利用IGRA2探空数据和COSMIC掩星资料对FY-3C掩星中性大气产品进行质量分析

根据IGRA2无线电探空数据和气象、电离层和气候卫星联合观测系统(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate, COSMIC)掩星资料,对2015—2017年包含折射率、温度和比湿廓线在内的FY-3C掩星中性大气产品进行质量分析。结果表明:FY-3C掩星折射率廓线25 km以下整体无系统偏差,相对偏差标准差≤5%;温度廓线存在系统负偏差,标准差≥1.5 K;比湿廓线越趋地表质量越低,5 km下标准差≤1.2 g/kg。总体而言,FY-3C掩星数据质量较好,在2015—2017年间逐年提高,但在近地面和25km以上有待进一步提高。对2017年产品的进一步分析表明:就季节而言,折射率廓线和温度廓线质量均在冬季最差,比湿廓线质量在夏季最差;就纬度带而言,折射率廓线在低纬度带质量最差,温度廓线质量的分纬度带比较结果在不同高度范围存在差异,比湿廓线在低纬度带质量明显低于中高纬度带;此外,FY-3C掩星大气产品数据质量随昼夜和海陆变化也存在一定差异。     

临近空间大气参数误差特性分析

为定量分析临近空间大气环境参数的准确性,利用10年以上的TIMED和ENVISAT卫星探测数据,以及根据理想气体状态方程和地转风公式计算出的密度和风场结果,统计得到大气温度、密度、纬向风、经向风和合成风的分布,并与中国参考大气开展对比验证,分析中国区域内临近空间大气参数误差随高度、纬度和经度的季节变化规律,对于临近空间卫星数据应用、环境特性分析和气象保障具有重要意义。研究表明:温度偏差在55 km高度以上的春季和秋季沿纬向逐渐减小,密度偏差随高度降低逐渐增大,沿经向在30 km高度以下存在偏差较大的经度带。纬向风偏差在夏季随高度的变化特征明显不同,沿纬向在40—70 km高度逐渐减小;经向风偏差在40 km高度以下沿纬向均匀分布,且季节性差异较小;合成风偏差随高度的震荡特征明显,沿纬向在秋季的40—60 km高度先减小后增大,沿经向在春季的30—45 km高度呈不断减小趋势。     

雾灵山山基掩星观测反演误差分析

运用山基GPS掩星探测技术对2005年8月河北雾灵山山基GPS掩星观测试验数据进行了处理,获得了接收机高度以下的大气折射率廓线;分析了掩星反演结果的内部符合情况,并利用同时进行的联合探空观测数据,将探空结果与掩星反演结果进行了比对分析.分析结果表明,山基GPS掩星反演大气折射率的内部符合精度优于1%,与常规探空结果的平均偏差为5.9%.反演结果偏小,标准偏差为5.6%.     

利用COSMIC掩星折射率数据研究中国陆地区域对流层顶高度的时空特征

利用折射率协方差变换法采用2007—2014年COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate)掩星观测数据研究了中国陆地区域对流层顶高度的时空变化特征。实验结果表明:中国陆地区域的对流层顶高度随纬度变化,呈现出"南高北低"的格局;而对流层顶处的温度和压强分布与高度分布相反。同时,中国陆地区域内对流层顶高度表现出较强的季节相关性,中国大部分陆地地区通常夏季对流层顶最高,冬季对流层顶最低;但在低纬地区(16°N～26°N)表现相反。在30°N～40°N之间的亚热带区域四季的变化较为显著,且存在明显的等值线。采用中位数斜率回归法分析了2007—2014年中国陆地区域对流层顶高度的年际变化,发现中国陆地区域对流层顶高度平均每年升高6.3 m,温度平均每年下降0.002 K,压强平均每年下降0.15 hPa。     

利用FY-3C折射率对大气边界层高度的反演与分析

2013年中国发射了首颗进行全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)掩星观测的气象卫星风云3号C星(Fengyun-3C,FY-3C),且已发布自2014年6月以来的FY-3C掩星大气产品,但目前还未见将其应用于大气边界层的相关研究。首次尝试利用FY-3C折射率产品确定边界层高度并进一步进行空间分布分析。结果表明,在小波协方差变换法基础上,进行尖锐度约束,能够确定FY-3C掩星低层大气折射率廓线中可能存在的突变,反演边界层高度。所得到的2015―2018年各年边界层高度全球分布在不同纬度及海洋和陆地上的差异基本体现了边界层与地表气候及地形的关系,但FY-3C折射率产品在低层大气的精度和垂直分辨率相对较低。因此,反演成功率总体上较低,反演结果对边界层高度空间分布细节特征的呈现仍有待提升。     

临近空间大气参数误差特性分析

正(《遥感学报》2017年第1期)为定量分析临近空间大气环境参数的准确性,利用10年以上的TIMED和ENVISAT卫星探测数据,以及根据理想气体状态方程和地转风公式计算出的密度和风场结果,统计得到大气温度、密度、纬向风、经向风和合成风的分布,并与中国参考大气开展对比验证,分析中国区域内临近空间大气参数误差随高度、纬度和经度的季节变化规律,对于临近空间卫星数据应用、环境特性分析和     

利用FY3C与FY3D GPS掩星资料研究中低纬地区偶发E层形态的比较

偶发E层(sporadic E, Es)是主要发生在90~120 km高度的电子密度显著增强的电离层薄层,Es层的存在会导致掩星观测中全球导航卫星系统信号强度和相位的强烈波动。利用2019-01—2021-12风云三号C（Fengyun-3C,FY3C）和风云三号D(Fengyun-3D,FY3D)卫星GPS（global positioning system）掩星观测的50 Hz信噪比数据提取Es层信息,进而对两颗卫星数据分别反演得到的60°S~60°N中低纬地区Es层发生率的时空分布及季节变化进行比较。结果发现,虽然两颗卫星掩星资料得到的Es层发生率分布形态基本一致,均反映了Es层的发生率与地磁场和中性大气背景风场的相关性,但在大部分季节和地区,由FY3D得到的Es层发生率低于由FY3C得到的结果,北半球夏季中纬地区尤为明显,而FY3C反演结果与基于电离层与气候星座观测系统掩星数据的反演结果更为接近。导致差异的可能原因包括两颗卫星信噪比廓线的上边界高度分布和地方时覆盖上的差异、两颗卫星掩星接收机噪声水平的差异等。上述结果表明,后续融合两颗卫星的掩星数据进行Es层相关研究时,可能需要顾及两颗卫星接收机的不同噪声水平,在Es层发生的判定策略上进行针对性调整。     

利用COSMIC/GPS掩星干温及干压资料探测对流层顶的高度

从COSMIC/GPS无线掩星的折射率产品中分离出大气干温度和干压强。通过计算干温度随干压强变化的递减率(DTLR)来探测对流层顶的高度。选取2013年第346 d中58次掩星事件进行试算,并将DTLR试验结果同CPT(Cold Point Temperature)法和WMO(World Meteorological Organization)法确定的对流层顶以及无线探空产品和Era-Interim产品估算的对流层顶进行了比较和统计。验证结果表明,利用COSMIC(Constellation Observation System of Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate)掩星干温度产品递减率变化探测对流层顶是可行的。     

用CHAMP卫星资料反演地球中性大气参数

介绍了利用GPS掩星反演地球中性大气参数的原理.在实际解算中,总结出用迭代法解多普勒观测方程、数值积分法求大气折射指数、用最小二乘法模拟大气折射指数与高度的函数关系.对特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

用CHAMP卫星资料反演地球中性大气参数

介绍了利用GPS掩星反演地球中性大气参数的原理.在实际解算中,总结出用迭代法解多普勒观测方程、数值积分法求大气折射指数、用最小二乘法模拟大气折射指数与高度的函数关系.对特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

Quality assessment of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 GPS radio occultation data derived from single- and double-difference atmospheric excess phase processing

This study evaluates the quality of GPS radio occultation (RO) atmospheric excess phase data derived with single- and double-difference processing algorithms. A spectral analysis of 1 s GPS clock estimates indicates that a sampling interval of 1 s is necessary to adequately remove the GPS clock error with single-difference processing. One week (May 2–8, 2009) of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 data are analyzed in a post-processed mode with four different processing strategies: (1) double-differencing with 1 s GPS ground data, (2) single-differencing with 30 s GPS clock estimates (standard COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center product), (3) single-differencing with 5 s GPS clocks, and (4) single-differencing with 1 s GPS clocks. Analyses of a common set of 5,596 RO profiles show that the neutral atmospheric bending angles and refractivities derived from single-difference processing with 1 s GPS clocks are the highest quality. The random noise of neutral atmospheric bending angles between 60 and 80 km heights is about 1.50e−6 rad for the single-difference cases and 1.74e−6 rad for double-differencing. An analysis of pairs of collocated soundings also shows that bending angles derived from single-differencing with 1 s GPS clocks are more consistent than with the other processing strategies. Additionally, the standard deviation of the differences between RO and high-resolution European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) refractivity profiles at 30 km height is 0.60% for single-differencing with 1 and 5 s GPS clocks, 0.68% for single-differencing with 30 s clocks, and 0.66% for double-differencing. A GPS clock-sampling interval of 1 s or less is required for single- and zero-difference processing to achieve the highest quality excess atmospheric phase data for RO applications.     

Coastal Validation of Ultra-high Resolution Wind Vector Retrieval From QuikSCAT in the Gulf of Maine

An experimental 2.5-km ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) wind product provided by NASA's QuikSCAT scatterometer offers the potential for new access to coastal surface wind dynamics at the mesoscale level and below. To give future users the best indication of the value of these data, the UHR wind retrievals must be fully validated in nearshore areas. Comparison with meteorological buoys and standard QuikSCAT products allows detailed investigation of UHR winds. Speed and direction residuals are calculated between all scatterometer products and collocated buoys. An ambiguity selection routine improves wind direction agreement between the UHR winds and the other products. Magnitude residuals follow the patterns of the standard QuikSCAT winds, with a 1–2 m/s positive bias in light winds (below 4 m/s) and high winds (above 16 m/s) and standard deviations consistently below 3 m/s. After application of a land contamination removal algorithm, the UHR product provides extended coverage near the coast. An example of a specific wind event illustrates the potential benefits of improved resolution measurements for examining ocean–atmosphere dynamics.      

南极冰盖DEM机载测高验证与分析——以西南极Thwaites冰川为例

利用冰桥计划(IceBridge)在西南极Thwaites冰川的机载激光测高数据,对ICESat卫星测高数据和目前国际常用的4种南极DEM,包括Bamber 1km DEM、ICESat DEM、RAMPv2DEM和JLB97DEM的精度进行了验证和分析。结果表明,ICESat卫星测高数据和ICESat DEM有着较高的高程可靠性,其与冰桥计划机载测高数据的平均高程差小于5m,标准差小于15m。Bamber 1km DEM高程可靠性相比ICESat卫星测高数据和ICESat DEM低一些。JLB97DEM、RAMPv2DEM与冰桥计划机载测高数据之间的标准差超过30m,尤其在坡度较大的区域,高程可靠性低。     

重力网的分段线性动态平差

为研究重力场的时变特性,考虑到我国全国重力网布设和观测的现状,引入一种分段线性动态平差模型,用于流动重力网的平差处理。与传统静态平差模型相比,该模型可以得到更可靠的重力场变化特征。为验证模型的有效性,对我国全国重力网数据和模拟数据分别进行了动态平差和静态平差处理。结果显示,对于全国重力网数据,两种平差方法得到的重力变化率的平均差值为13.4×10~(-8)m·s~(-2)/a,最大差值达50×10~(-8) m·s~(-2)/a,且动态平差精度明显优于传统静态平差。对于模拟数据,动态平差结果中80%以上的平差值与理论值差值在1×10~(-8) m·s~(-2)/a以内,只有两个差值超过2×10~(-8)m·s~(-2)/a,而静态平差结果中只有44.4%的平差值与理论值差值在1×10~(-8) m·s~(-2)/a以内,差值超过2×10~(-8) m·s~(-2)/a的占21%。因此,本文提出的分段线性动态平差模型与传统静态平差模型相比能更有效地反映真实重力场的变化信息。     

Gravity recovery using COSMIC GPS data: application of orbital perturbation theory

 COSMIC is a joint Taiwan–US mission to study the atmosphere using the Global Positioning System (GPS) occultation technique. Improved formulas are developed for the radial, along-track, and cross-track perturbations, which are more accurate than the commonly used order-zero formulas. The formulas are used to simulate gravity recovery using the geodetic GPS data of COSMIC in the operational phase. Results show that the EGM96 model can be improved up to degree 26 using 1 year of COSMIC data. TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data are used to derive a temporal gravity variation. COSMIC cannot reproduce this gravity variation perfectly because of data noise and orbital configuration, but the recovered field clearly shows the gravity signature due to mass movement in an El Ni?o. Received: 3 March 2000 / Accepted: 10 November 2000     

Modeling errors in upward continuation for INS gravity compensation

Accurate upward continuation of gravity anomalies supports future precision, free-inertial navigation systems, since the latter cannot by themselves sense the gravitational field and thus require appropriate gravity compensation. This compensation is in the form of horizontal gravity components. An analysis of the model errors in upward continuation using derivatives of the standard Pizzetti integral solution (spherical approximation) shows that discretization of the data and truncation of the integral are the major sources of error in the predicted horizontal components of the gravity disturbance. The irregular shape of the data boundary, even the relatively rough topography of a simulated mountainous region, has only secondary effect, except when the data resolution is very high (small discretization error). Other errors due to spherical approximation are even less important. The analysis excluded all measurement errors in the gravity anomaly data in order to quantify just the model errors. Based on a consistent gravity field/topographic surface simulation, upward continuation errors in the derivatives of the Pizzetti integral to mean altitudes of about 3,000 and 1,500 m above the mean surface ranged from less than 1 mGal (standard deviation) to less than 2 mGal (standard deviation), respectively, in the case of 2 arcmin data resolution. Least-squares collocation performs better than this, but may require significantly greater computational resources.     

Assessing antenna field of view and receiver clocks of COSMIC and GRACE satellites: lessons for COSMIC-2

We provide suggestions for the approved COSMIC-2 satellite mission regarding the field of view (FOV) and the clock stability of its future GNSS receiver based on numerical analyses using COSMIC GPS data. While the GRACE GPS receiver is mounted on the zenith direction, the precise orbit determination (POD) antennas of COSMIC are not. The COSMIC antenna design results in a narrow FOV and a reduction in the number of GPS observations. To strengthen the GPS geometry, GPS data from two POD antennas of COSMIC are used to estimate its orbits. The phase residuals of COSMIC are at the centimeter level, compared to the millimeter level of GRACE. The receiver clock corrections of COSMIC and GRACE are at the microsecond and nanosecond levels, respectively. The clock spectra of COSMIC at the frequencies of 0–0.005 Hz contain significant powers, indicating potential systematic errors in its clock corrections. The clock stability, expressed by the Allan deviation, of COSMIC ranges from 10^?9 to 10^?11 over 1 to 10⁴ s, compared to 10^?12 to 10^?14 for GRACE. Compared to USO-based clock of GRACE, the clock of COSMIC is degraded in its stability and is linked to the reduction of GPS data quality. Lessons for improvement of COSMIC-2 over COSMIC in FOV and receiver clock stability are given.     

不同GPS掩星电离层剖面产品相关性分析

将在一定时空限定范围内的不同低轨卫星COSMIC、GRACE、CHAMP、FY3C的电离层掩星电子密度剖面定义为一个掩星对来对比分析不同类型掩星电离层产品。结果表明：COSMIC掩星对之间的电子密度剖面整体轮廓符合得很好，电子密度剖面主要在250 km以下和500 km以上存在较大的偏差，250~500 km的电子密度整体偏差较小，统计得到的COSMIC掩星对的电子密度参量NmF2和hmF2的相关系数能分别达到0.99和0.97，具有高度相关性，不同COSMIC卫星之间没有明显的系统误差；COSMIC、GRACE、CHAMP和FY3C不同低轨卫星间的电子密度剖面略有差异，通过统计电子密度参量NmF2和hmF2之间的相关系数，COSMIC和CHAMP的相关系数分别为0.95和0.86，COSMIC和GRACE的相关系数分别为0.98和0.94，COSMIC和FY3C的相关系数分别为0.96和0.92，不同掩星类型之间的电子密度参量之间也具有高度相关性，验证了不同卫星任务GPS掩星电离层剖面的一致性。     

Precise orbit determination for the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite mission using GPS

The joint Taiwan–US mission FORMOSAT-3/ COSMIC (COSMIC) was launched on April 17, 2006. Each of the six satellites is equipped with two POD antennas. The orbits of the six satellites are determined from GPS data using zero-difference carrier-phase measurements by the reduced dynamic and kinematic methods. The effects of satellite center of mass (COM) variation, satellite attitude, GPS antenna phase center variation (PCV), and cable delay difference on the COSMIC orbit determination are studied. Nominal attitudes estimated from satellite state vectors deliver a better orbit accuracy when compared to observed attitude. Numerical tests show that the COSMIC COM must be precisely calibrated in order not to corrupt orbit determination. Based on the analyses of the 5 and 6-h orbit overlaps of two 30-h arcs, orbit accuracies from the reduced dynamic and kinematic solutions are nearly identical and are at the 2–3 cm level. The mean RMS difference between the orbits from this paper and those from UCAR (near real-time) and WHU (post-processed) is about 10 cm, which is largely due to different uses of GPS ephemerides, high-rate GPS clocks and force models. The kinematic orbits of COSMIC are expected to be used for recovery of temporal variations in the gravity field.     

中国西太平洋海域1′×1′垂线偏差模型及精度评估

联合多种测高数据和重力异常数据,设计了观测点距离和测高精度融合的定权方法,采用最小二乘方法和Vening-Meinesz公式,分别构建了西太平洋海域(0°N—40°N,105°E—145°E)1′×1′网格化垂线偏差数字模型。选取两个不同特征区域,将垂线偏差的两个数字模型和EGM2008模型三者进行相互比较分析。结果表明:卯酉分量η的均方根差大于子午分量ξ的均方根差,海底地形复杂的南海特征区域的垂线偏差均方根差大于西太平洋中部的均方根差,构建的两个垂线偏差模型总体均方根差优于1.6″。