CHZ重力仪在动态重力测量中的非线性问题

本文讨论了动态重力测量中CHZ重力仪的动态非线性问题，通过理论分析和计算，证明CHZ海洋重力仪本身的动态非线性误差是相当小的。在实验室正弦振动台上的实验结果也证实了这一点。当垂直扰动加速度为246伽时，CHZ海洋重力仪的动态非线性误差只有0.7毫伽。实验室振动实验还表明：CHZ海洋重力仪不但动态非线性误差比较小，而且动态特性也很好。     

海空重力测量数据处理关键技术研究

正海空重力测量是以舰船或飞机为载体,应用重力仪(或加速度计)测定海面或近地空中重力加速度的重力测量方法,是目前获取地球重力场中高频信息的两种主要技术手段。本文主要围绕海空重力测量运动载体精密定位、动态环境效应改正、数据滤波、误差分析处理与精度评估、航空重力数据向下延拓及多源数据融合处理等关键技术,开展分析论证、技术攻关和试验验证。论文的主要工作及创新如下:(1)研究了海空重力测量观测模型,完善了航空重力     

国产零长弹簧原理动态重力仪首次飞行试验及精度评估

CHZ-Ⅱ重力仪是首套完全国产零长弹簧原理航空重力仪,2018年4月在陕西渭南地区进行了首次飞行试验,共完成4个架次24条测线的有效飞行,标志着我国航空重力仪在自主研发的道路上又取得了长足的进步。利用飞行地区地面重力数据对CHZ-Ⅱ重力仪的测线扰动重力和格网扰动重力数据进行精度评估,其中空中测线在10 km分辨率条件下,精度达到1 mGal。采用地形辅助法对测量形成的5'测格网重力数据进行向下延拓,经延拓至地面后精度优于5 mGal,基本满足平原地区的测量需求。     

LaCoste & Romberg航空重力仪的零点漂移

概述LaCoste&Romberg(L&R)航空重力仪零点漂移的计算方法。以连续48天的实验室观测数据分析SA-1航空重力仪零点漂移的特点,以野外实测数据计算SA-1和SA-2两套航空重力仪的零点漂移。最后,简要给出航空重力测量数据处理中零点漂移的顾及方法。     

GT-2A航空重力仪静态测量实验及性能分析

设计静态测量实验和升降台实验对GT-2A航空重力仪的零漂率、分辨力和尺度因子进行分析。利用GT-2A定点静态连续观测数据、相对重力仪同步观测数据和固体潮模型计算的重力固体潮数据，计算了GT-2A的零漂率。固体潮改正之前和之后的计算结果表明，采用GT-2A连续静态观测数据计算的零漂率差值最大可达7.4 μGal/h；采用施测前后校准测量数据计算零漂率引入的代表误差最大为13.7 μGal/h。以上结果表明固体潮对零漂率的确定具有较大影响。测试GT-2A观测重力固体潮的能力，通过频域分析发现幅值超过30 μGal的分潮波会对GT-2A测量结果的幅-频特征产生影响，认为GT-2A的分辨力约为30 μGal。升降台实验中利用GT-2A测定重力垂直梯度，与相对重力仪测得的重力垂直梯度比较，计算出GT-2A实验量程内观测数据的尺度因子为-0.003 4 ±0.011 6。     

航空重力仪的动态检测

20 0 0年 3月 ,我们引进了国内首套 L acoste&Romberg航空重力仪。为检测其动态测量精度 ,研制了“正弦式航空重力仪检测平台”。在对该平台的设计原理作简要介绍后 ,详细讨论了检测数据的处理方法 ,然后对该航空重力仪的动态检测数据作了分析和比较。检测结果表明 ,该型仪器的动态测量精度与仪器标称精度相一致     

L&R航空重力仪摆杆尺度因子的确定与分析

讨论了K因子的实验确定方法，基于重力仪检测平台的检测数据和航空重力测量实测数据，分析了K因子对计算结果的影响。     

海空重力测量关键技术指标体系论证与评估

技术规程是开展海空重力测量作业的重要依据。针对我国现行海空重力测量规范或标准缺乏现势性的问题,开展了海空重力测量测线布设密度、测量精度、空间分辨率、海空重力仪零点漂移与动态重复性等关键性指标分析和论证,提出了由测点重力中误差、系统差和平均误差3个指标组成的测量精度评估体系,以及由格值标定相对精度、零点月漂移量、月漂移非线性变化中误差和月漂移非线性变化限差4个指标组成的海空重力仪稳定性评估体系,给出了相关技术指标的验证和评估方法,同时对涉及船载重力测量测点归算、航空重力测量厄特沃什改正、测量平台倾斜改正及海空重力测量精度评估等关键性数学模型进行了分析和改进,旨在为下一步启动军民融合海空重力测量作业规程编制工作提供技术支撑。     

CHZ海洋重力仪的三次海上测量

本文叙述了CHZ新型海洋重力仪的三次海上测量结果。测量与西德KSS-30海洋重力仪同船进行，因此测量结果可以比较，从441个交点计算的结果，CHZ海洋重力仪的测量中误差为±1.35毫伽，KSS-30海洋重力仪的测量中误差为±2.27毫伽。     

新研制的CHZ海洋重力仪

中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所已研制出新型的CHZ海洋重力仪。这是一种轴对称式海洋重力仪，具有零长弹簧、力平衡反馈、硅油阻尼、数字滤波及数据采集系统。它本质上不受C-C加速度影响，能在垂直加速度500伽及水平加速度200伽的恶劣海况下工作。本文叙述了仪器的工作原理、设计特点、及系统结构，发表了实验室和海上试验结果。实验室内对250伽的垂直加速度进行了试验，非线性误差小于1毫伽。1985年8月在南中国海CHZ海洋重力仪与波登湖厂KSS-30海洋重力仪进行对比试验，两架仪器不符值的均方值为±1.4毫伽。     

空中重力异常代表误差在空域和频域的比较分析

在空域,利用严密的向上延拓公式将地面重力数据上延至空中不同高度,而后与相应的地面重力数据比较从而得到不同高度的代表误差.在频域,构建了新的代表误差模型,计算了不同高度、不同分辨率下的代表误差.实际算例表明,在空域,对于地形平坦区域,在1 km高度以下,5'空中重力数据直接代表地面重力数据的误差小于1×10-5 m/s2...     

Airborne LaCoste &; Romberg gravimetry: a space domain approach

This paper introduces a new approach to reduce the airborne gravity data acquired by a LaCoste &; Romberg (L&;R) air/sea gravimeter, or other similar gravimeters. The acceleration exerted on the gravimeter is the sum of gravity and the vertical and Eötvös accelerations of the aircraft. The L&;R gravimeter outputs are: (1) the beam position, (2) the spring tension and (3) the cross coupling. Vertical and Eötvös accelerations are computed from GPS-derived aircraft positions. However, the vertical perturbing acceleration sensed by the gravimeter is not the same as the one sensed by the aircraft (via GPS). A determination of the aircraft-to-sensor transfer function is necessary. The second-order differential equation of the motion of the gravimeter’s beam mixes all the input and output parameters of the gravimeter. Conventionally, low-pass filtering in the frequency domain is used to extract the gravity signal, the filter being applied to each flight-line individually. By transforming the differential equation into an integral equation and by introducing related covariance matrices, we develop a new filtering method based on a least-squares approach that is able to take into account, in one stage, the data corresponding to all flight-lines. The a posteriori covariance matrix of the estimated gravity signal is an internal criterion of the precision of the method. As an example, we estimate the gravity values along the flight-lines from an airborne gravity survey over the Alps and introduce an a priori covariance matrix of the gravity disturbances from a global geopotential model. This matrix is used to regularize the ill-posed Fredholm integral equation introduced in this paper.     

Flight test results from a strapdown airborne gravity system

In June 1995, a flight test was carried out over the Rocky Mountains to assess the accuracy of airborne gravity for geoid determination. The gravity system consisted of a strapdown inertial navigation system (INS), two GPS receivers with zero baseline on the airplane and multiple GPS master stations on the ground, and a data logging system. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that a strapdown INS has been used for airborne gravimetry. The test was designed to assess repeatability as well as accuracy of airborne gravimetry in a highly variable gravity field. An east-west profile of 250 km across the Rocky Mountains was chosen and four flights over the same ground track were made. The flying altitude was about 5.5km, i.e., between 2.5 and 5.0km above ground, and the average flying speed was about 430km/h. This corresponds to a spatial resolution (half wavelength of cutoff frequency) of 5.07.0km when using filter lengths between 90 and 120s. This resolution is sufficient for geoid determination, but may not satisfy other applications of airborne gravimetry. The evaluation of the internal and external accuracy is based on repeated flights and comparison with upward continued ground gravity using a detailed terrain model. Gravity results from repeated flight lines show that the standard deviation between flights is about 2mGal for a single profile and a filter length of 120s, and about 3mGal for a filter length of 90s. The standard deviation of the difference between airborne gravity upward continued ground gravity is about 3mGal for both filter lengths. A critical discussion of these results and how they relate to the different transfer functions applied, is given in the paper. Two different mathematical approaches to airborne scalar gravimetry are applied and compared, namely strapdown inertial scalar gravimetry (SISG) and rotation invariant scalar gravimetry (RISG). Results show a significantly better performance of the SISG approach for a strapdown INS of this accuracy class. Because of major differences in the error model of the two approaches, the RISG method can be used as an effective reliability check of the SISG method. A spectral analysis of the residual errors of the flight profiles indicates that a relative geoid accuracy of 23cm over distances of 200km (0.1 ppm) can be achieved by this method. Since these results present a first data analysis, it is expected that further improvements are possible as more refined modelling is applied. Received: 19 August 1996 / Accepted: 12 May 1997     

航空重力向上延拓的外部精度评估

分别采用基于梯度、基于泊松积分和基于快速傅里叶变换（FFT）的地面重力向上延拓方案,并提出交叉检验方法估计地面重力数据误差及其空中误差传播,对毛乌素测区GT-2A航空重力测量系统采集的空中测线数据进行外符合精度评价。对比结果表明：地面重力格网插值误差和代表性误差对空中点的影响达到0.66~0.92 mGal（1 Gal=1×10^-2 m/s²）,航空重力数据误差估计必须扣除这一影响;基于泊松积分和基于FFT的地面重力向上延拓方法能够客观评价航空重力观测值的外符合精度,二者表现相当;扣除地面重力误差影响后,在包含残余边界效应的情况下,毛乌素测区GT-2A航空重力空中测线重力扰动的外符合精度优于1.42 mGal。     

海空重力测量及应用技术研究若干进展

总结分析评述了海军重力研究团队在海空重力测量及应用技术研究领域取得的一些有理论意义和实用价值的研究成果,主要涵盖需求论证与顶层设计、观测数据归算与精度评估、测量误差分析处理与分离补偿、地表观测重力向上延拓、航空观测重力向下延拓、海域重力数据模型构建、地球外部重力场逼近和大地水准面精化等8个研究方向,重点从各项关键技术的研究背景、研究思路、难点突破、成果应用前景等几个方面进行了分析和总结,回答了该研究领域涉及理论方法和工程应用的一系列科学问题,为该领域未来发展提供借鉴和参考。     

航空重力测量在近海区域的精度评估与分析

利用泊松积分法和点质量法对澳大利亚West Arnhem Land区域的航空重力测量数据进行了精度评估,两种方法得到精度结果基本一致,评估结果表明GT-1A测量系统2′分辨率数据的测量精度优于3×10-5 m/s2,5′分辨率数据的测量精度优于2×10-5 m/s2。利用交叉点平差和泊松积分法、点质量法对渤海区域的航空重力测量进行了内部交叉点平差和外部精度评估,结果表明,内部评估精度与外部评估精度存在一定的差异,以外部评估为准则,CHAGS测量系统在渤海区域5′分辨率的航空重力数据精度优于3.5×10-5 m/s2。综合国内外试验情况分析得到,在近海区域,航空重力数据的分辨率和精度受测量仪器的性能而不同,整体上对于5′分辨率数据而言,可以达到或优于3×10-5 m/s2的精度。     

亚洲航空重力测量现状

近十几年来，航空重力测量技术的研究和应用日趋活跃，已成为地球重力场研究中的热门领域之一。本文概述了亚洲的主要航空重力测量，包括台湾、日本、马来西亚和蒙古航空重力测量。文中最后介绍了我国自行研制的航空重力测量系统的概况。     

A comparison of stable platform and strapdown airborne gravity

To date, operational airborne gravity results have been obtained using either a damped two-axis stable platform gravimeter system such as the LaCoste and Romberg (LCR) S-model marine gravimeter or a strapdown inertial navigation system (INS), showing comparable accuracies. In June 1998 three flight tests were undertaken which tested an LCR gravimeter and a strapdown INS gravity system side by side. To the authors' knowledge, this was the first time such a comparison flight was undertaken. The flights occurred in Disko Bay, off the west coast of Greenland. Several of the flight lines were partly flown along existing shipborne gravity profiles to allow for an independent source of comparison of the results. The results and analysis of these flight tests are presented. The measurement method and error models for both the stable platform and strapdown INS gravity systems are presented and contrasted. An intercomparison of gravity estimates from both systems is given, along with a comparison of the individual estimates with existing shipborne gravity profiles. The results of the flight tests show that the gravity estimates from the two systems agree at the 2–3 mGal level, after the removal of a linear bias. This is near the combined noise level of the two systems. It appears that a combination of both systems would provide an ideal airborne gravity survey system, combining the excellent bias stability of the LCR gravimeter with the higher dynamic range and increased spatial resolution of the strapdown INS. Received: 3 June 1999 / Accepted: 30 November 1999