到辐射计输出电压和亮温的关系,同时选取试验区域附近的水体作为外定标参考点,进行定标方程的修正。结果表明,机载辐射亮温与地面参考点(草地)模拟亮温比较吻合,二者对比结果显示均方根误差最小为0.93 K (2018-09-26,H极化),无偏均方根误差最小为0.96 K (2018-09-24,V极化),有效支撑了国产L波段微波辐射计相关卫星计划的论证以及后续的定量反演与降尺度等相关研究工作的开展。     

星载微波辐射计交叉定标中陆面目标辐射亮温计算模型

从被动微波辐射计在轨辐射定标的角度出发, 选取亚马逊雨林作为高温地面目标, 利用DMSPF13-SSM/I数据和NCEP数据对研究区19—89GHz辐射特性进行分析。研究发现, 利用辐射亮温稳定的热带雨林作为地面目标, 对19—89GHz的频段, 微波辐射亮温计算精度可以达到1K以内; 对于6和10GHz这样的低频通道, 撒哈拉沙漠是一个可供选择的地面目标, 根据所建立的亮温计算模型, 利用数值预报分析场NCEP数据作为输入, 其亮温计算精度在2K以内。     

全极化微波辐射计对环境参数敏感性分析

为衡量全极化微波辐射计各通道对不同环境参数的探测能力,在构建全极化微波辐射传输正演模型的基础上,采用敏感性分析的方法,在固定背景场条件下,对全极化微波辐射计不同频率、各极化通道亮温对海面风速、海面风向、海面温度、大气水汽含量和云中液态水含量等重要环境参数的敏感度进行了分析和量化计算,对正演模型仿真亮温、星载全极化微波辐射计Wind Sat实测亮温相对于真实背景场参数、NCEP分析场资料和TAO/TRITON浮标实测海面风场数据的敏感性进行了分析。分析结果验证了全极化微波辐射计对海面风场的观测能力,衡量了上述重要环境参数对星载全极化微波辐射计各通道的单独影响程度,为中国自主研制全极化微波辐射计时通道指标设计、环境参数反演通道选取及算法提供支持。     

卫星高度计定标现状

定标是卫星高度计数据精度的重要保障,随着高度计卫星HY-2A的发射及后续卫星组网规划,中国将获取长时间序列的自主高度计观测资料,定标对数据精度和长期一致性的重要性日益凸显。总结了卫星高度计定标常用技术方法的国内外研究进展和现状,阐述了中国自主海上定标场的建设和应用情况,重点对青岛千里岩定标场的大地基准测量、地壳沉降监测及HY-2A等多颗卫星高度计的定标结果进行总结分析,并对规划建设中的珠海万山海上综合定标场和中国沿海定标场网做了介绍。此外利用GNSS水汽反演技术对星载微波辐射计观测的大气湿延迟开展了精度检核实验,得到了Jason-2卫星2010年—2016年微波辐射计大气湿延迟观测精度,证明了利用中国沿海GNSS连续运行站标定星载微波辐射计大气湿延迟的可行性,对于充分了解和认识卫星高度计定标的研究现状和发展趋势有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

多通道地基微波辐射计大气遥感

本文主要介绍了自主研发的多通道地基微波辐射计观测亮温和数据反演方法,并与探空观测值进行对比,分析了辐射计观测亮温、反演的温度和水汽廓线的精度。结果表明,该仪器亮温观测误差小且利用神经网络反演的大气温度及水汽等廓线参数准确可靠,具有实际应用价值。     

实时定标微波辐射计的仿真研究

实时定标微波辐射计是一种新体制的微波辐射计,它能有效地消除系统增益波动和有效本机噪声波动的影响,适合星载应用。对以全功率微波辐射计为基础的实时定标微波辐射计进行了仿真研究,建立了系统各环节的仿真模型。在仿真试验中,采用了快速离散傅里叶变换处理信号,分析并缓解了由于频程跨度大带来的频率分辨率与采样点数之间的矛盾。仿真结果为优化设计提供了重要参考,并证明所建模型准确、有效,也为进一步实现星载环境仿真调试奠定了基础。     

利用嫦娥二号微波辐射计数据的全月亮温制图

中国嫦娥绕月卫星在世界上首次搭载了微波辐射计,用于获取不同深度月壤的微波辐射亮温,而这正是月壤厚度研究和月壤表层参数信息反演的基础。基于嫦娥二号的微波辐射计2C级数据,建立4个频率通道(3.0、7.8、19.35、37.0GHz)在不同纬度下的亮温日变化模型,并通过该模型对亮温数据进行时角校正,得到了正午时刻的全月微波亮温图。结合CCD影像和DEM数据比较的结果表明,处理后的亮温数据很好地反映了月球的地形特征及月表的反射率信息。基于高频的亮温数据对月球亮温异常区域进行了分析,发现其都是哥白尼纪的新鲜撞击坑。     

利用最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计的年度漂移

本文研究最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计JMR年度漂移。针对Jason-2卫星微波辐射计(JMR),利用微波辐射计传输模型,建立JMR 3个通道的全球最低亮温观测值的理论计算模型,模拟其3通道全球地物观测最冷亮温;基于2008年—2012年Jason-2地球物理数据(GDR)产品中全球对地观测亮温序列和模型计算的最冷亮温,建立亮温序列的最小观测亮温统计模型,查找全球地物观测最冷亮温序列;根据地物年度变化特性,建立光谱分析模型,去除最冷亮温序列的年度谐波;去除年度谐波后,采用线性拟合的方法外推最冷亮温序列的理论最小值,并据此计算Jason-2微波辐射计仪器的年度漂移量。     

Evaluation of Precipitation Features in High-Frequency SSM/I Measurements Over Indian Land and Oceanic Regions

Evaluation of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) precipitation features is presented from various passes over Indian oceanic and land regions under the framework of radiative transfer simulations for both emission and scattering atmospheres. There is considerable uncertainty in the interpretation of the SSM/I high-frequency scattering features for development of rainfall algorithms. Specifically large areas of very low emissivity regimes showing false rain signatures due to the presence of low brightness temperatures (TBs) that are often present in the vicinity of colder sea surface areas in the 85-GHz TB from SSM/I. In this connection, the Polarization Corrected Temperature (PCT) defined by Spencer using the 85-GHz channels, vertical (V) and horizontal (H), has been studied to delineate these surface effects. These false scattering signatures, once corrected using PCT as a suitable parameter, significantly improve the quality of the SSM/I-derived precipitation areas. These results are also confirmed with the cloud optical depth data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor onboard the Aqua satellite and the standard merged rain product (geostationary infrared and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave data) 3B42 from TRMM. This letter is aimed for selecting PCT as one of the suitable predictor variables for the development of operational rainfall retrieval algorithm for the Indo-French Megha-Tropiques satellite's microwave radiometer at high frequencies.      

Concurrent use of active and passive microwave remote sensing data for monitoring of rice crop

Estimation of crop area, growth and phenological information is very important for monitoring of agricultural crops. However, judicious combination of spatial and temporal data from different spectral regions is necessary to meet the requirement. This study highlights the use of active microwave QuikSCAT Ku-band scatterometer and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave radiometer data to derive information on important phenological phases of rice crop. The wetness index, a weekly composite product derived using brightness temperatures from 19, 37 and 85 GHz channels of SSM/I, was used to identify the puddling period. Ku-band scatterometer data provided the signal of transplanted rice seedlings since they acts as scatterers and increases the backscattering. Dual peak nature of temporal backscatter curve around the heading stage of rice crop was observed in Ku-band. The decrease of backscatter after first peak was associated with the threshold value of 60% crop canopy cover. The symmetric (Gaussian) and asymmetric (lognormal) curve fits were attempted to derive the date of initiation of the heading phase. The temporal signature from each of these sensors was found to complement each other in crop growth monitoring. Image showing pixel-wise timings of heading stage revealed the differences exists in various parts of the study area.     

星载微波SSM/I对中国西北沙漠地区遥感数据的辐射特征分析

该文研究了星载波ＳＳＭ／Ｉ对中国西北沙漠地区辐射亮度温度遥感数据的辐射特征，给出了西北沙漠某些地区ＳＳＭ／Ｉ各通道ＴＢ１９９５年全年的变化，１９９３年和１９９６年３７ＧＨｚ垂直和水平极化两通道ＴＢ的极化指数５月份全月平均值的空间分布及其差异值的比较。     

FY-3B微波成像仪海洋数据无线电干扰识别

中国风云3号B星(FY-3B)上的微波成像仪MWRI通过5个频率(10.65 GHz,18.7 GHz,23.8 GHz,36.5 GHz和89.0 GHz)的双极化通道对地球表面进行监测。研究表明,MWRI资料的低频波段数据中存在着无线电频率干扰(RFI)现象,这些污染信号对遥感数据和反演产品质量产生极大的影响。本文尝试使用多通道回归方法和双主成分分析(DPCA)方法识别MWRI的10.65 GHz水平通道亮温海洋区域中的RFI信号。结果表明,双主成分分析法可以有效地识别出海洋上的RFI信号。微波成像仪10.65 GHz水平通道亮温数据中的RFI信号主要分布在地中海等欧洲附近海域,也存在于美国、日本、澳大利亚等近岸地区。     

Comparison of Calibration Techniques for Ground-Based C-Band Radiometers

We quantify the performance of three commonly used techniques to calibrate ground-based microwave radiometers for soil moisture studies, external (EC), tipping-curve (TC), and internal (IC). We describe two ground-based C-band radiometer systems with similar design and the calibration experiments conducted in Florida and Alaska using these two systems. We compare the consistency of the calibration curves during the experiments among the three techniques and evaluate our calibration by comparing the measured brightness temperatures (T_Bs) to those estimated from a lake emission model (LEM). The mean absolute difference among the T_Bs calibrated using the three techniques over the observed range of output voltages during the experiments was 1.14 K. Even though IC produced the most consistent calibration curves, the differences among the three calibration techniques were not significant. The mean absolute errors (MAEs) between the observed and LEM T_B s were about 2-4 K. As expected, the utility of TC at C-band was significantly reduced due to transparency of the atmosphere at these frequencies. Because IC was found to have a MAE of about 2 K that is suitable for soil moisture applications and was consistent during our experiments under different environmental conditions, it could augment less frequent calibrations obtained using the EC or TC techniques     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of snow parameters using passive microwave remote sensing

Snow cover is an important variable for climatic and hydrologic models due to its effect on surface albedo, energy, and mass balance. Satellite observations successfully provide a global and comprehensive hemispheric-scale record of the short-term, as well as inter-seasonal variations in snow cover. Passive microwave sensors provide an excellent method to monitor temporal and spatial variations in large-scale snow cover parameters, overcoming problems of cloud cover. Using microwave remote sensing data, snow parameters (snow surface temperature, snow water equivalence, scattering index, emissivity, snow depth) have been retrieved to integrate with the snow cover simulation model developed by SASE for avalanche risk assessment on regional basis. Multispectral and multitemporal brightness temperature data obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), flown onboard the DMSP satellites, for the period November 2000 to April 2001 and from November 2001 to February 2002 have been analysed. A comparative data set on snow measurements and meteorological observations of a region covering large area of Pir-Panjal and the Greater Himalayan range, available on near real time basis from SASE field observatories were also used. Model calculations were carried out to study the effects of atmospheric transmission on the microwave radiation emitted from the snow covered and snow free ground and atmosphere. The sensitivity of combinations of the SSM/I channels at 19, 37 and 85 GHz, in both horizontal and vertical polarizations, in respect to snow depth, surface temperature of the snowpack have been carried out. Decision rule based algorithms are developed to identify snow cover and non-snow area.     

Effects of Resonances in Corrugated Horn Antennas for a 22-GHz Balancing Radiometer

The Stratospheric WAter vapor RAdiometer (SWARA) is a microwave radiometer designed for ground-based measurements of water vapor (H₂O) in the middle atmosphere (20 to 80 km), including the stratosphere and mesosphere. The instrument is operating in a noncryogenic balancing calibration mode. Since its deployment, features have been observed in the spectrum which can be attributed to resonant variations of the antenna pattern of the corrugated horn. This paper presents copolar and crosspolar antenna pattern measurements of two sister antennas of the SWARA horn, as well as water vapor measurements from both antennas on the ground-based microwave radiometer MI ddle Atmospheric WAter vapor RA diometer. We show that small irregularities in the frequency spectrum at the -20-dB level are visible in the copolar pattern, which, due to the balancing operation scheme used for the radiometer, lead to features in the spectrum that have the same or even higher brightness temperature as the line of interest.     

FY-3D微波成像仪非线性特征及计算方法优化

风云三号D星(FY-3D)微波成像仪采用10.65 GHz、18.7 GHz、23.8 GHz、36.5 GHz和89.0 GHz双极化通道对地表辐射信息进行测量,定标精度会直接影响遥感数据的准确性。影响定标精度的主要因素之一是成像仪系统的非线性特征,用物理参数-非线性系数表示。所以准确计算非线性系数是地面热真空定标试验的主要目的之一,在95-298 K范围内设置不同变温源温度点,每一个温度点对应一个非线性系数,这些非线性系数的平均值即是系统最终的非线性系数值。受系统原理和试验条件的限制,计算平均值时需要确定变温源温度的有效范围,目前使用的范围确定方法是设计师首先依据经验提出几组可能的温度范围,然后对比每个范围的定标结果,选出最优的温度范围。显然,这种方法很容易受到人为因素的影响,而且由于不具备遍历所有温度范围的试验条件,无法确定每个变温源温度点的有效性。为了准确获得非线性系数值,首先通过分析热真空定标试验数据证明非线性系数与场景亮温无关,然后提出了一种优化计算方法,采用t准则确定有效范围得到非线性系数值。对比优化前后两种方法的结果表明,新方法的非线性亮温拟合残差的平均值和标准差值以及非线性亮温的最大拟合值都减小了。由此可见,新方法在计算非线性系数时可以获得更准确的变温源温度范围,可以优化非线性亮温的拟合效果,并且将定标精度提高0.04 K,优化效果在10 GHz接收机以及环境温度较高时尤为明显。