湿地景观演变与土地利用强度变化的响应关系——以银川平原为例

针对传统的湿地景观演变动态监测成果缺少空间分布特征和驱动力认知的可视化表达的问题,该文以银川平原为研究区,利用1989、1999和2010年3年的卫星遥感影像,通过遥感制图和基于半方差函数地统计学方法、灰色关联度理论等,分别获取了湿地景观演变规律图谱、土地利用强度演变规律图谱和湿地景观变化与土地利用强度变化响应关系图谱。基于以上图谱分析得到:1989—2010年期间,自然湿地(主要是河流湿地、湖泊湿地)面积持续减少,减少幅度有所降低;人工湿地(主要是水稻田湿地)面积大幅增加,湿地总面积呈增长趋势;土地利用方式对湿地景观变化影响显著,人类活动(城市扩张、农事活动)对湿地景观的演变起到潜移默化的作用。     

徐州市土地利用CLUE-S模型变化模拟

对徐州市1987年、1994年和2000年3期遥感影像图进行分析,利用面向对象的思想,采用多尺度分割法对影像进行分类,通过遥感影像的光谱特征,确定分类目标,获取该区过去13年间的土地利用/覆被时空变化特征。运用CLUE-S模型以1994年土地利用数据模拟了2000年的土地利用空间变化状况,并通过2000年实际遥感影像分类数据加以验证,结果计算出Kappa指数为0.846,达到精度要求,实例证明CLUE-S模型较好地模拟了徐州市的土地利用/覆被变化。最后运用CLUE-S模型以6年为1个时空尺度模拟该区未来12年的自然状态和生态保护状态下的土地利用/覆被变化特征。     

基于遥感和GIS的三江平原农业景观空间格局与土地利用变化研究

 在遥感和GIS技术支持下，运用景观生态学的基本理论与方法，结合土地利用/土地覆被变化特征，通过分析景观类型的斑 块大小、数量与形状特征以及主要景观要素间的转化关系，定量反映了1996~2000年三江平原景观数量结构与空间格局的变化。研 究表明，该时期人类活动的强度较大，耕地面积显著增加和林地、沼泽湿地面积逐渐减少相对应，林地、草地和沼泽湿地向较分散 小块分布发展，景观整体呈现破碎化的趋势。     

扎龙湿地利用变化分析

利用1989年、2000年和2008年3期扎龙湿地遥感资料,在ERDAS以及ArcGIS的支持下,通过监督分类与目视解译相结合的方法对影像进行分类以及分类后处理,以得到各种土地类型的面积,依据土地利用幅度的变化来研究土地利用类型变化,结果表明,研究区沼泽面积大量减少,盐碱地面积逐年增加,虽然人们开始退耕还草.增建人工湖泊,但湿地环境状况仍不容乐观.     

利用多时相遥感监测与分析黄河三角洲湿地变化动态

黄河三角洲湿地地区土地利用变化信息可为有关部门制定湿地保护和经济发展提供参考。本文选取2005、2009和2019年三时相黄河三角洲入海口周边,以及东营属地内黄河沿岸的Landsat 7 ETM＋遥感影像为数据源,采用监督分类方法研究土地利用类型,通过分析编码的变化判别黄河三角洲的土地利用转移情况,从而进行湿地变化动态分析。结果表明,研究区内2005—2009年湿地总面积减少了437 km²,呈减少趋势;2009—2019年湿地总体面积由2009年的930 km²变为2019年的998 km²,10年间研究区内湿地总体趋于稳定,并呈增长趋势;废弃三角洲海岸线发生缩减,黄河入海口位置发生变化。研究区内14年间土地利用类型转换频繁,湿地土地利用类型与非湿地土地利用类型形成动态转换系统。     

巴音河流域土地利用变化及驱动力分析

分析了近27 a青海省海西州巴音河流域土地利用时空变化,可为流域生态环境保护、土地利用方式优化和尕海国家湿地公园建设提供依据。在野外考察基本土地利用类型基础上,利用1990年、2000年、2010年和2017年Landsat卫星影像使用随机森林分类方法获取4期土地利用现状信息,通过运用转移矩阵、重心迁移模型定量计算,从面积变化、类型转化和空间格局变化三方面研究该流域土地利用变化时空特征,应用主成分分析方法定量确定了驱动因素。结果表明：在研究时间段内,林地、水域、草地面积先减少后增加;建设用地面积持续增加,耕地面积先增加后减少;耕地、建设用地、水域重心迁移明显,耕地、建设用地重心向西南方移动,水域重心向东北方移动。人类活动是流域土地利用变化最主要的原因,近年来温度升高和降水量的增加也是土地利用类型发生变化的重要因素。     

双台河口保护区湿地景观格局变化研究

在分析国内外主要湿地分类系统、总结有关湿地分类方法的基础上,结合双台河口保护区的实际情况,建立了适合研究区的湿地景观分类体系。利用1988年、2001年和2007年三个时相的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,分析研究区内湿地景观类型的变化特点,以及影响研究区湿地景观格局变化的主要因素。分析结果表明:从1988年到2007年,研究区内以天然湿地为主,但天然湿地面积呈减少趋势,比重从72.68%降到56.64%;人工湿地面积比重逐渐上升,从2.93%上升到11.86%,增加量为1988年人工湿地面积的3.04倍;非湿地面积的比重从24.38%变化到31.50%。人为因素已成为研究区湿地景观格局变化的主导因素。     

三峡库区近30年土地利用时空变化特征分析

利用三峡库区1975年、1987年、1995年、2000年和2005年的遥感影像数据,提取各期土地利用图。以各期土地利用图为基础图件,利用G IS技术,分析了三峡库区各期土地利用类型的数量、空间分布及变化趋势,分析表明库区的耕地、林地和草地都在减少,库区近30年建设用地和河流水面的增加最为明显。同时引入土地利用变化的景观特征指数、土地利用变化速度、土地利用程度指数来总结三峡库区近30年来土地利用变化的主要时空变化特征。采用多种特征指数相结合的研究方法,有利于了解三峡库区土地利用变化的特征,可以进一步指导库区的土地利用规划,为库区的生态环境保护提供参考。     

槟城土地利用及景观格局动态变化分析

土地利用及景观格局变化对城市的发展具有重要意义,为全面了解槟城1990年～2018年土地利用及景观格局变化情况,利用指数分类法和纹理特征判断相结合的方法对槟城1990年的TM和2018年的OLI遥感影像进行土地利用分类,依据转移矩阵和景观指数对槟城土地利用及景观格局变化进行分析。结果表明:近28年来,槟城土地利用发生明显变化,其中建设用地面积增加138.63km~2,种植园以每年1.56%的速率减少,主要转化为建设用地和林地;林地和水体破碎度增高,耕地、种植园、建设用地、未利用的破碎度降低;林地和建设用地最大斑块指数增高,耕地和种植园降低,水体和未利用地则变化微小。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的神农架大九湖湿地土地利用类型变化及其驱动力分析——来自长时间尺度多源遥感信息的约束

大九湖湿地是华中地区少有的亚热带高山湿地。建国以来,大九湖湿地经历了多次大规模的开发导致该湿地被严重破坏,2005年实施的"大九湖湿地保护与恢复及公园建设工程"使得湿地功能得到一定恢复。为了解大九湖湿地近期土地利用类型的变化状况,本研究结合实地调查及前人工作,构建了大九湖湿地9种土地利用类型,利用2005年、2011年和2017年的高分辨率遥感影像及2018年的无人机影像进行土地利用解译,研究了3个时期土地利用的动态变化和类型转换,探索湿地变迁的原因及其驱动力。结果表明,2005—2011年间,新增了湖泊(84.41 hm~2)这一类型,主要由旱生草甸、林地和农田转化而来。面积减少最多的是农田,主要向旱生草甸和湿生草本沼泽转化。2011—2017年间,新增了中生草甸(80.07 hm~2)这一类型,主要由湿生泥炭沼泽、湿生草本沼泽和旱生草甸转化而来。面积减少最多的是农田,主要向旱生草甸转换。总之,研究时段内,大九湖湿地类型和面积均呈增加趋势,湿地景观得到一定恢复,湿地生态环境有所改善。驱动力分析表明,湿地自然保护区的设立及一系列有效的湿地生态恢复工程是大九湖湿地土地利用变化的最主要驱动力。本文研究结果可为湿地的恢复和保护提供参考和建议。     

GlobeLand30湿地细化分类研究

基于30 m地表覆盖数据产品完成湿地精细化分类,能够更好地满足当前较高分辨率及较详尽全球湿地数据的应用需求。本文在深入分析湿地分类体系与细化方法的基础上,提出以湿地细化类别的定义、多元知识的分层分类、亚类数据精细化提取为主线的总体研究思路,制定了基于先验知识的对象系统筛选、基于森林数据的同位像元提取、基于最佳阈值的极大似然掩膜的主体分类方法,并应用于数据生产实践获得8个亚类信息。该方法克服了常规手段普遍存在的周期长、效率低等弊端,实现了全球较高分辨率湿地亚类数据的快速精确制图,总体分类精度达82.6%,对地理世情及其他地表覆盖研究具有借鉴意义。     

Comparative analysis of land use/cover change trajectories and their driving forces in two small watersheds in the western Loess Plateau of China

To prevent soil loss and achieve better ecological environments, soil conservation measures have been taken during the past decades in the western Loess Plateau of China. In this paper, a case study was taken in Luoyu valley and Lver valley, two sub-watersheds of Xihe watershed and comparison was carried out between them. The main object of this study is to monitor land use/cover changes in the two similar small watersheds utilizing SPOT5 imageries by object-oriented human–computer interactive classification method, further develop the method of spatio-temporal analysis of land use/cover change by using pattern metrics of change trajectories and relative land use suitability index (R) in smaller watersheds, and make comparisons between the two similar small watersheds, taking water and soil conservation measures into consideration. Results show that combining GIS and RS, this method can be perfectly applied to make comparisons between different small watersheds with similar geographical backgrounds. And land use/cover spatiotemporal dynamic change characteristics can be preferably expressed by pattern metrics of change trajectories and R values based on topographical data. Different emphases have been laid according to their own geological backgrounds in the two watersheds and human activities have different effects on the landscapes of the two watersheds. The main change pattern is from slope farmland to terrace (322, the largest in Luoyu valley) or to economic fruit forest (344, the largest in Lver valley). R value of every slope grade in both of the two watersheds drops with the rising of slope degree on the whole and it shows that there is still much to do for people in the two watersheds in consideration that all the R values are still lower than 0.7.     

Production of global land cover data – GLCNMO

Abstract

Global land cover is one of the fundamental contents of Digital Earth. The Global Mapping project coordinated by the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping has produced a 1-km global land cover dataset – Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations. It has 20 land cover classes defined using the Land Cover Classification System. Of them, 14 classes were derived using supervised classification. The remaining six were classified independently: urban, tree open, mangrove, wetland, snow/ice, and water. Primary source data of this land cover mapping were eight periods of 16-day composite 7-band 1-km MODIS data of 2003. Training data for supervised classification were collected using Landsat images, MODIS NDVI seasonal change patterns, Google Earth, Virtual Earth, existing regional maps, and expert's comments. The overall accuracy is 76.5% and the overall accuracy with the weight of the mapped area coverage is 81.2%. The data are available from the Global Mapping project website (http://www.iscgm.org/). The MODIS data used, land cover training data, and a list of existing regional maps are also available from the CEReS website. This mapping attempt demonstrates that training/validation data accumulation from different mapping projects must be promoted to support future global land cover mapping.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of land use/cover changes in Nanchang area,China

Based on remote sensing and Geographic Information System techniques, multi-temporal Landsat data were used to monitor land use/cover changes (LUCC) in the Nanchang area during 1989–2010. Quantitative and spatiotemporal indicators derived from the transition matrix for overall changes, intensity analysis for inter-category transitions, and spatiotemporal analysis of intra-category variations were constructed to analyze the spatiotemporal LUCC evolution. The study results show that urban and industrial land rapidly and continually expanded. The spatial extent of rural settlements shrunk while their distribution density increased. Cultivated land showed a tendency of spatially continuous loss and fragmented distribution, whereas the spatial pattern of forest tended to concentrate. The extents of ponds and reservoirs remained stable, but spatial changes were obvious. Rivers and bottomlands decreased significantly and tended toward fragmentation. The overall LUCC pattern showed that construction land rapidly sprawled while cultivated land decreased substantially, indicating an accelerating stage of urbanization and industrialization. Although rigid land requirements for urbanization had to be satisfied, land development and consolidation across forests and water body areas, as well as adjustment of agricultural structure, laid the foundation for a transition toward intensive land use in the Nanchang area.     

Study of coastal wetland classification based on decision rules using ALOS AVNIR-2 images and ancillary geospatial data

Wetlands play irreplaceable key roles in ecological and environmental procedures. To make effective conservation and management, it is essential to understand the wetlands’ distribution and changes. In this study, an approach based on decision rules algorithm in conjunction with maximum likelihood classification is proposed for coastal wetland mapping using multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery and ancillary geospatial data. As a case study, Multi-temporal Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 images acquired by Japanese Advanced Land Observation Satellite are analysed to investigate the seasonal change pattern of coastal wetlands in Washington State, USA. Geospatial data, including Digital Elevation Model and spatial neighbourhood knowledge, are further integrated to characterize wetland features and discriminate classes within a certain elevation ranges. The final result is a refined coastal wetland map with 15 land cover categories. Preliminary evaluation of the final result shows that the proposed approach is effective in coastal wetland mapping.     

基于多尺度分割算法的湿地干扰格局研究

以三江平原具有典型湿地特征的建三江区为例,首先采用不同时间段归一化植被指数（NDVI）差值的变化监测人类活动改变的土地利用变化程度,然后结合遥感图像多尺度分割法,分析湿地系统的8种类型空间干扰格局,计算干扰度（PD）、干扰邻近度（PDD）及二者的相关性。结果表明：研究区土地利用类型变化对多尺度干扰格局的分布有明显影响,耕地、草地和沼泽地总干扰率较高,变化频繁;水域、林地和沼泽在干扰类型C1、C2中分布较广,但干扰值低,面积小;耕地分别占干扰类型C7、C8的74.38%和61.76%,干扰值高且面积大,说明耕地是建三江区湿地系统的主要干扰源。干扰邻近度说明干扰在一定尺度上发生,当干扰度PD＆lt;0.4或PD＆gt;0.7,且干扰邻近度PDD＆gt;PD时,干扰对周边土地类型必定产生影响。本研究为湿地生态系统脆弱性和恢复力的评价提供有效的生态特征指标。     

Land use and land cover changes over a century (1914–2007) in the Neyyar River Basin,Kerala: a remote sensing and GIS approach

Abstract

Land use and land cover change, perhaps the most significant anthropogenic disturbance to the environment, mainly due to rapid urbanization/industrialization and large scale agricultural activities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to appraise land use/land cover changes over a century (1914–2007) in the Neyyar River Basin (L=56 km; Area = 483.4 km²) in southern Kerala – a biodiversity hot spot in Peninsular India. In this study, digital remote sensing data of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite series I-D (LISS III, 2006–2007) on 1:50,000 scale, Survey of India (SOI) toposheet of 1914 (1:63,360) and 1967 (1:50,000) have been utilized to map various land use/land cover changes. Maps of different periods have been registered and resampled to similar geographic coordinates using ERDAS Imagine 9.0. The most notable changes include decreases in areas of paddy cultivation, mixed crops, scrub lands and evergreen forests, and increases in built-up areas, rubber plantations, dense mixed forests, and water bodies. Further, large scale exploitation of flood plain mud and river sand have reached menacing proportions leading to bank caving and cut offs at channel bends. Conservation of land and water resources forms an important aspect of ecosystem management in the basin.     

Effects of heterogeneous land use/cover types on river channel morphology in the Solo River catchment,Eastern Uganda

In the tropics, unmonitored land use/cover types cause significant effects on the narrowing and widening of river channels which affects the integrity of water resources. River channel planform extent was characterized using Landsat images, while water and bedload samples were collected and analysed for a period of one year. The results revealed that in 1986, the channel planform covered 3.7 sq km in length than in 2013 where it increased to 4.2 sq km. Wetland (537.1mgl^?1) and bushland (186.3mgl^?1) cover types had the highest concentration of suspended sediments. Fine sand (0.25 mm), silty sand (1 mm) and silty clay (0.125 mm) bedload particle types dominated the riverbed along the channel from the sampled land use/cover types. The high concentration of sediments, bedload materials, bank instability, and streamflow were significant contributors to the narrowing and widening of the channel (p < 0.05). Agricultural land use was the major contributor of channel aggradation (0.8 m) and degradation (0.25 m) compared to tree plantations, bushlands, forest and wetland cover types.     

“3S”技术在四川生态环境动态监测中的应用研究

为有效实现四川省生态环境的动态监测,运用RS、GIS和GPS技术,以2004年中巴资源卫星(CBERS-02)遥感影像数据为信息源,2000年TM遥感影像解译的数据为基础,对2004年遥感影像进行解译,修改2000年数据库;手持GPS接收机,在野外对解译成果进行验证,更新数据库;利用GIS技术的空间分析功能,提取出2000～2004年期间土地利用/覆被变化信息,得到2000～2004年期间四川省高精度的土地利用/覆被变化数据库。最后对四川省土地利用/覆被变化信息进行分析,对四川省生态环境的下一步研究指名了方向。     

Quantifying urban land cover change between 2001 and 2006 in the Gulf of Mexico region

We estimated urbanization rates (2001–2006) in the Gulf of Mexico region using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 and 2006 impervious surface products. An improved method was used to update the NLCD impervious surface product in 2006 and associated land cover transition between 2001 and 2006. Our estimation reveals that impervious surface increased 416 km² with a growth rate of 5.8% between 2001 and 2006. Approximately 1110.1 km² of non-urban lands were converted into urban land, resulting in a 3.2% increase in the region. Hay/pasture, woody wetland, and evergreen forest represented the three most common land cover classes that transitioned to urban. Among these land cover transitions, more than 50% of the urbanization occurred within 50 km of the coast. Our analysis shows that the close-to-coast land cover transition trend, especially within 10 km off the coast, potentially imposes substantial long-term impacts on regional landscape and ecological conditions.