Integration of cadastral survey data into building information models

Cadastral surveying plays an important role in defining legal boundaries of land and property. The current practice for recording cadastral survey data mainly relies on 2D digital or analog documents. This practice is efficient for simple land parcels but can be challenged in complex building developments. To address the issues stemmed from 2D methods of representing cadastral survey data, 3D spatial information models can be considered as a viable solution for managing cadastral survey data. Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables colsslaborative 3D management of the design, construction, and operation of buildings. There have been extensive studies conducted to investigate the connectivity between BIM and 3D cadaster. Most of these studies focus on managing legal information, such as ownership boundaries and attributes, in BIM-based environments. However, there is limited investigation on how survey- ing measurements can be mapped into BIM. In this study, the proposed method for integrating the cadastral survey data into the BIM environment includes identifying cadastral survey requirements, using BIM entities relevant to cadastral survey data, enrichment of a BIM proto- type, and evaluation of the prototype. The major contribution of this study is to demonstrate the storage of cadastral survey data such as survey marks and traverse lines in the BIM environment. Therefore, this research contributes to the further enrichment of BIM with incorporating data elements related to cadastral surveying practices. It is confirmed that current BIM-based tools provide restricted capabilities for explicit management and visualiza- tion of cadastral survey data. This limitation can be addressed in the future enhancements of BIM in terms of supporting important elements for cadastral survey data.     

Construction of 3D Volumetric Objects for a 3D Cadastral System

This article presents a new method to illustrate the feasibility of 3D topology creation. We base the 3D construction process on testing real cases of implementation of 3D parcels construction in a 3D cadastral system. With the utilization and development of dense urban space, true 3D geometric volume primitives are needed to represent 3D parcels with the adjacency and incidence relationship. We present an effective straightforward approach to identifying and constructing the valid volumetric cadastral object from the given faces, and build the topological relationships among 3D cadastral objects on‐the‐fly, based on input consisting of loose boundary 3D faces made by surveyors. This is drastically different from most existing methods, which focus on the validation of single volumetric objects after the assumption of the object's creation. Existing methods do not support the needed types of geometry/topology (e.g. non 2‐manifold, singularities) and how to create and maintain valid 3D parcels is still a challenge in practice. We will show that the method does not change the faces themselves and faces in a given input are independently specified. Various volumetric objects, including non‐manifold 3D cadastral objects (legal spaces), can be constructed correctly by this method, as will be shown from the results.     

城市地下空间三维地籍的建立研究

随着城市社会和经济的发展,城市土地资源日益稀缺,有限的土地资源提供的地面空间远远不能满足城市社会经济发展的需求,土地资源开发已向地下空间方向发展。在大规模开发利用地下空间的背景下,三维地籍将在加强对地下空间信息的管理和社会经济发展规划中扮演越来越重要的角色。在分析三维地籍需求和建立三维地籍概念的基础上,探索了城市地下空间三维数据的获取要素和方法以及三维地籍图的模型和编制方法,对城市地籍管理有一定的参考意义。     

昆山地籍测量外业调查工作中几个重要方法和问题

主要介绍地籍测量的基本作业流程和作业方法，从数字地籍外业数据采集过程出发，探讨了数据采集过程中权属调查和界址点采集质量控制问题。     

Building 3D cadastral system based on 2D survey plans with SketchUp

Three-dimensional (3D) land development and utilization has become the trend for urban planning in the current metropolis.This paper presents a method for building a 3D cadastral management system from survey plans with SketchUp.It concentrates on the geometric representation and topological consistent maintenance of 3D cadastral objects.In this system a complete topological model is built to express the body construction and spatial relationships among 3D property units.SketchUp is used to automatically construct 3D models with attributes and thematic information from 2D survey plans.Spatial topologic relationships and operations are analyzed with the programming and development of Ruby language.The resulting system can manage 3D cadastral objects and manipulate them with spatial operations to support spatial analysis.     

城市三维地籍管理的研究

随着城市建设的不断向上、向下拓展,地下宗地、地上宗地渐渐成为地籍管理的一部分,传统的二维地籍管理系统开始不能满足最新地籍管理的需求,迫切需要引入三维地籍的理念,将二维不能描述的三维空间关系清晰得展示出来。本文在综合分析现有二维地籍管理系统优势的基础上,着重介绍了宗地的三维产权、三维地籍测量以及二三维混合管理模式,提出了目前情况下,建立三维地籍的整体思路,为三维地籍管理系统的建设提供一个参考。     

三维城市模型在城镇地籍管理中的应用

地籍管理是土地管理的基础,是国家依法管理土地权属、保护土地所有者和使用者合法权益而采取的行政措施。本文针对当前地籍管理中二维宗地图常因界址不明而引发土地纠纷的现状,在城镇地籍管理中引入了表达直观的三维城市模型。三维空间的交互浏览、界址点、界址线与三维城市模型的叠加、宗地信息的查询以及三维宗地图的制图输出改变了传统地籍管理的模式,在实践中取得了较好的效果,是未来城镇地籍管理的一种重要手段。     

土地资源整治中GPS应用的关键技术

首先介绍了静态GPS地籍控制测量方法,然后介绍了GPS RTK技术在数据采集方面的应用,最后结合具体的地籍测量应用实例,应用GPS技术,实现全天候、无需通视、实时获取控制点和采集点的3维坐标,无需再使用受光学观测条件影响的全站仪,为内业成图和整个测量工程项目提供快速、高效、可靠的技术保障。     

房屋物理模型在三维地籍中的表达

公寓是地籍系统中最具代表性并应以3D形式登记的不动产单元,其建筑结构及空间形态影响着各单元在三维地籍注册中所占据的空间,将房屋几何信息引入地籍系统可实现法定空间的准确表达。本文以ISO/TC 211土地管理域模型LADM为模板,基于地籍管理中"法定空间-物理结构"理论,将房屋物理模型引入LADM,以房屋或建筑物物理实体模型或几何信息为空间参照,在三维地籍系统中实现公寓单元"法定空间"的准确表达与登记。     

利用农村地籍调查成果更新地理信息公共平台居民地方法研究

省级地理信息公共服务平台数据的快速更新是困扰测绘生产单位的难题,通过试验利用同期完成的大比例尺农村地籍调查成果具有现势性强、精度高的优势,找准该数据用于DLG更新的切入点,对农村地籍要素进行分类与提取,基于自动综合更新技术模式,完成同期城乡数据的衔接及整合,实现行政区划单元范围1∶10 000DLG居民地要素快速更新,为以后省级地理信息公共服务平台数据的快速更新提供新思路。     

基于E-TEN模型的三维地籍实体信息组织方法

根据现有三维数据模型和地籍数据特点,在分析实体(E)和四面体格网(TEN)的基础上,对三维地籍实体信息组织进行研究,提出了基于实体-四面体格网模型(E-TEN模型)的三维地籍数据模型,其核心思想是实体作整体结构,TEN做局部结构。在数据结构中,通过特定方式(特殊属性值CX)将二者结合在一起。该模型能够实现地籍实体对几何、属性等综合信息的一体化组织,有利于实现复杂三维地籍实体三维空间数据的有效组织与管理。     

农村地籍调查数据组织方法探讨

地籍调查是以权属调查为核心，查清每一宗土地的位置、权属界线、数量、用途等基本状况，满足土地登记需要。地籍调查是土地登记的前期工作和法定程序之一。地籍调查按调查对象分为城镇地籍调查和农村地籍调查。目前农村地籍调查是在土地利用现状调查过程中同步完成的。农村地籍调查的主要成果是权属界线协议书、集体（国有）土地权属调查表（以下简称“一书一表”）。本文针对“一书一表”自动生成，探讨一种数据采集组织方法，以供参考。     

CASS在城镇地籍数据库建设中的应用

CASS地形地籍成图软件是基于AutoCAD平台技术的数字化测绘数据采集系统,而城镇地籍管理系统普遍采用GIS平台进行处理空间矢量化数据,另外地形、地籍属性等数据均需要无损导入GIS平台。结合某市1∶500城镇地籍数据库建设,浅析地籍数据库建设中利用CASS软件进行数据采集的方法,为国土管理部门提供参考。     

An Application Domain Extension to CityGML for immovable property taxation: A Turkish case study

It is generally acknowledged that immovable property taxes are one of the main revenue sources for local government. The literature emphasizes that the administration of property taxes needs well-developed inventories or registers that provide complete and accurate records of the taxed properties and their legal-economic attributes. This requirement is generally fulfilled by Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) in which the coordinate exchange and sharing of geo-spatial data is provided by separate registers/information systems such as: cadastral systems, building and address registers. Recently, the Open Geospatial Consortium presented a core component of a 3D SDI in the form of an international domain standard for representing, storing and exchanging 3D city models. The CityGML allows the semantic and 3D geometrical representation of physical objects but does not deal with the legal and administrative aspects of the city objects which are required for the process of property taxation. This paper outlines the development of an Application Domain Extension (ADE) for the immovable property taxation domain that expands the CityGML data model with the legal and administrative concepts defined in Turkish Law. The study shows that this ADE could be a 3D national data model for municipal information systems and facilitate a more efficient taxation process, as well as providing data for urban planning, facility management and other municipal services.     

农村集体土地使用权地籍调查探讨

为了加强农村集体土地产权制度建设,深化农村土地利用制度改革,就要开展农村集体土地确权登记发证工作。地籍调查是农村集体土地使用权登记发证的基础工作,目的是运用先进的数字化技术,采取权属调查、地籍测量与数据入库等程序建立完善的地籍信息化管理制度,为农村集体土地使用权发证提供数字基础和技术支持。     

四维宗地建模及其核心操作算法

传统地籍是基于某一时刻的土地二维剖分，不支持立体产权管理和时空权属查询，需要探索四维（三维空间+时间）地籍。四维宗地是四维地籍的登记客体，是宗地在四维空间的扩展，其创建、分割、合并与注销等操作是四维地籍最常用、最基本的功能。结合城市发展现状和地籍管理需求，分析时态产权特征，用UML建模四维宗地数据模型和基于拓扑数据模型的四维宗地操作算法。研究内容包括:①提出四维宗地数据模型；②提出基于"拉伸"的四维宗地创建算法以及基于分段时间的共享拓扑基元处理方法；③提出四维宗地的分割、合并算法。研究结果表明:四维宗地的构建为追踪产权的时空变化提供了理论借鉴和技术支持，也使得地籍管理向四维地籍迈进了一步。     

基于倾斜摄影和LiDAR融合的不动产测量应用研究

依托陕南某地地籍和不动产权籍调查项目,提出了一种结合地面三维激光扫描技术和倾斜摄影测量技术的混合作业新方案。两种技术的融合大大的提高了工作效率(数据获取速度是传统作业速度4倍以上)及数据采集精度(界址点误差小于3公分),满足对复杂空间权利的不动产权籍管理和登记需求。     

Advances in techniques to formulate the watertight concept for cadastre

The world’s rising urban density expansion has resulted in a proliferation of attempts to efficiently use space and a higher level of spatial complexity in metropolitan areas. 3D geospatial data models are increasingly being embraced to facilitate communicating the spatial dimensions of complex built environments in different applications. For example, the use of 3D models in land administration systems has been recognized as a good approach for communicating the spatial complexity of legal spaces within multi‐storey buildings. The spatial extent of legal space—to which rights, restrictions and responsibilities relate in a 3D digital cadastre—needs to be accurately defined and geometrically closed; watertight. Therefore, this study aims to address the challenges regarding checking the closure of diverse 3D legal spaces and engage several techniques to formulate the watertight concept for cadastre. The research’s methodology is built on a 3D polyhedral surface using a half‐edge data structure. A primitive check is employed to assess the spatial consistency of lower‐dimensional primitives of 3D objects. Subsequently, advanced closure checks ensure the closure of volumetric legal spaces represented by 2‐manifold and non‐2‐manifold data models. The article concludes that, by adopting the proposed approaches, the internal spatial consistency of legal spaces in urban land administration will be certified.     

基于"3S"的内外业一体化地籍变更模式研究

为促进现代测量技术和信息化成果在地籍管理工作中的应用,保证地籍数据的现势性,在传统地籍变更模式的基础上提出了基于“3S”的内外业一体化地籍变更模式及工作流程,并对该模式下进行地籍变更测量工作的相关问题进行了研究。     

城镇地籍数据建库技术研究——以汉寿县第二次土地调查地籍数据建库为例

城镇地籍数据建库是第二次全国土地调查工作的核心部分,其数据的质量、完善性等直接影响数据库的运行效率。依据第二次土地调查城镇地籍数据建库标准,以汉寿县城镇地籍数据建库为例,从数据准备、数据入库以及成果提交等方面阐述了城镇地籍数据库建设工作,研究了建库过程中出现的关键技术问题,为同类建库工作提供了可借鉴参考。