海洋非潮汐变化对时变重力场的影响

基于全球海洋数值模式，估计了海水质量非潮汐变化对低阶地球引力场季节性变化的贡献。激发模型预测的大气、地表水、海洋潮汐和非潮汐变化对引力场的组合影响被用来与卫星激光测距(SLR)的观测值进行比较。结果表明，在季节性变化时问尺度上，为克服海洋数值模式的体积守恒近似而采用的质量守恒改正对△J2具有较明显的影响，对△J3的影响可以忽略，SLR观测的△J2周年和半年振幅介于海洋、地表水、大气(IB)和(NIB)的组合结果之间。     

利用GRACE和地球物理模型研究地球动力学扁率变化

作为一个旋转的扁椭球体,地球的动力学扁率J2变化主要是由各圈层相互作用和地球系统的物质流动所引起。当前,测定地球动力学扁率主要是通过卫星激光测距资料获得。本文利用GRACE月重力场模型、海底气压模型和冰期均衡调整模型等估计地球动力学扁率月变化ΔJ2,通过计算得到的C20时间序列与卫星激光测距(SLR)结果差别不大。通过计算分析,可以看出使用不同机构发布的GRACE数据产品,得到的季节变化时间序列的结果差别不大,与SLR结果非常接近,得出的C20时间序列在SLR方差百分比达70%。     

用SLR数据导出的地心运动结果

在利用卫星激光测距(Satellite Laser Ranging，简称SLR)资料研究地心运动时，将抗差估计和方差分量估计引入列数据处理中，根据1996年1月至2000年12月的Lageos2观测数据，分别采用直接法和动力法，计算出了2组相对于ITRF2000参考框架原点的地心运动序列。对计算结果进行了分析，得出了地心运动的平均值、变化速率及其周年项、半年项的振幅和相位，并与其他采用SLR资料计算的结果进行了比较。通过比较和分析，发现地心运动存在着近周年和近半年的周期分量，但地心运动的长期变化并不明显。     

低阶地球引力场长期变化的确定

利用约11年的Lageos人卫激光测距（SLR）资料,反演了地球引力场系数J2和J3变化的时间序列,分析得到每年的2＝(-2.6±0.4)×10-11,3＝(-1.2±0.4)×10-11及18.6年固体潮Love数k2=0.3154±0.0070,相位滞后ε=3.1°±2.0°.由此可以对地幔滞弹和地球各圈层的动力学变化及相互作用提供高精度的天文观测约束。为了提供高精度的J2和J3变化的时间序列,可能的误差源必须考虑,如自转速率变化引起的极潮,引力场系数Jn的低阶和高阶项之间的弱的耦合等。     

SNREI地球形变理论模拟研究进展

获取固体地球在内外力驱动下的形变特征是认识地球内部结构和动力过程的关键,全球和区域形变的观测与研究是高精度时空基准建立和维持的重要内容之一。本文系统介绍了地球形变理论模拟研究的主要进展,重点介绍了大气、海洋、陆地水和热在地表的负荷效应,以及内部的地震位错产生的形变问题。内容涉及基本的地球(热)弹性变形的初边值理论,及其有效求解方法与计算过程中遇到的困难及解决方案。最后在弹性形变的基础上,结合现今观测精度不断提高和人类活动对环境影响的背景,展望了未来在地球形变理论上的发展需求与应用前景。     

利用SLR反演地心运动

为获取地球质心运动,本文利用SLR卫星Lageos1及Lageos2反演了1阶球谐系数,并进一步计算了地球质心,获取了1993年-2006年地心运动时间序列。结果显示:1阶球谐系数C10、C11、S11量级为10-8;地心运动X方向振幅为25.5mm±3.2mm;Y方向变化在28.6mm±2.3mm;Z方向较大为35.0mm±4.3mm。     

陕西省GPS基准站垂直形变的陆地水负荷效应

基于GPS、GRACE以及GLDAS 3种数据从均方根、相关性、周年振幅和相位4个方面对陕西省22个GPS基准站的垂直负荷形变进行定量分析和研究,结果表明:陕西省GPS垂向形变时间序列中,陆地水负荷形变并不明显,其中GRACE的贡献值为11.7%,GLDAS的贡献值为11.0%;GPS与GRACE以及GPS与GLDAS的相关系数大于等于0.5的站点比例分别是63%和77%;对于振幅而言,GPS的振幅最大,GRACE的振幅其次,GLDAS的振幅最小。文中研究陕西省陆地水负荷形变的量值和特征,为获取更高精度的构造形变提供依据。     

利用GPS垂直位移反演云南省陆地水储量变化

地表质量的重分布会引起固体地球的弹性形变,GPS连续运行观测站能够精确测定地表负荷引起的地壳形变。本文通过模拟数据对利用云南省及其周边47个中国大陆构造环境监测网（陆态网）台站反演云南地区陆地水储量的可行性进行分析：以水文模型周年振幅为真值,计算47个台站点的负荷形变,同时加入随机误差构成模拟观测数据,最后采用模型反演陆地水储量变化;1000次的随机模拟试验表明利用当前GPS台站数据可有效地反演云南地区陆地水储量变化。基于上述结论,笔者反演了云南省2010—2014年陆地水储量变化,GPS反演结果表明：云南省陆地水变化呈现明显的地域分布特征,西南部高山地区的水储量周年变化高于东部平原地区;在时间尺度上,云南省大部分地区水储量在10月（夏季末）达到最大值,在4月（冬季末）达到最小值;云南省2010—2014年陆地水呈缓慢增长趋势,约为20 mm/a。通过GPS陆地水储量反演结果与GRACE、GLDAS以及TRMM数据综合对比分析,表明利用云南地区当前GPS台站可以作为独立观测量用于GRACE与GRACE Follow-on衔接期间的陆地水储量变化监测。     

全球海洋角动量变化及其大地测量的约束

海洋角动量变化与洋流、海水质量分布变化密切相关。基于美国马里兰大学SODA海洋同化资料 ,研究了 1985～ 2 0 0 1年期间全球赤道海洋角动量的变化。从数月到年际时间尺度 ,固体地球、大气、陆地水和海洋总角动量守恒。从固体地球角动量变化中扣除大气和陆地水角动量变化的影响 ,可以为海洋角动量的变化提供约束 ,用于检验所得全球海洋角动量变化的准确性。季节尺度上的分析比对显示 ,在赤道的格林尼治方向上 ,海洋角动量变化大于大气角动量变化 ,并与约束序列的变化具有高度一致性 ;在赤道东经 90°方向上 ,海洋角动量变化比大气角动量变化小一个数量级 ,并与 1985～ 1992年的约束变化呈现出一定的相似性     

联合GRACE与GPS比较山西省垂向地表形变

利用2009-05～2010-12共20mon的GRACE时变重力场反演了山西省境内陆地水储量变化造成的地表垂直位移,并与同期的GPS高程残差进行了比较。结果显示,对大部分CORS站而言,GRACE反演的水文地壳垂向形变与GPS高程残差时间序变化量均在-6～6mm之间;由二者提取的年周期信号平均振幅均为2.5mm左右,但是相位存在较大差异。由于GPS数据处理过程未考虑周日、半周日大气潮汐,高阶电离层,及非潮汐海潮的影响,这三项误差会传播到测站坐标的时间序列,对GPS周年信号产生影响,所以可以认为GRACE与GPS结果的差异更多的是来自GPS数据处理的误差。     

Black sea annual and inter-annual water mass variations from space

This study evaluates the performance of two widely used GRACE solutions (CNES/GRGS RL02 and CSR RL04) in deriving annual and inter-annual water mass variations in the Black Sea for the period 2003–2007. It is demonstrated that the GRACE derived water mass variations in the Black Sea are heavily influenced by the leakage of hydrological signals from the surrounding land. After applying the corresponding correction, we found a good agreement with water mass variations derived from steric-corrected satellite altimetry observations. Both GRACE and altimetry show significant annual water mass variations of roughly 7 cm amplitude peaking in May and a semi-annual signal of roughly 3 cm peaking in June and in December. The amplitude of the annual water mass signal varies significantly from year to year and is significantly larger during 2004–2006 than in 2003 and 2007. This is also in agreement with the steric corrected altimetry.     

Comparisons of atmospheric mass variations derived from ECMWF reanalysis and operational fields,over 2003–2011

There are two spurious jumps in the atmospheric part of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Atmosphere and Ocean De-aliasing level 1B (GRACE-AOD1B) products, which occurred in January-February of the years 2006 and 2010, as a result of the vertical level and horizontal resolution changes in the ECMWFop (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis). These jumps cause a systematic error in the estimation of mass changes from GRACE time-variable level 2 products, since GRACE-AOD1B mass variations are removed during the computation of GRACE level 2. In this short note, the potential impact of using an improved set of 6-hourly atmospheric de-aliasing products on the computations of linear trends as well as the amplitude of annual and semi-annual mass changes from GRACE is assessed. These improvements result from 1) employing a modified 3D integration approach (ITG3D), and 2) using long-term consistent atmospheric fields from the ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-Interim). The monthly averages of the new ITG3D-ERA-Interim de-aliasing products are then compared to the atmospheric part of GRACE-AOD1B, covering January 2003 to December 2010. These comparisons include the 33 world largest river basins along with Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets. The results indicate a considerable difference in total atmospheric mass derived from the two products over some of the mentioned regions. We suggest that future GRACE studies consider these through updating uncertainty budgets or by applying corrections to estimated trends and amplitudes/phases.     

基于IGS连续跟踪站的GPS高程时间序列分析

对全球分布的IGS连续跟踪站GPS高程分量时间序列,进行了小波多分辨率分析,发现各台站高程时间序列大都存在着季节性变化,这种以半周年项和周年项为主的季节性变化是由多种地球物理现象引起的,我们从多个方面分析了原因,并着重分析了大气压强的影响。利用分析的结果讨论了地壳垂直变化的规律,得出地球存在以半年和周年为周期的整体性扩张与收缩振荡运动,同时南北半球的变化规律存在差异的结论。     

Length-of-day and space-geodetic determination of the Earth’s variable gravity field

The temporal variations of the Earth’s gravity field, nowadays routinely determined from satellite laser ranging (SLR) and GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment), are related to changes in the Earth’s rotation rate through the Earth’s inertia tensor. We study this connection from actual data by comparing the traditional length-of-day (LOD) measurements provided by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) to the variations of the degree-2 and order-0 Stokes coefficient of the gravity field determined from fitting the orbits of the LAGEOS-1 and −2 satellites since 1985. The two series show a good correlation (0.62) and similar annual and semi-annual signals, indicating that the gravity-field-derived LOD is valuable. Our analysis also provides evidence for additional signals common to both series, especially at a period near 120 days, which could be due to hydrological effects.     

Geocentre motion measured with DORIS and SLR, and predicted by geophysical models

Geocentre motion signals measured by satellite geodesy and those predicted from the observed mass redistribution in the ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial waters over 1993.1–2003.0 are analysed and compared under two viewpoints: the amplitudes and phases of the seasonal components, and the spectral signature of the non-seasonal components. The geodetic signals partly match the geophysical variations in the seasonal band, with possible remaining annual and semi-annual errors in both techniques, at the millimetre level in the equatorial plane for Satellite laser ranging (SLR) and Doppler Orbitography and radiopositioning integrated on Satellite (DORIS), and at the centimetre level in T _z (Z-axis translation) for DORIS. Unlike SLR, the DORIS annual signatures in all three geocentre components have strongly varying amplitudes after 1996. The amplitude of the annual geophysical signal in T _y is slowly growing with time. All three geophysical fluids contribute to this effect. The magnitude of the geophysically derived long-term geocentre motion is of the same magnitude in the T _x , T _y and T _z directions, with a 0.5–1.0 mm Allan standard deviation for the 1-year sampling time, while the geodetic values are 2 mm in the equatorial plane for both SLR and DORIS, 4 mm for SLR and 9 mm for DORIS in the T _z direction. The mismatch of the geodetic signal with the geophysical one in the inter-annual band is suggested to be due partly to excessive geodetic noise and partly to underestimated geophysical signal.     

Seasonal global mean sea level change from satellite altimeter, GRACE, and geophysical models

We estimate seasonal global mean sea level changes using different data resources, including sea level anomalies from satellite radar altimetry, ocean temperature and salinity from the World Ocean Atlas 2001, time-variable gravity observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, and terrestrial water storage and atmospheric water vapor changes from the NASA global land data assimilation system and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis atmospheric model. The results from all estimates are consistent in amplitude and phase at the annual period, in some cases with remarkably good agreement. The results provide a good measure of average annual variation of water stored within atmospheric, land, and ocean reservoirs. We examine how varied treatments of degree-2 and degree-1 spherical harmonics from GRACE, laser ranging, and Earth rotation variations affect GRACE mean sea level change estimates. We also show that correcting the standard equilibrium ocean pole tide correction for mass conservation is needed when using satellite altimeter data in global mean sea level studies. These encouraging results indicate that is reasonable to consider estimating longer-term time series of water storage in these reservoirs, as a way of tracking climate change.     

Evaluation and validation of mascon recovery using GRACE KBRR data with independent mass flux estimates in the Mississippi Basin

The direct recovery of surface mass anomalies using GRACE KBRR data processed in regional solutions provides mass variation estimates with 10-day temporal resolution. The approach undertaken herein uses a tailored orbit estimation strategy based solely on the KBRR data and directly estimates mass anomalies from the GRACE data. We introduce a set of temporal and spatial correlation constraints to enable high resolution mass flux estimates. The Mississippi Basin, with its well understood surface hydrological modelling available from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), which uses advanced land surface modeling and data assimilation techniques, and a wealth of groundwater data, provides an opportunity to quantitatively compare GRACE estimates of the mass flux in the entire hydrological column with those available from independent and reliable sources. Evaluating GRACE’s performance is dependent on the accuracy ascribed to the hydrological information, which in and of itself is a complex challenge (Rodell in Hydrogeol J, doi:, 2007). Nevertheless, the Mississippi Basin is one of the few regions having a large hydrological signal that can support a meaningful GRACE comparison on the spatial scale resolved by GRACE. The isolation of the hydrological signal is dependent on the adequacy of the forward mass flux modeling for tides and atmospheric pressure variations. While these models have non-uniform global performance they are excellent in the Mississippi Basin. Through comparisons with the independent hydrology, we evaluate the effect on the solution of changing correlation times and distances in the constraints, altering the parameter recovery for areas external to the Mississippi Basin, and changing the relative strength of the constraints with respect to the KBRR data. The accuracy and stability of the mascon solutions are thereby assessed, especially with regard to the constraints used to stabilize the solution. We show that the mass anomalies, as represented by surface layer of water within regional cells have accuracy estimates of ±2–3 cm on par with the best hydrological estimates and consistent with our accuracy estimates for GRACE mass anomaly estimates. These solutions are shown to be very stable, especially for the recovery of semi-annual and longer period trends, where for example, the phase agreement for the dominant annual signal agrees at the 10-day level of resolution provided by GRACE. This validation confirms that mascons provide critical environmental data records for a wide range of applications including monitoring ground water mass changes.     

Decorrelated GRACE time-variable gravity solutions by GFZ,and their validation using a hydrological model

We have analyzed recent gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) RL04 monthly gravity solutions, using a new decorrelating post-processing approach. We find very good agreement with mass anomalies derived from a global hydrological model. The post-processed GRACE solutions exhibit only little amplitude damping and an almost negligible phase shift and period distortion for relevant hydrological basins. Furthermore, these post-processed GRACE solutions have been inspected in terms of data fit with respect to the original inter-satellite ranging and to SLR and GPS observations. This kind of comparison is new. We find variations of the data fit due to solution post-processing only within very narrow limits. This confirms our suspicion that GRACE data do not firmly ‘pinpoint’ the standard unconstrained solutions. Regarding the original Kusche (J Geod 81:733–749, 2007) decorrelation and smoothing method, a simplified (order-convolution) approach has been developed. This simplified approach allows to realize a higher resolution—as necessary, e.g., for generating computed GRACE observations—and needs far less coefficients to be stored.     

利用GPS和GRACE研究澳大利亚地壳垂向季节性变化

为探究重力场恢复与气候实验(gravity recovery and climate experiment,GRACE)卫星与全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)两种独立技术获取的因陆地水储量变化引起的地壳垂向季节性位移的一致性,选取澳大利亚27个GPS站点5～10 a的高程时间序...     

Geocenter variations derived from GPS tracking of the GRACE satellites

Two 4.5-year sets of daily geocenter variations have been derived from GPS-LEO (Low-Earth Orbiter) tracking of the GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) satellites. The twin GRACE satellites, launched in March 2002, are each equipped with a BlackJack global positioning system (GPS) receiver for precise orbit determination and gravity recovery. Since launch, there have been significant improvements in the background force models used for satellite orbit determination, most notably the model for the geopotential, which has resulted in significant improvements to the orbit determination accuracy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential for determining seasonal (annual and semiannual) geocenter variations using GPS-LEO tracking data from the GRACE twin satellites. Internal comparison between the GRACE-A and GRACE-B derived geocenter variations shows good agreement. In addition, the annual and semiannual variations of geocenter motions determined from this study have been compared with other space geodetic solutions and predictions from geophysical models. The comparisons show good agreement except for the phase of the z-translation component.