DEM线状窗口邻域分析的月表撞击坑自动提取

月表撞击坑是月球最直观、典型的地质构造单元,月表撞击坑的提取与分析对于揭示月球地质演化进程具有重要意义。本文基于撞击坑地形特征,利用美国月球勘测轨道飞行器(LRO)获取的100 m分辨率数字高程模型(DEM)数据,提出了一种线状窗口邻域分析的月表撞击坑自动提取方法。月海和月陆两个不同样区的试验结果表明:月海样区的最佳提取窗口为1×7和7×1,最佳提取阈值为4.5;月陆样区的最佳提取窗口为1×9和9×1,最佳提取阈值为6。对比目视识别结果,该方法对月表撞击坑的有效提取率达到78%;评价因子结果显示,该方法对撞击坑的提取精度达到77%以上,提取质量达到70%以上。     

基于Apollo图像的月表撞击坑自动提取

撞击坑是月表的主要形貌单元.研究月表撞击坑的形状与分布特征对描述月表撞击过程与演变规律有很大帮助.根据月表撞击坑的真实形状,提出了一套椭圆形撞击坑自动提取方法,其主要包括3个步骤:图像预处理、边缘检测与约束参数的Hough多椭圆分层检测.与人工提取结果比较,月表撞击坑自动提取的总体准确率在76％以上(其中比较大的撞击坑的检测率可以达到83％). 统计检测结果表明,当撞击坑的长半轴D＜ 160m时,其累积大小频率分布曲线撞击坑个数N与D-3.8有明显的线性关系.     

基于DEM数据的月表撞击坑自动提取研究

提出一种基于地形与形态学的撞击坑自动提取算法,该算法主要利用撞击坑的形态特征进行提取,利用形态学方法提高提取结果的连续性并去除提取结果中的噪声,使提取的撞击坑边界线更为简单,定位更加准确,易于存储与计算。该算法使用月球勘测轨道器照相机(LROC)提供的100 m分辨率DEM数据进行测试,测试结果显示该算法对于形态较为完整的简单撞击坑提取效果较好,提取的边界线较为准确且能够反映撞击坑的真实形态。     

融合嫦娥一号CCD影像与DEM数据的月球撞击坑自动提取和识别

针对现阶段月球撞击坑定量信息提取不足和误提取的问题,本文提出了一种融合CCD影像和DEM数据进行撞击坑的自动提取及识别的算法。（1）在太阳光照下,撞击坑的影像特征满足特定的规律,通过条件匹配在CCD影像中提取撞击坑;（2）在DEM中,利用撞击坑坑壁点的坡向值的连续性,对影像中误提取的撞击坑进行剔除;（3）在DEM中,利用撞击坑边缘点法向量的突变性,提取撞击坑边缘点并进行拟合,计算撞击坑的参数,通过坑底点云所占比例以及剖面线特征识别撞击坑的类型。经过“嫦娥一号”影像与DEM数据的验证,该算法在高纬度月球撞击坑分布均匀的区域应用效果较好。     

一种基于三维形貌的深空星体表面撞击坑自动提取方法

类地深空星体表面撞击坑的自动提取对着陆区选择、自主导航、星体演变研究具有重要意义。以三维形貌数据为基础,提出了一种基于等值线关系分析与形态学精确拟合的深空星体表面撞击坑自动提取方法。首先,从三维形貌数据中提取并保留满足圆度约束的等高线;其次,依据撞击坑的空间形态特征,分析这些等高线之间的相互关系,以初步确定撞击坑的位置;最后,应用形态学分析方法精确确定它们的边缘和位置信息。以月球月海带区域和火星水手峡谷东部区域的DEM数据进行实验,结果表明该方法与传统的撞击坑提取方法相比,具有更高的正确率、稳定性和实时性。     

透视投影下的月面撞击坑地形恢复算法研究

针对嫦娥三号将携带巡视器在月面展开科学探测任务过程中对高精度撞击坑地形的需求,提出了透视投影下基于SFS的月面撞击坑地形恢复算法。采用Lommel-Seeliger反射模型模拟月表反射,得到透视投影下的反射方程,通过撞击坑边缘点梯度约束以及地形表面连续性约束,将反射方程正则化,最终通过求解,实现了撞击坑在透视投影下的三维恢复。采用模拟影像和真实月面影像对算法的正确性和可行性进行了测试。实验表明,所提出的算法能够有效的进行透视投影下的撞击坑地形恢复,且精度高于现有SFS算法。     

基于主成分分析法的DEM粗差定位

规则格网DEM数据结构简单,易于存储,因而针对于它设计的粗差探测算法成果丰富,较为常用的有基于坡度信息算法以及基于参数统计方法。本文在现有算法的基础上,将主成分分析法应用到DEM粗差定位中,充分考虑DEM数据空间相关的特性,使粗差检测更为准确可靠。本文采用实测的ZX铁路线DEM数据对该算法进行检验,从试验结果可以得知,新算法不仅适用于生产者,也可面向最终用户。     

嫦娥二号影像密集匹配及DEM制作方法

嫦娥二号卫星搭载了一台两线阵CCD立体相机,以线阵推扫成像方式获取了覆盖全月球的7 m分辨率影像。与嫦娥一号影像相比,影像分辨率大大提高,月表地貌细节更加丰富,制作高分辨率月表DEM更加复杂而困难,现有的基于嫦娥影像制作方法难以满足应用需求。针对嫦娥二号影像特点,在基于RPC模型生成近似核线影像基础上,进行金字塔影像匹配,实现了原始影像的逐像素匹配;计算匹配点的月面坐标后,采用基于反距离插值方法生成月表三维地形;对于图像阴影等地形漏洞,采用基于径向基函数进行插值填补。试验结果表明,该方法生成的月表三维地形DEM数据,能准确真实地表达高分辨率的月表地形地貌细节,并较好地应用于嫦娥二号全月球三维地形DEM数据产品的生产任务中。     

利用嫦娥二号微波辐射计数据的全月亮温制图

中国嫦娥绕月卫星在世界上首次搭载了微波辐射计,用于获取不同深度月壤的微波辐射亮温,而这正是月壤厚度研究和月壤表层参数信息反演的基础。基于嫦娥二号的微波辐射计2C级数据,建立4个频率通道(3.0、7.8、19.35、37.0GHz)在不同纬度下的亮温日变化模型,并通过该模型对亮温数据进行时角校正,得到了正午时刻的全月微波亮温图。结合CCD影像和DEM数据比较的结果表明,处理后的亮温数据很好地反映了月球的地形特征及月表的反射率信息。基于高频的亮温数据对月球亮温异常区域进行了分析,发现其都是哥白尼纪的新鲜撞击坑。     

月球哥白尼纪次级坑的形态特征及其空间分布

月球次级坑是月球上的一种地质特征,易与初级坑相混淆,对月表定年影响大,同时对主撞击坑的撞击方向有一定的指示意义,因此识别和筛选出次级坑是一项重要的工作。综合考虑撞击坑空间分布位置和直径关系,选取哥白尼纪5个典型撞击坑为研究对象,基于遥感影像和地形数据,通过总结相关学者对特定形态指标与次级坑定量关系的研究,构建4个形态指标(不规则度、椭圆度、深径比、坑缘高度与直径比)及其参数范围,进行次级坑的智能化识别、提取与空间分布研究。最终识别出次级坑总数量为17 811个,在此基础上构建了包含位置、大小、形状、距离和方向5大类的数据库;并研究了距主坑边缘不同距离范围内次级坑的规模和空间分布特征;提出了基于次级坑主轴方向判定撞击坑入射方向的新方法。研究结果表明:①在规模大小上,月海次级坑直径大小主要集中在初级坑直径的(2. 7±0. 11)%以下;月陆次级坑直径大小主要集中在初级坑直径的(3±0. 3)%以下;在空间分布上,月海与月陆次级坑分布规律相一致,次级坑数量占总次级坑数量的90%时,其分布距离是最大分布距离的(57±7)%;②Tycho撞击坑的入射方向为W-E方向,Copernicus撞击坑和Kepler撞击坑的入射方向为SE-NW方向,Aristarchus撞击坑和Jackson撞击坑的入射方向为NW-SE方向。这些认识将对更准确地开展撞击坑撞击方向的研究提供参考。     

遥感制图与导航定位技术在嫦娥三号遥操作中的应用

系统介绍了嫦娥三号遥操作中基于影像的遥感制图与导航定位技术的应用方法。利用降落相机序列影像实现了嫦娥三号着陆器在嫦娥二号卫星影像上的高精度定位,并生成了着陆区高精度3维制图产品;利用导航相机立体影像生成巡视器周围地形产品,采用站间影像匹配定位和DOM匹配的方式实现了玉兔号月球车的连续高精度定位;将高精度的定位结果和制图产品应用于月球车遥操作任务规划中,为月球车的安全行驶和科学探测提供了精准的定位和3维地形信息。月球车月面巡视探测工作的顺利完成,验证了这些应用技术的可靠性。     

Harmonic maps

Harmonic maps are generated as a certain class of optimal map projections. For instance, if the distortion energy over a meridian strip of the International Reference Ellipsoid is minimized, we are led to the Laplace–Beltrami vector-valued partial differential equation. Harmonic functions x(L,B), y(L,B) given as functions of ellipsoidal surface parameters of Gauss ellipsoidal longitude L and Gauss ellipsoidal latitude B, as well as x(,q), y(,q) given as functions of relative isometric longitude =L–L₀ and relative isometric latitude q=Q–Q₀ gauged to a vector-valued boundary condition of special symmetry are constructed. The easting and northing {x(b,),y(b,)} of the new harmonic map is then given. Distortion energy analysis of the new harmonic map is presented, as well as case studies for (1) B[–40°,+40°], L[–31°,+49°], B₀= ±30°, L₀=9° and (2) B[46°,56°], L{[4.5°, 7.5°]; [7.5°, 10.5°]; [10.5°,13.5°]; [13.5°,16.5°]}, B₀= 51°, L₀ {6°,9°,12°,15°}.     

A comparison of geographic datasets and field measurements to model soil carbon using random forests and stepwise regressions (British Columbia,Canada)

We used geographic datasets and field measurements to examine the mechanisms that affect soil carbon (SC) storage for 65 grazed and non-grazed pastures in southern interior grasslands of British Columbia, Canada. Stepwise linear regression (SR) modeling was compared with random forest (RF) modeling. Models produced with SR performed better than those produced using RF models (r² = 0.56–0.77 AIC = 0.16–0.30 for SR models; r² = 0.38–0.53 and AIC = 0.18–0.30 for RF models). The factors most significant when predicting SC were elevation, precipitation, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). NDVI was evaluated at two scales using: (1) the MOD 13Q1 (250 m/16-day resolution) NDVI data product from the moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer (MODIS) (NDVI_MODIS), and (2) a handheld multispectral radiometer (MSR, 1 m resolution) (NDVI_MSR) in order to understand the potential for increasing model accuracy by increasing the spatial resolution of the gridded geographic datasets. When NDVI_MSR data were used to predict SC, the percentage of the variance explained by the model was greater than for models that relied on NDVI_MODIS data (r² = 0.68 for SC for non-grazed systems, modeled with SR based on NDVI_MODIS data; r² = 0.77 for SC for non-grazed systems, modeled with SR based on NDVI_MSR data). The outcomes of this study provide the groundwork for effective monitoring of SC using geographic datasets to enable a carbon offset program for the ranching industry.     

DEM Fusion using a modified k-means clustering algorithm

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are a necessary dataset for modelling the Earth’s surface; however, all DEMs contain error. Researchers can reduce this error using DEM fusion techniques since numerous DEMs can be available for a region. However, the use of a clustering algorithm in DEM fusion has not been previously reported. In this study a new DEM fusion algorithm based on a clustering approach that works on multiple DEMs to exploit consistency in the estimates as indicators of accuracy and precision is presented. The fusion approach includes slope and elevation thresholding, k-means clustering of the elevation estimates at each cell location, as well as filtering and smoothing of the fusion product. Corroboration of the input DEMs, and the products of each step of the fusion algorithm, with a higher accuracy reference DEM enabled a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of the DEM fusion algorithm. The main findings of the research were: the k-means clustering of the elevations reduced the precision which also impacted the overall accuracy of the estimates; the number of final cluster members and the standard deviation of elevations before clustering both had a strong relationship to the error in the k-means estimates.     

Rotation of the Earth as a Triaxial Rigid Body

The Earth is taken as a triaxial rigid body, which rotates freely in the Euclidian space. The starting equations are the Euler dynamic equations, with A smaller than B and B smaller than C. The Euler equations are solved, and the numerical results are provided. In the calculations, the following parameters are used: (C-B)/A=0.003 273 53; (B-A)/C=0.000 021 96; (C-A)/B=0.003 295 49, and the mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation, ω =0.000 072 921 15 rad/s. Calculations show that, besides the self-rotation of the Earth and the free Euler procession of its rotation, there exists the free nutation: the nutation angle, or the angle between the Earth's momentary rotation axis and the mean axis that periodically change with time. The free nutation is investigated.     

Improving a digital elevation model by reducing source data errors and optimising interpolation algorithm parameters: An example in the Loess Plateau,China

A hydrologically correct digital elevation model (DEM) forms a basis for realistic environmental modelling, especially in complex terrain. We have performed a study in the Coarse Sandy Hilly Catchments (CSHC) of the Loess Plateau, China, which demonstrates pragmatic, yet effective methods for improving the quality of the DEM by: (1) identifying and correcting source topographic data errors and (2) optimising ANUDEM algorithm parameters. Improvement in the DEM based on fixing over 1100 errors in the input topographic data, and optimising key ANUDEM parameters was assessed using higher accuracy independent validation of 32 contributing areas and 1474 spot heights, and by semi-quantitative analysis of DEM derivatives produced from ANUDEM and Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) algorithms. Improvement in the ANUDEM DEM over the original TIN DEM was shown where the percentage of the total absolute difference in contributing areas reduced from 10.43 to 3.51%, and the bias between the spot heights and DEM elevations reduced from 45 to 32 m. Large improvement in DEM quality was gained by using ANUDEM instead of TIN, with smaller improvement gained by fixing source data errors, and optimising ANUDEM parameters.     

过完备字典稀疏表示的云图超分辨率算法

提出一种基于过完备字典稀疏表示的云图超分辨率算法。首先,联合训练针对低分辨率与高分辨率云图块的两个字典Dl和Dh,保证对应的低分辨率与高分辨率云图块关于各自的字典具有相似的稀疏表示;其次,通过求解优化问题,获得待处理云图每个低分辨率云图块关于Dl的稀疏表示,并将表示系数用于Dh以生成对应的高分辨率云图块;最后,运用最速下降算法,得到满足重构约束的高分辨率云图。红外与可见光云图的数值实验验证了本文算法的有效性,表明本文算法在视觉效果及PSNR指标上均优于插值方法。     

Ability to detect and locate gross errors on DEM matching algorithm

Abstract

Digital elevation model (DEM) matching techniques have been extended to DEM deformation detection by substituting a robust estimator for the least squares estimator, in which terrain changes are treated as gross errors. However, all existing methods only emphasise their deformation detecting ability, and neglect another important aspect: only when the gross error can be detected and located, can this system be useful. This paper employs the gross error judgement matrix as a tool to make an in-depth analysis of this problem. The theoretical analyses and experimental results show that observations in the DEM matching algorithm in real applications have the ability to detect and locate gross errors. Therefore, treating the terrain changes as gross errors is theoretically feasible, allowing real DEM deformations to be detected by employing a surface matching technique.